Thesis (LLD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Freedom of testation is one of the underlying principles of the South African law of testate succession. South African testators may therefore dispose of their assets by way of will in any manner they deem fit. This freedom is however not absolute and is indeed restricted in accordance with certain social and economic considerations - some of the restrictions on free testamentary disposition originated at common law while others are couched in the form of statute. The boni mores or legal convictions of the community is one of the socially founded mechanisms which operate to limit freedom of testation in South African law. The South African legislature as well as the South African courts have however been somewhat remiss in attending to (and rejuvinating) the legal position regarding the restriction of freedom of testation in terms of the boni mores. The need for legal development in this area is all the more acute in view of South Africa's new constitutional dispensation - the interpretation and application of South Africa's final Constitution has rendered the influence of constitutional rights and principles on private law (and therefore also on freedom of testation) a pertinent legal issue. In view of the above-mentioned considerations, this work entails a general study of freedom of testation with specific reference to the application of a constitutionally founded boni morescriterion on the restriction of free testamentary disposition. This study proceeds with due cognisance of relevant juridical, social and economic considerations which provide a basis for both freedom of testation and its limitation. In this regard a historical perspective is obtained at the outset through an analysis of the approach to freedom of testation in Roman and Roman-Dutch law. The position with regard to South African law is thereafter investigated. The "traditional" approach to freedom of testation (and its restriction) is examined first, whereafter the possible impact of relevant provisions of the South African Bill of Rights on free testamentary disposition is considered from a theoretical perspective. A comparative study then follows. In this regard the approach to freedom of testation in both common law and continental or civil law legal systems is investigated. English and Australian law are considered as examples of the former while Dutch, Belgian and German law are considered as examples of the latter. The investigation into all the legal systems mentioned above has a dual focus. On the one hand the support which is rendered to freedom of testation in each legal system is considered. This support is readily founded on the acknowledgement in each system of private ownership and hence private succession, the latter which in turn acknowledges testamentary freedom. Other elements of the law of testate succession which render support to freedom of testation in each system are also examined. The restriction of free testamentary disposition in each legal system is investigated on the other hand. This investigation is principally focused on the impact of the boni mores, legal convictions of the community, public interest, public policy (the last-mentioned consideration is of particular importance in common law legal systems) and the good morals (particularly relevant in civil law legal systems) on the restriction of freedom of testation. Proposals for a future approach to the restriction of freedom of testation in South African law in accordance with a constitutionally founded boni mores-criterion are advanced in the closing chapter. The principal proposal in this regard is couched in the form of a new statutory provision which would best address the legal problem under discussion. This proposal is then illustrated with reference to practical examples. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Testeervryheid vorm een van die grondslae van die Suid-Afrikaanse testate erfreg. Suid- Afrikaanse testateurs kan dientengevolge na goeddunke by wyse van testament oor hul bates beskik. Hierdie vryheid is egter nie absoluut nie en word ooreenkomstig bepaalde sosiale en ekonomiese oorwegings beperk - sommige beperkings is gemeenregtelik van aard terwyl andere in wetgewing beslag kry. Die boni mores of regsgevoel van die gemeenskap is een van die sosiaal-gefundeerde meganismes aan die hand waarvan testeervryheid in die Suid- Afrikaanse reg beperk word. Sowel die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewer as die Suid-Afrikaanse howe het egter in onlangse tye in gebreke gebly om die regsposisie ten opsigte van die beperking van testeervryheid ingevolge die boni mores te vernuwe. Regsontwikkeling op hierdie gebied is des te meer noodsaaklik in die lig van Suid-Afrika se nuwe grondwetlike bedeling - die invloed van grondwetlike regte en beginsels op die privaatreg (en derhalwe ook op testeervryheid) word geredelik deur die interpretasie en toepassing van Suid-Afrika se finale Grondwet aan die orde gestel. In die lig van bogenoemde oorwegings word 'n studie van testeervryheid in die algemeen en die aanwending van 'n grondwetlik-gefundeerde boni mores-maatstaf ter beperking van testeervryheid in die besonder in hierdie werk onderneem. Die studie geskied deurgaans aan die hand van tersaaklike juridiese, sosiale en ekonomiese oorwegings wat sowel testeervryheid as die beperking van dié vryheid fundeer. In hierdie verband word 'n historiese perspektief ter aanvang verkry deurdat die benadering tot testeervryheid in die Romeinse en Romeins- Hollandse reg ontleed word. Die posisie in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg word daarna op tweeledige wyse ondersoek. Die "tradisionele" benadering tot testeervryheid (en die beperking daarvan) word enersyds onder die loep geneem waarna 'n teoretiese perspektief op die moontlike invloed van tersaaklike bepalings van die Suid-Afrikaanse Handves van Regte op testeervryheid andersyds verkry word. 'n Regsvergelykende studie word daarna onderneem. In hierdie verband word die benadering tot testeervryheid in sowel "common law"- as kontinentale of "civil law "-regstelsels beskou. Die Engelse en Australiese reg word as voorbeelde van eersgenoemde ontleed terwyl die Nederlandse, Belgiese en Duitse reg as voorbeelde van laasgenoemde beskou word. Die fokus van die ondersoek na al die regstelsels hierbo vermeld, val enersyds op die onderskraging wat in elke regstelsel aan testeervryheid verleen word. Sodanige onderskraging spruit geredelik uit die erkenning in die onderskeie regstelsels van private eiendomsreg en derhalwe private erfopvolging, laasgenoemde wat weer op die erkenning van testeervryheid dui. Ook ander elemente van die testate erfreg wat in elke van die genoemde regstelsels ter onderskraging van testeervryheid funksioneer, word beskou. Die beperking van testeervryheid in elk van die regstelsels word andersyds ondersoek. Die fokus val in hierdie verband veralop die invloed van die boni mores, regsgevoel van die gemeenskap, openbare belang, openbare beleid (laasgenoemde veral relevant in "common law"-regstelsels) en die goeie sedes (veral relevant in kontinentale regstelsels) op die beperking van testeervryheid. In die slothoofstuk word voorstelle omtrent 'n toekomstige benadering tot die beperking van testeervryheid in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg aan die hand van 'n grondwetlik-gefundeerde boni mores-maatstaf gemaak. Die vernaamste voorstel in hierdie verband vind beslag in 'n nuwe statutêre bepaling wat die onderhawige regsprobleem ten beste sal aanspreek. Hierdie voorstel word ten slotte aan die hand van praktiese voorbeelde toegelig.

Inheritance is a salient feature of Object-Oriented (OO) paradigm which facilitates reuse and improves system comprehensibility in OO systems. The overall aim of inheritance is to model classes in a structured hierarchy where classes residing lower in the hierarchy (subclasses) can inherit the pre-existing functionality in the classes located higher up (superclasses) in the same line of hierarchy. Software maintenance and evolution are the process of making any modifications to a software system and upgrading its dynamic behaviour. In this Thesis, we empirically investigate the trends of evolution of eight Java Open-Source Systems (OSS) from an inheritance perspective and model the propensity for changes of inheritance in those systems. The systems used as testbed in this Thesis represent a variety of application domains with varying sizes and amount of inheritance employed. There are several levels of granularity for inheritance evolution that may manifest a particular trend. This starts from the highest level (package) to lower class, method an attribute levels; and each level may show a different and yet an important pattern of evolution. We empirically investigate the changes of inheritance in the form of increases (additions) and decreases (deletions) in number of classes, methods and attributes. Our analysis also includes the movement of classes within and across an inheritance hierarchy which is another compelling facet of evolution of inheritance and may not be extrapolated through incremental changes only. It requires a finer-grained scrutiny of evolutionary traits of inheritance. In addition, the Thesis also explores the trends of class interaction within and across an inheritance hierarchy and problems embedded in a system that may lead to faults, from an inheritance perspective. The results demonstrate how inheritance is used in practice, problems associated with inheritance and how inheritance hierarchies evolve as opposed to that of a ‘system’. Overall results informed our understanding of the trends in changes of inheritance in the evolution of Java systems.

Le relevé intéresse le processus de création, de poïétique artistique et architecturale (ancienne et nouvelle). Le relevé architectural permet de construire de la connaissance à partir d’un terrain propice, celui de la ville de Gabès. Cette recherche vise l’exploration des problématiques potentiellement spécifiques aux différents champs de la topoétique urbaine et architecturale. La ville est actuellement mise en question dans la théorie et la pratique, dans la pensée et la réalité, dans son passé, son présent et son futur même. Je cherche à retrouver le sens, d’habiter aujourd’hui la ville. Il est donc question véritablement de mener une création-recherche dont l’objectif est de mettre en avant la part patrimoniale dans la pratique architecturale dans la ville de Gabès. Je m’interroge sur des questions actuelles de topoétique et que se posent, à nouveau, des questions fondamentales touchant le site, le lieu, la ville et leurs imaginaires. Les parties de la recherche portent sur les relations entre le relevé et certaines questions fondamentales en poïétique: l’invention, la conception et l’innovation. Il s’agit d’une recherche-création: la notion de relevé se trouvant à l’entrecroisement des deux. Une réflexion en situation qui relie entre une démarche scientifique et une pragmatique architecturale et, plus largement artistique. / The statement interests the creation process, of artistic and architectural poietic (old and new). The architectural statement allows to build knowledge starting from a favourable ground, that of the town of Gabes. This research aims at the exploration of the problems that are potentially specific to the various fields from urban and architectural topoetic. The city is currently put into question in the theory and the practice, the thought and reality, in its past and its present and even in its future. I try to find an answer o the question; how o live in the city today. It is, thus, very elementary to carry out a creation-research whose objective is to take into account the patrimonial share in the architectural practice in the town of Gabes. I wonder about some current questions of topoetic that lead us, again, to fundamental questions concerning the site, the place, the city and their imaginaries. The parts of research focus on the relations between the statement (report) and certain fundamental questions in poietic: the invention, design and the innovation. It is about a creation research: the concept of statement being in the intersection of both. A reflection in situation, which relates between a scientific approach and an architectural pragmatic and, is more largely artistic.

1 Abstract This thesis focuses on the regulation of intestate succession, particularly in relation to the Civil Code no. 89/2012. It is not limited only to this regulation, but also includes the historical development of inheritance law and intestate succession from the Roman period, through the Middle Ages and subsequently identifies also modern civil codes. The thesis is divided into four sections, each dealing with certain aspects of intestate succession and related institutes. The first part, which describes the historical development of the intestate succession, is divided into six chapters. The first chapter is devoted to Roman law legislation and in the second chapter a succession in the Middle Ages is described. Followed by a fairly detailed regulation of intestate succession according to the General Civil Code of 1811 and a brief reminder of the government's draft of Civil Code from 1937. The fifth chapter deals with the intestate succession under the Civil Code no. 141/1950 and finally in the sixth chapter there is a brief description of the intestate succession under the Civil Code no. 40/1964., as detailed adjustment is included in other parts of the thesis in the context of a comparison. The second part deals with the preconditions of inheritance succession under effective legislative. The...

A notary in inheritance proceedings The aim of the study is to describe the activity of the notary as a court commissioner in inheritance proceedings and to compare Czech and Slovak legislation on this issue. In our legislation the inheritance proceeding is mandatory, as well as court commissariat, which means that when the court learns of the death of the person promptly starts the inheritance proceedings and instructs the court commissioner with the acts in proceedings. Court commissioner has de facto the control of the inheritance proceedings in his hands and with small exceptions he makes all acts in the proceeding. I chose this theme because I am interested in notary in general and court commissariat is one of the most important activities of the notary. This study is divided into three parts: 1.part- Notary in the inheritance proceedings in Czech Republic, 2. part- Notary in the inheritance proceedings in Slovak Republic, 3.part-final summary and the comparison. The parts are further divided into chapters and subchapters. I and II. part are structured similarly, but differ in scope. First part is more detailed and brings out also some problems, which are connected with this institution. In this part, I wrote also about some aspects of court commissariat in Austrian legislation to provide better...

1 Abstract This thesis deals with the conditions that need to be fulfilled in order to acquire inheritance. The aim of this thesis is to provide outlook into the matter of the law of succession and thoroughly describe and further analyse individual conditions of hereditary succession, which are legal requirements that needs to be fulfilled in order to acquire inheritance. In this thesis I systematically discuss the law of succession in its general meaning, canons of inheritance, legal sources of the law of succession and also legal institutes including several new ones which are govern in the new civil code. The main part of this thesis analyses individual conditions of hereditary succession. This thesis is composed of four chapters. Chapter one deals with the general meaning of the law of succession and in this chapter I provide introduction to the law of succession and define some fundamental legal terms. In chapter two I describe the canons of inheritance. This chapter is divided into three subchapters where I discuss in my opinion the three leading canons of inheritance. First subchapter deals with the principle of personal autonomy. Second one deals with the principle of universal succession. The third subchapter deals with the principle that the predecessor's possession is transferred by law to his...

Intestate Succession Inheritance law is a very important part of civil law, because it ensures transfer of rights and obligations of the deceased to his successors and to preserve the values for future generations. Our inheritance law is characterized by its essential feature is the influence of the state in probate proceedings through the judicial commissioner (notary). This thesis focuses on the regulation of intestate succession in our legal system and in particular to the regulation contained in the Civil Code, 40/1964 Sb. and regulation in the new Civil Code, 89/2012 Sb. I'm trying to refer the changes that with the new Civil Code in our law occur and the possible positive or negative consequences of these changes. My work consists of four main parts, which are further divided. In the first part of my work I try to show to preconditions that are needed to make the inheritance ever happen. These preconditions are the death of a natural person, the existence of heritage, capacity of heir or legal reason inheritance (inheritance titles) and finally rejection heritage. Individual preconditions are divided into chapters and there is every precondition described in more detail. In the second part of my work is contained regulation of inheritance law now effective, thus regulation in the Civil Code, 40/1964...

1 Abstract At the beginning of my work, I explained and defined a term and function of inheritance (in Czech: dědictví); in this respect I would like to highlight a general understanding of the inheritance under the Civil Code of 1811. Under this Civil Code, the inheritance was understood as an exclusive right to take possession of whole probate estate (in Czech: pozůstalost) or its part determined in its relation to the whole part. Inheritance law was right in rem, which took effect against to everyone who wanted to usurp the probate estate (to disturb the heirs (in Czech: dědic) in exercising or execution of the particular right). A general interpretation and introduction to the inheritance rights under the current legislation is also described in the above-mentioned part of my work. Further, this part of my work contains a brief description of the principles on which the inheritance law is created. These principles were already defined by Emanuel Tilsch. In general, the inheritance law is a summary of all legal rules which govern the transfer of rights and obligations of the death (in Czech: zemřelý) to his/her legal successor (the inheritance law in the objective meaning). Usually, the inheritance law is connected with the death of an individual (when the death is proved by the death certificate or a...

L'ingénierie des logiciels à base de composants, produisant du logiciel en assemblant des composants sur « étagère » et « prêts-a-l’usage », promet la réduction des coûts au cours du développement, la maintenance et l'évolution d'un logiciel. La période récente a vu la production d'un ensemble très important de nouveaux résultats dans ce domaine. Comme le terme «composant» a un sens assez général, cet ensemble englobe de nombreuses recherches ayant des objectifs différents et offrant divers types d'abstractions et mécanismes. Cependant, une idée générale communément admise consiste a modéliser les logiciels avec des composants organisés en architectures, puis générer du code a partir de ces descriptions abstraites. Ceci est une bonne idée, mais la question qui se pose consiste a savoir quel langage est le meilleur candidat pour le code généré. Dans la pratique actuelle, la phase de conception se déroule dans le monde des composants alors que la phase de programmation se produit dans le monde des objets. Il semble aussi que les langages et technologies utilisés dans le développement a base de composants ne sont que partiellement à base de composants.Notre première revendication consiste à dire qu'il est important d'utiliser les langages à composants pour écrire du code exécutable, simplement parce que les artefacts à base de composants d'origine (comme, les besoins ou les architectures) ne disparaissent pas au moment de l'exécution, rendant les programmes plus compréhensibles et réversibles. En faisant cela, il est alors possible d'imaginer que la conception (modélisation) et la programmation peuvent être effectuées au même niveau conceptuel et pourquoi pas en utilisant le même langage. Généralement, les objets sont presque toujours choisis pour implémenter les conceptions à base de composants. Par ailleurs, il est vrai que c'est sans surprise les objets qui sont utilisés pour implémenter des conceptions à base de composants ; un objet étant certainement l'entité exécutable la plus proche d'un composant tel que c'est compris aujourd'hui. Par contre, ils sont proches mais il ne sont pas exactement les mêmes. Notre deuxième revendication est qu'il est possible d'atteindre des langages de programmation par composants en apportant des modifications souples aux langages à objets.Suivant ces idées, nous présentons dans cette thèse un exemple d'un nouveau langage pur de modélisation et de programmation par composants, nommé Compo intégrant d'une manière simple et uniforme, les concepts de base pour la description et l'implémentation des composants et des architectures à composants: composants, ports, services et connexions, et les mécanismes nécessaires suivants: l'instanciation, l'invocation de service, la composition et la substitution. Nous soutenons également que la description des composants, leurs architectures (structures) et leurs services (comportement) gagneraient (comme le font les descriptions d'objets) à utiliser des descriptions différentielles qui se basent sur un mécanisme d'héritage. En conséquence, nous proposons une spécification et une implémentation d'un système d'héritage en prenant en compte une politique de spécialisation covariante et un mécanisme de substitution dédié. Nous affirmons enfin que faire un tel langage totalement réflexif ouvrira une nouvelle alternative intéressante (dans le contexte des composants) pour n'importe quel genre de modèle ou de programme de vérification ou de transformation d'architecture. Nous revisitons quelques solutions standards pour obtenir une réification à composants originale pour construire un méta-modèle exécutable conçu sur l'idée du «tout est un composant». Une implémentation complète du prototype du langage Compo a été réalisée et est décrite dans cette thèse. / Component-based Software Engineering (CBSE), to produce software by connecting of the shelf ready-to-use components, promises costs reduction during the development, the maintenance and the evolution of a software.The recent period has seen the production of a very important set of new results in this field.As the term "component" is very general, it encompasses many researches having different objectives and offering various kind of abstractions and mechanisms.However one main overall accepted idea is to model software with components organized into architectures and to generate code from such abstract descriptions.This is a good idea but the question arise to know which languages are good candidate for the generated code.In the current practice the design phase happens in the component world and the programming phase occurs in the object-oriented world.It appears that languages and technologies used to achieve component-based development are only partially component-based.Our first claim is that to use component-based languages to write the executable code is primarily important just because the original component-based designs (eg requirements, architectures) do not vanish at run-time, making programs more understandable and reversible. By doing this, it is then possible to imagine that design (modeling) and programming can be done at the same conceptual level and why not using the same language.Usually, objects are most always chosen to implements component-based designs.It is true that an object is certainly the existing executable thing the closest to a component as they are understood today; close but not exactly the same.Our second claim is then that it is possible to achieve component-programming languages by smoothly modifying object-oriented ones.Following these ideas, we present in this thesis an example of a new pure component-based programming and modeling language, named Compo incorporating, in a simple and uniform way, core concepts and mechanisms necessary for the description and implementation of components and of component-based architectures: component, port, service, connection and the following mechanisms: instantiation, service invocation, composition and substitution.We also claim that describing components, their architectures (structures) and their services (behavior) would benefit (as objects descriptions do) from an inheritance-based differential description.In consequence we propose a specification and implementation of an inheritance system taking requirements into account on a covariant specialization policy base and with a corresponding dedicated substitution mechanism.We finally claim that making such a language fully reflective will open an interesting new alternative (in the component's context) for any king of model or program checking or transformation.We revisit some standard solutions to achieve an original component-oriented reification of concepts to build up an executable meta-model designed on the idea of "everything is a component".A complete prototype implementation of the Compo language has been achieved and is described in this thesis.

A l'instar du droit romain, le droit successoral mazdéen distinguait les présomptions simples et irréfragables, connaissait la représentation successorale, la théorie des comourants, le droit d'accession le rapport des libéralités; en matière de règlement du passif, il appliquait la règle nemo liberalis nisi liberatus, permettait aux créanciers successoraux de bénéficier du privilège de la séparation des patrimoines, soumettait les cohéritiers débiteurs à une obligation in solidum ; en matière de droit de la filiation, il distinguait l'adoption simple de l'adoption plénière. Enfin, l'un des noms de l'héritier en moyen-perse, le xwāstagdār (litt. « possesseur de biens »), n'est sans doute rien d'autre que le bonorum possessor du droit romain, héritier qui tenait, à l'origine, son droit de l'Edit du préteur. L'obligation, pour tout paterfamilias, d'engendrer un garçon afin de perpétuer son lignage et d'assurer son existence future dans l'au-delà, est à l’origine de deux institutions successorales essentielles, l'ayōgēnīh (obligation pour l'épouse, la fille ou la soeur du défunt de mettre au service de celui-ci sa capacité reproductive afin de lui procurer un enfant mâle, sur le modèle de la putrikā indienne ou de la fille épiclère en Grèce) et la stūrīh (sorte de substitution fidéicommissaire), laquelle permettait à la fois la production d’un héritier mâle au profit du de cujus et la conservation des biens de famille, puisque le bien détenu en stūrīh l'était toujours à charge de conserver et de transmettre. La nécessité de conserver les biens de famille était également satisfaite par la création de biens de mainmorte, grâce aux fondations charitables (pad ahlawdād). / Like the roman law, the mazdean inheritance law knew the rebuttable and irrebuttable presumptions, the right of representation, the right of accession, the collatio bonorum (return of property to the mass of the succession), made application of the commorientes rule, the rule nemo liberalis nisi liberatus, protected the creditors of the deceased by reserving the estate for them and excluding the creditors of the heir when he was insolvent (separatio bonorum), subjected the debtor joint heirs to an obligation in solidum, distinguished between the adoptio plena and the adoptio de minus plena. Finally, one of the names of the heir in middle-persian, the xwāstagdār (litt. «possessor of the properties»), is doubtless nothing else than the bonorum possessor of the roman law, the heir to whom the possession of an estate was given by the praetor. The obligation, for every paterfamilias, to get a male child in order to secure his issue and its future existence in the afterlife, is at the source of two essential institutions of this law, namely the ayōgēnīh (obligation for the wife, the daughter, or the sister of a deceased to put her reproductive capacity to the service of the latter in order to provide him with a male child, on the model of the Indian putrikā or the epiclere daughter in Greece) and the trust (stūrīh), the latter allowing the production of a male heir for the benefit of the deceased as well as the preservation of the family's properties, because the goods held in stūrīh had always to be kept and conveyed. The necessity of keeping the family's properties was also fulfilled by the creation of the properties of mortmain, through charitable foundations (pad ahlawdād).