Drug Consumption Rooms (DCRs), where injecting drug users (IDUs) can use pre-obtained drugs in a hygienic and professionally supervised low threshold setting, aim to engage high risk IDUs, reduce public drug use, injecting-related morbidity and mortality, and improve access to drug treatment. This thesis evaluates the service demand, accessibility, utilisation, and coverage of Australia???s first DCR, the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC), located in an area with a history of illegal shooting gallery operation. MSIC impact on injecting practices and injecting related health, and referral to drug treatment were also examined. Methods included cross-sectional IDU surveys, key informant interviews, staff focus groups, analysis of client registration and surveillance data and routinely collected data on needles and syringes - including multiple indirect prevalence estimation, and prospective follow-up of MSIC referrals. Shooting gallery users expressed demand for and willingness to use the MSIC. Injecting episodes previously occurring in shooting galleries appear to have been transferred to the MSIC, although shooting galleries continued to operate at a reduced level. The MSIC service model was accessible, with few refusals of entry, high levels of client satisfaction and limited non-use for reasons relating to the model. MSIC engaged high risk IDUs - regular injectors, sex workers, and those injecting in public places and shooting galleries - who were also more likely to be frequent attendees. MSIC clients were more likely than other IDUs to inject in public places and shooting galleries, be HCV seropositive, have riskier injecting practices and more severe injecting related health problems. MSIC achieved good coverage of the local IDU population (70.7%, range 59.1%-86.7%) and modest coverage of their estimated total injecting episodes during its operating hours (8.8%, range 7.3%-10.8%). MSIC use was associated with improvements in injecting practices and health. Frequent MSIC use was also associated with higher rates of referral to drug treatment than less frequent use. Drug treatment referral uptake was positively associated with a recent history of daily injection and sex work and negatively associated with a lifetime history of psychiatric treatment and/or self harm. This research was confounded by substantial changes in heroin availability during the study period but provides new evidence on DCR coverage, impact on injecting practices and health, and referral to drug treatment. Implications for future research are discussed.

Drug Consumption Rooms (DCRs), where injecting drug users (IDUs) can use pre-obtained drugs in a hygienic and professionally supervised low threshold setting, aim to engage high risk IDUs, reduce public drug use, injecting-related morbidity and mortality, and improve access to drug treatment. This thesis evaluates the service demand, accessibility, utilisation, and coverage of Australia???s first DCR, the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC), located in an area with a history of illegal shooting gallery operation. MSIC impact on injecting practices and injecting related health, and referral to drug treatment were also examined. Methods included cross-sectional IDU surveys, key informant interviews, staff focus groups, analysis of client registration and surveillance data and routinely collected data on needles and syringes - including multiple indirect prevalence estimation, and prospective follow-up of MSIC referrals. Shooting gallery users expressed demand for and willingness to use the MSIC. Injecting episodes previously occurring in shooting galleries appear to have been transferred to the MSIC, although shooting galleries continued to operate at a reduced level. The MSIC service model was accessible, with few refusals of entry, high levels of client satisfaction and limited non-use for reasons relating to the model. MSIC engaged high risk IDUs - regular injectors, sex workers, and those injecting in public places and shooting galleries - who were also more likely to be frequent attendees. MSIC clients were more likely than other IDUs to inject in public places and shooting galleries, be HCV seropositive, have riskier injecting practices and more severe injecting related health problems. MSIC achieved good coverage of the local IDU population (70.7%, range 59.1%-86.7%) and modest coverage of their estimated total injecting episodes during its operating hours (8.8%, range 7.3%-10.8%). MSIC use was associated with improvements in injecting practices and health. Frequent MSIC use was also associated with higher rates of referral to drug treatment than less frequent use. Drug treatment referral uptake was positively associated with a recent history of daily injection and sex work and negatively associated with a lifetime history of psychiatric treatment and/or self harm. This research was confounded by substantial changes in heroin availability during the study period but provides new evidence on DCR coverage, impact on injecting practices and health, and referral to drug treatment. Implications for future research are discussed.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Univ., 2001. / Härtill 7 uppsatser.

Th.--Méd.--Nancy 1, 1983. N°: 272.

Orientador: Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna / Resumo: Este estudo clínico, controlado, aleatório, duplo cego, investigou o efeito intra-articular do plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) (n = 8) ou de células-tronco alogênicas (CT) (n = 8) na dor crônica de cães com displasia coxofemoral (DCF) bilateral. Os proprietários avaliaram o Breve Inventário de Dor Canina (BIDC), o Índice de Dor Crônica de Helsink (IDCH), a Escala Analógica Visual para dor (EAVdor) e claudicação (EAVloc), e a Qualidade de Vida (QV). Uma médica veterinária avaliou a Escala Visual Analógica da dor à palpação (EAVpalp), a Escala Numérica Descritiva para dor (END) e a porcentagem de distribuição de peso corporal. As avaliações foram realizadas antes, aos 30 e 60 dias após o tratamento. Depois de CT, IDCH, EAVdor e EAVpalp foram reduzidos, QV aumentou aos 60 dias e BIDC reduziu aos 30 e 60 dias. Após PRP, EAVloc e END reduziram em 60 dias e BIDC aos 30 e 60 dias. Não houve diferença entre os grupos. Ambos CT e PRP foram aparentemente benéficos para reduzir a dor crônica em cães que sofrem de DCF bilateral por 60 dias, mas CT foi superior nas variáveis de dor crônica em comparação com PRP. O benefício clínico de ambos os tratamentos é que eles produzem um alívio da dor a longo prazo em cães com DCF sem efeitos adversos aparentes. / Abstract: Analgesic effect of platelet-rich plasma and stem cells in chronic pain in dogs with hip dysplasia. 2016. 66p. Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, 2015. This randomized, controlled, double-blind clinical study investigated the effect of intra-articular platelet-rich plasma (PRP) (n=8) or allogeneic stem cells (SC) (n=8) in chronic pain of dogs with bilateral hip dysplasia (HD). The owners evaluated the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI), the Helsinki Chronic Pain Index (HCPI), a Visual Analogue Scale for pain (VASpain) and lamness (VASloc) and the quality of life (QL). A veterinarian evaluated the Visual Analogue Scale of pain in response to palpation (VASpalp), the descriptive numerical scale for pain (DNS) and the percentage of body weight distribution. All evaluations were performed before, at 30 and 60 days after treatment. After SC, HCPI, VASpain and VASpalp reduced and QL increased at 60 days and CBPI reduced at 30 and 60 days. After PRP, VASloc and DNS reduced at 60 days and CBPI at 30 and 60 days. There was no difference between groups. Both SCs and PRP were apparently beneficial to reduce chronic pain in dogs suffering from bilateral hip dysplasia for 60 days, but SCs improved more chronic pain variables compared to PRP. The clinical benefit of both treatments is that they produce a long term pain relief in dogs with hip dysplasia with no apparent adverse effects. / Mestre

abstract: The basal ganglia are four sub-cortical nuclei associated with motor control and reward learning. They are part of numerous larger mostly segregated loops where the basal ganglia receive inputs from specific regions of cortex. Converging on these inputs are dopaminergic neurons that alter their firing based on received and/or predicted rewarding outcomes of a behavior. The basal ganglia's output feeds through the thalamus back to the areas of the cortex where the loop originated. Understanding the dynamic interactions between the various parts of these loops is critical to understanding the basal ganglia's role in motor control and reward based learning. This work developed several experimental techniques that can be applied to further study basal ganglia function. The first technique used micro-volume injections of low concentration muscimol to decrease the firing rates of recorded neurons in a limited area of cortex in rats. Afterwards, an artificial cerebrospinal fluid flush was injected to rapidly eliminate the muscimol's effects. This technique was able to contain the effects of muscimol to approximately a 1 mm radius volume and limited the duration of the drug effect to less than one hour. This technique could be used to temporarily perturb a small portion of the loops involving the basal ganglia and then observe how these effects propagate in other connected regions. The second part applied self-organizing maps (SOM) to find temporal patterns in neural firing rate that are independent of behavior. The distribution of detected patterns frequency on these maps can then be used to determine if changes in neural activity are occurring over time. The final technique focused on the role of the basal ganglia in reward learning. A new conditioning technique was created to increase the occurrence of selected patterns of neural activity without utilizing any external reward or behavior. A pattern of neural activity in the cortex of rats was selected using an SOM. The pattern was then reinforced by being paired with electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle triggering dopamine release in the basal ganglia. Ultimately, this technique proved unsuccessful possibly due to poor selection of the patterns being reinforced. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Bioengineering 2014

This bachelor thesis looks at developers knowledge about web security both regarding their own view on their knowledge and their actual knowledge about vulnerabilities and how you mitigate against them. Web developers knowledge regarding web security are becoming more and more important as more applications and services moves to the web and more and more items become connected to the internet. We are doing this by conducting a survey among developers that are currently studying in the field or are working in the field to get a grip on how the knowledge is regarding the most common security concepts. What we saw was that the result varies between the different concepts and many lack much of the knowledge in web security that is getting increasingly more important to have.

Electromyographic (EMG) activity versus bite force was studied during a gradually increased isometric contraction up to maximal effort for patients with painful masseter muscles and referents. The masseter muscle, the anterior temporal muscle and the descending part of the trapezius muscle were chosen for the recordings. Bite force was registered with a bite force sensor placed between the first molars. The effects of double blind intramuscular injections of lidocaine and saline in the patients' masseter muscle were evaluated by EMG versus bite force and by assessments of discomfort. EMG activity during unilateral chewing was compared in terms of relative masticatory force between referents and patients by amplitude probability distribution analysis. Regression analyses showed intra-individually steeper slopes for high force levels than for low force levels for the masseter muscle. This was not observed for the anterior temporal muscle. These differences in slopes of the EMG versus force regressions for the masseter muscle and the anterior temporal muscle could be due to differences in recruitment pattern. The same intra-individual relationship between low and high force levels was found for referents and patients. An increased activity, especially among the patients, was found for the descending part of the trapezius muscle during stronger activity of the mandibular elevators. The EMG versus force relationship for low force levels of the masseter muscle was less steep after an intramuscular injection of lidocaine but not after saline. Both solutions for injection had a positive effect on the patients' assessments of discomfort one week after the injection. Three days after injection the patients who received lidocaine experienced a reduction in muscular discomfort. This reduction was not found among patients receiving saline. The amplitude probability distribution analysis revealed that the patients used greater relative masticatory forces than the referents during the chewing of an almond for all probability levels analysed below the peak load of the masseter muscles. Rough estimates of the peak masticatory forces in Newton (N) were for chewing an almond 364 N (referents); 373 N (patients) and for gum-chewing 239 N (referents); 238 N (patients) as regards the masseter muscle. The values were similar for the anterior temporal muscle. / digitalisering@umu

Mieux appréhender la relation entre fluides, sismicité et déformation asismique est crucial en terme de risques et de ressources. Dans les zones d'injections de fluide une augmentation du taux de sismicité est observée, certains événements dépassant Mw=5. Quel est alors le rôle des fluides dans le déclenchement et le contrôle de la sismicité ? Une série d'injections de fluide à haute-pression a été réalisée dans les séries carbonatées du LSBB (Rustrel), dans la zone endommagée d'une faille inactive à 280 m de profondeur. Ces expériences in-situ ont permis l'étude des réponses sismiques et hydromécaniques (enregistrées par un large réseau de capteurs) de différentes structures géologiques à une stimulation hydraulique. Seuls certains tests ont été impactés par des séismes bien qu'une rupture ait été mesurée au point d'injection par un extensomètre. 215 séismes ont été détectés et se caractérisent par un contenu haute-fréquence (0.6 à 3 kHz) et de faible magnitude (-4.1 à -3.1). Leur localisation absolue et relative (précision de 1.5 m) a mis en évidence un manque de séismes à proximité du puits d'injection. En comparant le moment sismique cumulé et un moment équivalent de déformation, plus de 96 % de la déformation est asismique. Deux comportements sismiques distincts ont montré qu'au moins une partie de la sismicité était contrôlée par un transfert de contraintes. L'interprétation jointe des données géologiques, mécaniques, hydrogéologiques et sismiques a permis de reconstruire le mouvement des blocs de roches au point d'injection. Ainsi, la stimulation hydraulique de faille génèrerait un mouvement asismique, qui par transfert de contrainte, déclencherait la sismicité. / Better understanding how fluids pressure produce seismic or aseismic motion along faults is an important goal for seismic hazard assessment and for geological reservoir monitoring. Seismicity rate increase in fluid injection areas where some events may reach magnitude greater than 5. How fluids may induce and control seismicity? High-pressure fluid injections were performed in limestones, in the damaged zone of an inactive fault at 280m depth. These in-situ experiments allow to study the seismological and hydromechanical responses (recorded by 31 sensors) of different fracture types to a fluid perturbation. Only a few tests have generated seismicity even if ruptures are observed with a displacement sensor at the injection point. 215 earthquakes were detected and are characterized by high frequency content (0.6 to 3 KHz) and weak magnitude (-4.1 to -3.1). The relative and absolute locations (1.5m accuracy) indicate a lack of events in the vicinity of injection borehole. Comparing cumulated seismic moment with an equivalent deformation moment, more than 96% of the deformation is aseismic. Two distinct seismic behavior show that at least one part of the seismicity might be controlled by a stress transfer in the medium. Moreover, the joined interpretation geological, mechanical, hydrogeological and seismic data allow to build bloc motions at the injection point. Finally, our experiments showed that fluid injection mainly drives aseismic motion and the seismicity might be only an indirect effect related to stress transferred from the volume deformed by fluid pressurization.

Problemformulering: Behandling med intravitreala injektioner ökar och patienter som genomgår denna behandling upplever ofta oro och osäkerhet. Det finns behov att stärka och tydliggöra ögonsjuksköterskans roll i omvårdnaden runt patienter som får injektionsbehandling. Detta för att på bästa sätt värna om både patienten och den egna professionen. Syfte: Syftet var att belysa ögonsjuksköterskors upplevelser av att vårda patienter som behandlas med intravitreala injektioner. Metod: En intervjustudie med kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade frågor och induktiv ansats genomfördes. Åtta ögonsjuksköterskor från fem ögonmottagningar i Mellansverige deltog i studien. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i fem kategorier och tio subkategorier. De fem kategorierna var; Ögonsjuksköterskans roll, Meningsfullt arbete, Patientperspektiv - ögonsjuksköterskornas upplevelser, Upplevda utmaningar och Betydelsefull utveckling. Konklusion: Ögonsjuksköterskorna upplevde sitt arbete meningsfullt och positivt, där de såg sig ha en viktig roll för patienterna. Den dagliga omvårdnaden blev dock inte alltid synlig och ögonsjuksköterskorna kunde ibland ha svårt att identifiera omvårdnaden de gav. Genom att utforma en lätthanterlig och tidseffektiv omvårdnadsdokumentation och individuell vårdplan kan ögonsjuksköterskans omvårdnad synliggöras vilket i sin tur kan möjliggöra patienternas delaktighet och stärka patientsäkerheten. Gruppinformation till patienter skulle också kunna vara ett led i utvecklingen. Förslag på vidare forskning är djupintervjuer med patienter och ögonsjuksköterskor för att undersöka hur vården skulle kunna utvecklas. / Problem definition: Treatment with intravitreal injections is increasing and patients undergoing this treatment often experience anxiety and insecurity. There is a need to strengthen and clarify the ophthalmic nurse's role in the care of patients receiving injection treatment. This is to best protect both the patient and the ophthalmic nurse’s profession. Purpose: The purpose was to illustrate the ophthalmic nurses’ experiences of caring for patients being treated with intravitreal injections. Method: A qualitative interview study with semi-structured questions and an inductive approach was performed. Eight ophthalmic nurses from five ophthalmic clinics in Central Sweden participated in the study. Results: The analysis resulted in five categories and ten subcategories. The five categories were; The ophthalmic nurse's role, Meaningful work, Patient perspective - The ophthalmic nurses' experiences, Perceived challenges and Significant development. Conclusion: The ophthalmic nurses experienced their work meaningful and positively, where they saw themselves as having an important role for the patients. However, daily care did not always become visible and the ophthalmic nurses could sometimes find it difficult to identify the care they provided. By designing an easy-to-use and time-efficient nursing documentation and individual care plan, the ophthalmic nurse's nursing can be made visible, which in turn can enable patients' participation and strengthen patient safety. Group information to patients could also be part of the development. Suggestions for further research are in-depth interviews with patients and ophthalmic nurses to investigate how the care could be developed.