O glyphosate é o principal herbicida utilizado no manejo de plantas daninhas na agricultura, aplicado em alguns sistemas de forma repetitiva ao longo de cada ano. Esta prática selecionou biótipos resistentes de espécies de plantas daninhas, sendo o capim-amargoso (Digitaria insularis) selecionado no Brasil. Portanto, se tornam necessários estudos para entender, manejar e reduzir a infestação do capim-amargoso resistente ao glyphosate. Dessa forma, esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida com os objetivos de: (i) mapear áreas do Brasil com possíveis infestações de capim-amargoso resistente ao glyphosate; (ii) avaliar alternativas químicas de seu manejo; (iii) elucidar os mecanismos de resistência ao glyphosate e; (iv) avaliar a herança genética dos genes que conferem resistência ao glyphosate. Para o desenvolvimento dos experimentos foram coletadas sementes de biótipos potencialmente resistentes de diversas regiões do Brasil onde ocorreram falhas de controle de D. insularis após a aplicação de glyphosate. Na primeira etapa da pesquisa foram realizados experimentos para determinação de uma dose discriminatória de triagementre as populações resistentes e suscetíveis ao glyphosate, através de curvas de dose-resposta, para identificar a resistência ao Glyphosate, sendo que estes dados foram utilizados para mapear a ocorrência de biótipos resistentes em algumas regiões do país. Na segunda etapa foi conduzido um experimento em casa-de-vegetação visando encontrar herbicidas alternativos ao Glyphosate para controle do capim-amargoso, utilizando herbicidas recomendados para as culturas do milho e algodão, tanto em condições de aplicação de pré como em pós-emergência da planta daninha. Na terceira etapa foram realizados ensaios para determinar a existência de absorção e translocação diferencial do glyphosate em biótipos suscetíveis e resistentes, juntamente com a análise molecular para comparar a região 106 do gene que codifica a EPSPs nestes biótipos. Por fim um estudo de polinização cruzada foi conduzido para avaliar se genes de resistência ao glyphosate são transferidos para a geração seguinte após inflorescências de biótipos suscetíveis serem acondicionadas com as de biótipos resistentes, submetendo a geração seguinte a experimentos de curva de dose-resposta com o glyphosate. Através do modelo de curva dose-resposta do programa estatístico R, determinou-se a dose de 960 g e.a ha-1, como a dose utilizada para triagem dos biótipos oriundos de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Com isto foram gerados mapas indicando a presença ou ausência de resistência ao herbicida, sendo que as região oeste do Paraná e sul do Mato Grosso do Sul apresentam maior número de localidades com a presença de biótipos resistentes. As alternativas de controle viáveis como pós-emergentes no estádio de um a dois perfilhos, foram os herbicidas Nicosulfuron, Imazapic + Imazapyr, Atrazine, Haloxifop-methyl e Tepraloxydim. Na pré-emergência do capim-amargoso os herbicidas Atrazine, Isoxaflutole, S-metolachlor, Clomazone, Diuron e Flumioxazin se apresentaram como eficazes para o controle desta espécie. Os resultados do experimento de absorção, translocação e comparação da região 106 não mostraram diferenças entre os biótipos resistente e suscetível. O experimento sobre cruzamento entre biótipos resistente e suscetível determinou a espécie D. insularis como autógama e sem transferência de genes que causam a resistência ao glyphosate. / Glyphosate was the main herbicide used in agriculture for weed management, applied repetitively in some cropping systems throughout the year. This practice selected resistant weed biotypes to this herbicide. In Brazil, the glyphosate resistant sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) has gained prominence in recent years due to its high capacity to spread across the country agriculture regions. Therefore, a study to understand, manage and reduce the glyphosate resistant sourgrass infestation becomes necessary. Thus, this research was developed with the objectives of: (i) mapping areas of Brazil with putative glyphosate resistant sourgrass infestations; (ii) evaluate alternative herbicides to manage resistant biotypes; (iii) elucidate the resistance mechanisms; (iv) Assess the genetic inheritance of the genes which confers resistance to glyphosate. For the development of the experiments putative resistant biotypes seeds were collected from different regions of Brazil where D. insularis survived after glyphosate application. In the first stage of this research, experiments were conducted to determine a screening dose to be used to identify glyphosate resistance in samples from the survey, through dose-response curves methodology. In the second stage an experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions in order to test for alternative herbicides which control glyphosate resistant sourgrass, using recommended herbicides for the corn and cotton crops, both pre and post-emergents. In the third step, an experiment was conducted to assess the uptake and translocation of glyphosate in susceptible and resistant biotypes, with post molecular analysis to compare the region 106 of the EPSPS gene from both biotypes. Finally a cross-pollination study was conducted to assess whether glyphosate resistance genes are transferred to the next generation after inflorescences susceptible biotypes were packed with resistant biotypes, subjecting the next generation to dose-response curve experiments. Using the statistical software R for the dose-response analysis, the screening dose was determined as 960 g.a.e.ha-1. Using this dose in the survey experiment, maps were generated indicating the presence or absence of glyphosate resistance, in which shows the western regions of Paraná and south part of Mato Grosso do Sul states, having more locations with the presence of resistant biotypes. The viable alternatives postemergent herbicides to control D. insularis at 1 to 2 tillers stage were nicosulfuron, imazapic + imazapyr, atrazine, haloxyfop-methyl and tepraloxydim. In pre-emergence condition the herbicides atrazine, isoxaflutole, S-metolachlor, clomazone, diuron and flumioxazin showed effective control of this species. The results of the uptake, translocation and proline 106 mutation experiments showed no difference between the resistant and susceptible biotypes. The experiment on cross-polination between resistant and susceptible biotypes, determined D. insularis as a self-polinated species and no glyphosate resistance genes were transferred.

Malgré le tabou de l'argent, la transmission des biens d'une personne répond à une indéniable nécessité familiale, économique et sociologique. La liberté testamentaire grandissante, à peine restreinte par la nécessité de protéger le noyau dur familial, rend surprenante une démarche pourtant bien présente en pratique : l’exhérédation. Celle-ci est la privation, directe ou indirecte et quelle qu’en soit la forme, de l’émolument successoral par la seule volonté du de cujus, sans pouvoir porter atteinte au titre d’héritier. La dichotomie entre titre et émolument permet de révéler la véritable relation successorale entre disposant et successible. A l’absolutisme quasi-absolu de la volonté du de cujus correspond l’effet quasi-plénipotentiaire du titre d’héritier. Si le de cujus peut presque librement disposer des biens composant ou qui auraient dû composer sa succession, l’héritier, bien que ne disposant d’aucun droit à l’héritage, a la faculté d’en perturber le règlement, sous couvert d’en assurer la police et la gestion. Le titre d’héritier, dénué de tout ou partie de l’émolument et distingué de la propriété des biens transmis, doit cependant tout au plus être vu comme un intérêt à agir, non comme un quelconque élément directeur des opérations de liquidation successorale / Despite the taboo of money, the descent of a person’s estate falls in line with an undeniable necessity in family, economic and sociological terms. The growing freedom relating to wills, which is hardly contained by the requirement to protect the family unit, makes disinheritance surprising, though such an approach does exist in practice. Disinheritance means direct or indirect deprivation – in whatever form - from a portion of inheritance, as decided by the testator only, without affecting the title as heir. The dichotomy between title and portion of inheritance reveals the actual inheritance-related link between the settler and the person entitled to inherit. The all but plenipotentiary effect of the title as heir is to be compared with the fundamentally absolutist desire of the testator. Though the testator can freely dispose of the property of which his/her estate is or should have been made up to all intents and purposes, the heir, though he/she may have no right to the heritage, can disturb the settlement of such estate, under the pretext of enforcing law and order and of administering such estate. The title as heir, deprived of any entitlement to all or any part of the portion of inheritance, which is to be differentiated from ownership of property conveyed, should however be perceived as an advantage to act, at the very most, not as a key aspect of operations relating to the settlement of a succession.

This thesis explores young people's experiences of, and orientations towards, being and becoming. Using focus groups and interviews with participants aged between 11 and 15, the research investigates how young people form a sense of who they are and who they can become in terms of character, temperament, talents, intelligence, humour, appearance and so on. Particular attention is paid to the role of relationality, and especially siblingship, in these processes as well as to how young people themselves make sense of and theorise being and becoming. The research shines analytical and methodological 'spotlights' on key contexts, relationships and modes of thinking which highlight processes of being and becoming in new and interesting ways. A spotlight on the context of secondary school indicates how ways of being and becoming can be created and constrained by the particularities of the environment of school. A spotlight on being and becoming in a group of friends indicates young people's reflexivity about the moralities of being different to friends, despite the largely homophilous nature of these relationships, and reveals some of the ways in which young people's friendships can affect who they are and who they see themselves as becoming in the future. A spotlight on young people's sibling relationships fills a gap in existing knowledge about the role of lateral kin in shaping young people's lives and indicates how siblings can be a source of social capital (for good or ill) in school. It is also argued that being one in a series of siblings can 'fix' aspects of being and becoming in several ways, including through the construction of relational identities in families and through normative ideas about how siblings ought to behave. Finally, the thesis shines a spotlight on young people's understandings of modes of transmission and the nature of personhood, indicating how young people can think in nuanced and complex ways about how being and becoming works. Taken together the spotlights of this thesis indicate how young people form a sense of who they are and who they can become whilst embedded in webs of relationships through time. The thesis demonstrates that, despite being relational and contextual, processes of being and becoming can feel as though they become 'fixed' as the potential for how one can 'turn out' is limited. It is argued that the lay concept of 'turning out' evokes the idea that, although always continuing through time, we will one day 'turn out' and be 'finished'. As such, this thesis suggests that the concept of 'turning out' allows sociologists to think about being and becoming simultaneously. 'Turning out' also encourages an understanding of the social world that embraces ideas which can seem 'contradictory' in sociological terms - such as fixity and malleability, individuality and relationality or genetic and social inheritance. Finally, it is argued that 'turning out' denotes a broader understanding of personhood than those evoked in familiar sociological terms - such as the self, identity and habitus - and incorporates aspects of being and becoming that might otherwise appear somewhat beyond the social.

Master of Science / Department of Statistics / Wei-Wen Hsu / Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) are endocrine disrupting chemicals which can imbalance the hormonal system in the human body and lead to deleterious diseases such as diabetes, irregular menstrual cycles, endometriosis, and breast cancer. These chemicals as environmental exposures still exist in the environment and food chains and can be accumulated in human fatty tissues for many years. These chemicals can also be passed from mothers to their children through placental transfer or breastfeeding; therefore, their offspring may be at increased risk of adverse health outcomes from these inherited chemicals. However, it is still unclear how the parental association with offspring health outcomes and the inter-generational phenotypic inheritance could be affected by these chemical compounds. In this study, we mainly focus on how PCBs and DDE can affect the inheritance of Body Mass Index (BMI) across generations, as BMI is the primary health outcome (or phenotype) linked to diabetes. We propose a biometrical inheritance model to investigate the effects of PCBs and DDE on the heritability of BMI over two generations. Technically, a linear mixed effects model is developed based on the decomposition of phenotypic variance and assuming the variance of the environmental effect depends on parental exposures. The proposed model is evaluated extensively by simulations and then is applied to Michigan Fisheater Cohort data for answering the research question of interest.

Ordinary Devotion is a collection of essays that follows the narrator on a journey through different continents, countries, states, and cities in a search to find a place to settle and call home. The central questions interrogated include: what is home and what do we inherit from our homes? What does it mean to leave or to stay, and how can we connect with the history of a place and the problems individuals and cultures inherit from a place. Through lyric essay, travel essay, natural history, memoir, and reportage, the essays are also an homage to the art of paying attention to the landscape of nature, politics, and people that surround our lives. It grapples with racism, sexism, ownership and debt, environmental destruction and land use, the concept of wilderness, tourism, curiosities, obsessions, romantic relationships, and personal journeys. In each essay, place is a central character that informs and pushes the narrative forward.

Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif d’étudier l’impact de l’introduction de la taxation des héritages sur la croissance et l’offre de travail, en considérant la diversité des transferts familiaux intergénérationnels. En effet, la transmission familiale peut être éducative, culturelle, patrimoniale, ou encore perçue comme un transfert en temps. Toutes ces formes de solidarités familiales génèrent des externalités, qui impactent différemment la croissance et l’offre de travail, ce qui peut affecter l’efficacité des politiques fiscales. Ainsi, l’impôt successoral réduit l’incitation à épargner mais peut accroître l’investissement éducatif ou les transferts en temps, ce qui peut affecter positivement la productivité des ménages et l’offre de travail. Nous développons ici des modèles théoriques à générations imbriquées avec altruisme envers les descendants. La thèse est composée de trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre permet d'étudier l’impact de la non-disponibilité de la dette publique sur la politique de redistribution intergénérationnelle mise en place par le gouvernement, en utilisant uniquement l'impôt sur les revenus du travail et l'impôt successoral. Il permet aussi d’analyser son effet sur la croissance économique et les transferts familiaux intergénérationnels, consistant en des legs et des dépenses d’éducation, en mettant en évidence le rôle central de la taxation de l’héritage. Le second chapitre propose un modèle avec legs et transferts de temps descendants, dont l’objectif est de montrer les différences entre la taxation de l’héritage et la taxation du capital de cycle de vie, sur le comportement des ménages. Nous montrons que l’utilisation de la taxation de l’héritage à la place de celle du capital peut être une reforme Pareto-améliorante, en fonction de l’effet de la réforme sur l’offre de travail. Enfin, le troisième chapitre s’intéresse aussi à la comparaison entre taxation du capital et taxation de l’héritage, dans un modèle où les dynasties sont différentes en termes de productivité et de niveau d'altruisme. Ce chapitre démontre qu’appliquer l'impôt successoral à la place de celui du capital, peut améliorer à long terme, le bien-être des moins altruistes et, dans certains cas, peut être Pareto-améliorante, si les ressources disponibles pour les plus altruistes augmentent avec la réforme. / This thesis analyzes the impact of inheritance taxation on growth and labor supply, considering the diversity of intergenerational family transfers, such that bequests, parent's education spendings or time transfers. These forms of family solidarity generate externalities, which impact growth and labor supply, and affect the effectiveness of tax policies. Concerning inheritance tax which reduces the incentive to save, it can also increase educational investment or time transfers, which can positively affect household productivity and labor supply. For this purpose, we use overlapping generations models with altruism towards offspring. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter studies the impact of public debt on intergenerational transfers and on human capital growth, using a simple tax structure with labor and bequest taxes. In this model, parents augment their children's income through education and bequest. When public debt is not available, we show that the long run growth is higher thanks to an increase of the gap between the two taxes, which underlines the role of inheritance taxation. The second chapter proposes a model with rational altruism textit{`a la} Barro, where time transfers and bequests are available to parents. We analyze a shift from capital income tax towards inheritance tax, leaving constant the capital labor ratio. We show that this reform may increase welfare of all generations. Welfare improvement mainly depends on the effect of the reform on the labor supply. This tax reform is also implemented in the third chapter where we consider that dynasties differ in productivity and altruism. We show that the tax reform increases the welfare of less altruistic dynasties but decreases welfare of the most altruistic one. Extending the model with time transfers and elastic labor supply, we identify situations where the tax reform is Pareto improving.

Two methods of crop improvement are open to the plant breeder. Pure-line selection, which might be mentioned first, deals with the natural variability in plant populations. Thru selection, isolation, and comparative yield tests superior individuals are located. Nothing, however, can be added which the plant does not already have. Here hybridization provides a new starting point. Increased variation, new combination of characters, and thus greater opportunities are provided for improvement. The present investigation has for its purpose a study of the latter phase of this subject. In certain parts of Utah the straw from dry-land wheat is used for feeding of cattle and horses. Turkey, the chief variety grown, is bearded in character. Some stockmen claim that the beards are not a disadvantage in feeding, but the majority of feeders favor straw free from this disagreeable feature. Heading and threshing outfits also make considerable complaint when handling Turkey. In fact, certain outfits have experienced difficulty in keeping men on Turkey jobs if any other work could be obtained. Yet, in spite of this fact, Turkey continues to be the predominating variety because of better quality which is reflected in the prices, and in addition higher-yielding power. So in contemplation of this situation it was deemed advisable to attempt crossing Turkey and others of the Crimean group with other winter wheats somewhat lower in quality and yielding power, yet having the desirable character of beardlessness. The bearded wheats, Turkey, Armavir, Beloglina, and Kharkov, were selected for the qualities of high yield, good milling, and drought resistance. Kofod and Gold Coin were chosen for the character of beardlessness. The aim in making the crosses was to determine the possibility of combining the desirable characters of these wheat types in single individual plants. While detailed genetic data were taken of the F1 and F2 plants, this work was only incidental to the main reason given for the crossing, except as it was of value in predicting and interpreting results.

Inheritance of many characters in barley has been studied, and two or more genes have been located in each of the seven pairs of chromosomes. Studies of the mode of inheritance of these characters will aid plant breeders materially in working with plants of diverse genetic make-up. Hybridization followed by selection and testing can improve present varieties by replacing them with new ones having more desirable characters. Barley (Hordeum sp._ is one of the few species of plants widely distributed which is well adapted to genetical analysis. This plant has a lower number of chromosomes, complete self fertility, and a wealth of easily classifiable, hereditary characters. This study represents the data obtained in an investigation of ten characters in barley in the F2 and F3 generations. The nature of the inheritance, genes involved, and possible linkages have been determined.

Until the beginning of the present centry the general opinion was that Egypt and Mesopotamia were the earliest homes of cultivated plants. Recent translations of the old Chinese records, however, reveal the fact that many of our cultivated plants were grown by the ancient peoples of China prior to the time of the Egyptians. Dettweiler (11) (1914) writes: "Today it is admitted--except by a few--that the original home of the primitive European population, the Indo-Germans, is not Asia but northern Europe, that they developed their culture there in the late stone age, and that they then dispersed in their wanderings to the South and East as far as India." In some of the Swiss ruins of the ancient Lake Dwellers of the Neolithic age have been uncovered evidences of a highly advanced culture and several varieties of our cultivated plants 2000-4000 years B.C. Among them were found a short-eared, six-rowed barley, a two-rowed barley, small Lake Dwelling wheat, a true Binkel wheat, Egyptian or Indian wheat, Emmer, Einkorn, Meadow Millet, Club Millet, and Flax, although this is one of the present wild types. In another place the same varieties plus a few others and what appeared to be apple seeds were found. One thing seems evident, that is, some of our cultivated crops were grown by ancient peoples long before they made any record of it.

The studies here reported involve two crosses, one of which was between a pure line of Kanred and a pure line of Martin from a bunt resistant selection. The other was between a pure line of G-149, a rust-resistant segregate from Sevier X Dicklow, and a pure line of Ridit. These were both economic breeding projects made in an effort to combine the good commercial qualities of Kanred and G-149 with the high bunt resistance of Martin and Ridit, respectively. These crosses also furnished, as a by-product, some good genetic data, as in each cross one parent was fully awned and the other awnless, one had red grain and the other white grain.