<p>This dissertation uses Nietzsche's writings on truth and metaphor as a lens through which to reconsider the contribution that modernist art sought to make to both the understanding and, ultimately, the reconstruction of everyday life. It begins with a consideration of the sentiment, first articulated on a wide scale by the artists and philosophers of the romantic era, that something essential to the cohesion of individual and social experience has been lost during the turbulent transition to modernity. By situating Nietzsche's thought vis-à-vis the decline of nineteenth-century idealism in both its Continental and Victorian forms, I demonstrate how his principal texts brought to an advanced stage of philosophical expression a set of distinctly post-romantic concerns about the role of mind and language in the construction of reality that would soon come to define the practice of modernism in philosophy and the arts. Nietzsche's contribution to moral philosophy is typically regarded as a skeptical, and even wholly negative, one. Yet a central element of his thought is obscured, I argue, when we fail to account for its positive conviction that "higher moralities are, or ought to be, possible." Because his philosophy attempts to diagnose "genealogically" the concrete social, historical, and psychological conditions under which truth-relations are generated and maintained within a given cultural framework, it is in fact every bit as constructive as it is deconstructive, involving a sustained and ethically significant reflection on the character of normativity itself.</p><p>This initial confrontation with Nietzsche's philosophy sets the stage for the studies of individual artists--the American poets Ezra Pound and Wallace Stevens, as well as the Swedish filmmaker Ingmar Bergman--for whom these traditionally epistemological concerns about the nature of representation also shade naturally into the domain of ethics. In these chapters, I demonstrate how aesthetic modernism produces a range of sophisticated responses to the predicament of relativism that Nietzsche articulated while reaching sometimes radically different conclusions than Nietzsche about the nature and extent of human agency in the modern world. This enables us to see how modernism makes an essential contribution to what the philosopher Charles Taylor has characterized as the broader cultural effort to "overcome epistemology" by exploring the structures of intentionality and fostering in us a basic "awareness about the limits and conditions of our knowing"--a project to which modernist art and philosophy both make essential contributions.</p> / Dissertation

Diss.--Hamburg. / Bibliography: p 301-304.

Esta dissertação se propõe a investigar a comunicação a partir da obra cinematográfica do diretor sueco Ingmar Bergman (1918-2007). Em oposição a uma ideia corrente na literatura sobre esse cineasta, a de que seus filmes seriam uma expressão da incomunicabilidade, buscamos caracterizar a partir deles uma comunicação de caráter afetivo, que está relacionada ao uso por parte do diretor do rosto em primeiro plano. Nossa fundamentação teórica tem como centro os conceitos de imagem-afecção, de Gilles Deleuze (1985; 2011), e de rostidade, de Deleuze e Félix Guattari (2012). Realizamos nossas análises com base em 16 filmes de Bergman, a partir de um procedimento de desmonte e arranjo, que deram a ver o que compreendemos como figuras da comunicação afetiva em Bergman: mãos, relógios, óculos, máscaras, espelhos, estátuas e multidão. As análises permitiram identificar os parâmetros dessa comunicação afetiva. / This dissertation aims to investigate communication in the cinematographic work of Swedish director Ingmar Bergman (1918-2007). In contrast to a recurrent idea in the literature about this filmmaker – that his movies are an expression of incommunicability –, we look to characterize a form of communication that is affective and related to the use by the director of the face in close-up. Our theoretical foundation has at its center the concepts of affection-image, by Gilles Deleuze (1985; 2011), and that of faciality, by Deleuze and Félix Guattari (2012). We did our analyses of 16 Bergman movies based on a break and rearrange procedure, which led to what we see as figures of the affective communication in Bergman: hands, clocks, glasses, masks, mirrors, statues and the multitude. The analyses have permitted us to identify the parameters of that affective communication.

Esta dissertação se propõe a investigar a comunicação a partir da obra cinematográfica do diretor sueco Ingmar Bergman (1918-2007). Em oposição a uma ideia corrente na literatura sobre esse cineasta, a de que seus filmes seriam uma expressão da incomunicabilidade, buscamos caracterizar a partir deles uma comunicação de caráter afetivo, que está relacionada ao uso por parte do diretor do rosto em primeiro plano. Nossa fundamentação teórica tem como centro os conceitos de imagem-afecção, de Gilles Deleuze (1985; 2011), e de rostidade, de Deleuze e Félix Guattari (2012). Realizamos nossas análises com base em 16 filmes de Bergman, a partir de um procedimento de desmonte e arranjo, que deram a ver o que compreendemos como figuras da comunicação afetiva em Bergman: mãos, relógios, óculos, máscaras, espelhos, estátuas e multidão. As análises permitiram identificar os parâmetros dessa comunicação afetiva. / This dissertation aims to investigate communication in the cinematographic work of Swedish director Ingmar Bergman (1918-2007). In contrast to a recurrent idea in the literature about this filmmaker – that his movies are an expression of incommunicability –, we look to characterize a form of communication that is affective and related to the use by the director of the face in close-up. Our theoretical foundation has at its center the concepts of affection-image, by Gilles Deleuze (1985; 2011), and that of faciality, by Deleuze and Félix Guattari (2012). We did our analyses of 16 Bergman movies based on a break and rearrange procedure, which led to what we see as figures of the affective communication in Bergman: hands, clocks, glasses, masks, mirrors, statues and the multitude. The analyses have permitted us to identify the parameters of that affective communication.

This research analyzes the construction process of the Swedish habitus that Ingmar Bergman seized and showed in his film work, particularly in the movie "Saraband" (2003). To perform this analysis, that is anchored in a ethnographic methodology, which i raise and analyze certain patterns of behavior, languages and beliefs of the Swedish people, to map the socio-cultural setting in which Bergman was immersed. Thus, my theoretical and methodological support, to the dialogue between the Swedish society and the filmmaker, through the film "Saraband", are the concepts of Norbert Elias (1993.1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2006, 2011): Configuration, individuation and habitus. The first two chapters are bibliographical and historical review of Bergman and about Sweden, then enter the third chapter, on the analysis of the film in the light of the information presented and procedural theory of Elias. In this analysis I could see how the interdependence between individual and society is reflected in the film. / Esta pesquisa analisou o processo de construção do habitus sueco que Ingmar Bergman apreendeu e evidenciou em sua obra cinematográfica, particularmente no filme “Saraband” (2003). Para a realização dessa análise, ancoro-me em uma metodologia de natureza etnográfica, na qual busco levantar e analisar determinados padrões de comportamento, linguagens e crenças do povo sueco, para mapear o cenário sociocultural no qual Bergman estava imerso. Destarte, meu aporte teórico-metodológico para fazer a interlocução entre a sociedade sueca e o cineasta, através da película “Saraband”, são os conceitos de Norbert Elias (1993,1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2006, 2011): configuração, individuação e habitus. Fiz nos primeiros dois capítulos uma revisão bibliográfica e histórica sobre Bergman e sobre a Suécia, para depois adentrar no terceiro capítulo sobre a análise do filme à luz das informações apresentadas e da teoria processual de Elias. Nesta análise, pude constatar como a relação de interdependência entre indivíduo e sociedade é refletida no filme.

No description available.

No description available.

Fresas salvajes y Persona: el encuentro con uno mismo y las relaciones humanas en el cine de Ingmar Bergman tiene como objetivo analizar la obra de Bergman a través de dos películas, Fresas salvajes (1957) y Persona (1966), realizadas en décadas y contextos diversos, lo que permite establecer considerables comparaciones, tanto a nivel de forma como de contenido. Ingmar Bergman es un cineasta sueco cuya época de mayor actividad cinematográfica se ubica en las décadas de los cincuenta, sesenta e inicios de los setenta. Su filmografía, que incluye más de medio centenar de películas, se explica a la luz del cine de autor; de ahí que el análisis de su obra exija descifrar el universo personal que plantea el director. Este trabajo de investigación considera que Bergman aborda temas existenciales, que a manera de motivos, aparecen en forma reiterada en sus películas. Con la intención de reconocer las variaciones de estos motivos, la presente tesis analiza la evolución en sus filmes de dos características de la existencia, el encuentro con uno mismo y las relaciones humanas. Se trata de dos matrices, cuya delimitación incluye la revisión de tres influencias en la obra de Bergman: el luteranismo, el existencialismo y el entorno sueco. El análisis también considera la vida personal del director. Para comprender el universo cinematográfico de Bergman, se tuvo en cuenta el visionado de un número considerable de sus filmes, así como la revisión de publicaciones en torno al director, el cine y las variables escogidas -el luteranismo, el existencialismo y el entorno sueco. A lo largo del trabajo se realizaron entrevistas a expertos de diversas disciplinas, que -desde sus perspectivas particulares- dieron luces para estudiar la obra de Bergman. La primera parte de este trabajo elabora las definiciones de las dos matrices de investigación a la luz de las variables mencionadas. El segundo y tercer capítulo presentan el análisis de las dos películas, Fresas salvajes y Persona, respectivamente, además de establecer semejanzas y diferencias entre ambos filmes. Los resultados de esta investigación indican cómo la interpretación de Bergman del encuentro con uno mismo y las relaciones humanas varía considerablemente en su obra y cómo se manifiestan estos cambios a través del uso de los recursos cinematográficos.

This thesis takes a historical approach to its subject and focuses on Swedish cinema of the 1940s and 1950s. The thesis argues that Swedish cinema experienced a renaissance in the 1940s, lasting approximately from 1940 to 1953. It further suggests that one of the most important filmmakers in this renaissance was Hasse Ekman. By focussing upon Ekman and this renaissance, a much-needed contextualisation of Ingmar Bergman will be achieved. Ingmar Bergman is one of the most well-known and well-researched filmmakers of all time, but there are still gaps in the material surrounding him, and one such gap concerns his cinematic origins. Bergman was a part of the 1940s renaissance, during which Bergman worked with, and was influenced by, other filmmakers and in particular Ekman. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part introduces the relevant literature and discusses ideas of authorship and national cinema. It also provides a historic overview of Swedish society and cinema during the 1940s and 1950s, providing the context needed to better understand the films of Ekman, and Bergman too. This part also looks at the 1930s to illustrate what came before this renaissance, and how the films of the 1940s differed from what had gone before. The second part is a chronological overview of Ekman's career from the late-1930s to his move to Spain in 1964. The last part is a discussion of Ekman's relation to Swedish society and his view of the world, based on close textual readings of his films. The aim of the thesis is to present, for the first time, a coherent and extensive overview of Ekman's career and body of work, while also situating it in the specific context in which it emerged, thereby shedding new light on an important, though neglected, episode in cinema history.

In this essay, I study how the artist is portrayed in the works of August Strindberg and Ingmar Bergman. I compare Strindberg’s novels The Romantic Organist (1888) and By the Open Sea (1890) with Bergman’s The Hour of the Wolf (1968) and Fanny and Alexander (1982). It should be noted that I’m focusing on the film manuscripts (“Filmberättelser”) of Bergman rather than the films.  My aim is to study how the works of Strindberg and Bergman correspond in regards to the artist motif. Strindberg’s influence on the works of Ingmar Bergman has been wildly recognized among scholars and critics for decades, but no extensive study has before been made on the subject of the artist.