Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:52:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5741.pdf: 3756867 bytes, checksum: d75ae6844f86f78217fb963284442b22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-18 / This present work represents a case study conducted with different business units and corporate areas in a Brazilian branch of a multinational company (acknowledged by its innovative strength in multiple sectors: auto parts, consumer goods and industrial goods), aiming to understand what inhibits or enables a more venturesome innovative approach towards more disruptive products (understood as those genuinely new, designed after actual demands and unmet needs, avoiding limitations of technological paradigms and the erroneous inertial persecution of the same competitive attributes). For doing so, the following main objectives are established: 1. Understand how selected determinants (environment, human resources, financial resources, processes, culture and strategy) impact the product innovation portfolio composition in the units selected; 2. Therefore, identify ideas sources that are most frequently used and those considered most effective in each unit studied. As the background for this analysis, the literature review outlined starts discussing some concepts (disruptive innovation and value co-creation particularly) which exhort to the importance of a broader innovative orientation, dribbling an inertial conservative behavior that seems quite deleterious. After that, an approach on the main drivers that mold the innovation orientation is outlined (covering the lockin risks and opportunities brought by open innovation amidst the innovation strategy perspectives). Finally, the bottlenecks in the idea generation phase (which has been reported by some recent studies as the major cause for an alleged gap in disruptive innovations) are explored, some multidisciplinary contributions on innovation applied creativity (ideation concepts from cognitive and social sciences) are brought and the most effective and commonly used sources of ideas according to recent researches are covered. The analysis identifies three main innovation orientations in the studied areas (tech drivers with offensive strategies; need seekers with opportunist strategies; and market readers with more dependent strategies), what seems to be determined by deliberate corporate definitions molded by a more conservative and centralizing cultural and strategic approach of the company, dedicating limited innovation scope and resources for the branch. The idea sources follows this three main innovation orientations, also being close to those traditionally used internationally: technologically oriented areas with more innovative capabilities (offensive innovation strategy) tend to find more efficient and popular the technological prospection sources; dependent innovation approaches tend to rely on a more basic usage of voice of customer sources; and the opportunist orientation is the only approach more focused on open innovation methods (which generally have limited adoption). Besides and in general, internal and voice of customer sources tend to be disseminated and effectively used independently of the orientation. / O presente trabalho constitui um estudo de caso delineado em distintas unidades de negócios e áreas corporativas de filial brasileira de empresa multinacional (reconhecida por seu desempenho inovador em diversos mercados: autopeças, bens de consumo e bens industriais), buscando entender o que inibe ou viabiliza a busca por inovações mais disruptivas em produtos (concebidas como aquelas que buscam criar propostas genuinamente novas e vinculadas a reais demandas, às limitações dos paradigmas tecnológicos e ao aprisionamento na perseguição dos atributos competitivos estabelecidos). Pra tanto, são traçados dois objetivos principais: 1. Entender quão determinantes são algumas variáveis selecionadas (ambiente, recursos humanos, recursos financeiros, processos, cultura e estratégia) na orientação à composição do portfólio de inovação em produto das unidades estudadas; 2. Por conseguinte, identificar quais fontes de ideias são utilizadas com mais frequência e aquelas consideradas de maior efetividade em cada unidade estudada. Conformando uma base para essa análise, a revisão bibliográfica aqui delineada se inicia com uma abordagem sobre concepções (em especial a perspectiva da inovação disruptiva e da cocriação de valor) que exortam quanto à importância de se manter uma orientação à inovação atenta a mais amplas oportunidades, driblando um comportamento inercial que parece bastante deletério. Na sequencia, faz-se uma abordagem acerca de como a inovação é apreendida como estratégia nas empresas dentro de múltiplos determinantes, sendo também trabalhados os riscos de lockin e as oportunidades trazidas com a inovação aberta. Por fim, mostra-se que gargalos na etapa da geração de ideias vêm sendo apontados mais recentemente como a maior causa para esse lapso de inovação, sendo resgatadas contribuições multidisciplinares sobre a criatividade aplicada à inovação (conceitos de ideação desprendidos a partir de conceitos das ciências cognitivas e sociais e sendo trazidas as principais fontes de ideias atualmente empregadas) e apresentadas as fontes de ideias mais comumente utilizadas e aquelas consideradas mais populares segundo pesquisas recentes. Como resultado, a análise, à semelhança de estudos internacionais, identificou três principais orientações à inovação nas unidades estudadas (tech drivers com estratégias mais ofensivas; need seekers com estratégias mais oportunistas; e market readers com estratégias mais dependentes), o que parece estar determinado por definições deliberadas da corporação, moldadas por um embasamento estratégico e cultural mais tradicional e centralizador da empresa, sendo dedicados pela matriz poucos recursos e um limitado escopo à inovação à filial. As fontes de ideias empregadas, por sua vez, seguem essas três orientações principais, estando ainda bastante próximas daquelas mais tradicionalmente empregadas internacionalmente: a área com maior orientação e capacitação tecnológica (tech driver) apresentou uso mais eficaz e frequente de fontes de prospecção tecnológica; as áreas de orientação dependente à inovação (market readers) mostraram mais ampla adoção de fontes de clientes; a área com abordagem oportunista (need seeker) sobressaiu como a única a conferir certa ênfase na inovação aberta (o que tem comumente aplicação bastante limitada nas demais unidades). Ademais, as fontes de ideias internas, bem como aquelas de clientes são, em geral, disseminadas e efetivamente usadas independentemente da orientação.

Cette thèse s'articule autour de deux thèmes : l'évaluation monétaire des biens environnementaux et l'innovation en environnement. Si ces deux volets sont traités séparément, ils s'attachent toutefois à contribuer à un objectif commun : la lutte contre le changement climatique. Cette thèse se décline en cinq chapitres. Le premier propose une introduction générale, qui présente les deux thèmes développés, ainsi que leur contribution au défi du changement climatique. En attribuant une valeur pécuniaire aux biens environnementaux, l'évaluation monétaire peut servir la décision publique, non seulement lors de la mise en œuvre de projets pro-environnementaux, mais aussi en aidant é évaluer les dommages causés à l'environnement. L'innovation environnementale peut encourager les transferts de technologies et une croissance plus verte, dans une volonté de développement durable. Les chapitres 2 et 3 s'intéressent aux expériences de choix, en vue d'évaluer le consentement-à-payer pour l'amélioration de la qualité de l'eau de rivières. A partir d'une enquête proposant aux résidents de choisir entre différentes options de gestion pour les rivières de leur voisinage, nous montrons dans le chapitre 2 que ces derniers sont disposés à payer pour une meilleure qualité de l'eau. Nous nous apercevons toutefois que plus de 20% des individus de notre échantillon adoptent un comportement de protestation, c'est-à-dire déclarent un consentement-à-payer nul alors même que leur valeur pour l'eau des rivières est positive. Dans le chapitre 3, nous recourons à un modèle logit emboîté, afin de prendre en compte ce type de comportement. Nous obtenons des consentements-à-payer plus élevés, signe que le modèle utilisé est mieux adapté pour traiter des données comportant des zéros de protestation. Les chapitres 4 et 5 étudient les déterminants de l'innovation en environnement. A partir de données sur les dépôts de brevets et de l'enquête d'opinion du forum économique mondial, le chapitre 4 s'intéresse à l'impact de politiques publiques sur l'innovation en matière de technologies propres dans les domaines de l'eau, de l'air et des déchets. Notre analyse met en évidence le rôle positif sur l'innovation en environnement de la capacité d'innovation globale d'un pays et de la rigueur de ses politiques environnementales. Le chapitre 5 étudie l'influence des collaborations pour la publication d'articles scientifiques sur l'innovation en matière d'énergie éolienne. Nous couplons notre base de données sur les brevets avec une base rassemblant de nombreuses références littéraires dans le domaine de la recherche scientifique. Nous montrons que les transferts de connaissance entre les pays membres et non membres de l'OCDE dans le domaine éolien contribuent à améliorer la capacité d'innovation des pays non membres de l'OCDE. / This dissertation is interested in two areas of the environmental economics field: monetary valuation of environmental goods and services and environmental innovation. Even if those two fields are studied separately in this dissertation, they both aim at contributing to a common objective: fight against climate change. This dissertation ranges into five chapters. The first one is a general introduction, which depicts the two fields of the dissertation and their relevance towards climate change. Environmental valuation serves public decision through monetary valuation of environmental goods. This is useful not only for the implementation of projects directed to environmental protection, but also for the quantification of environmental damages. Environmental innovation may encourage technological transfers, but also a greener growth, in a will that our societies develop themselves following a sustainable path. Chapters 2 and 3 are interested in the choice experiments method in order to value local residents’ willingness-to-pay for water quality improvements at a specific river basin in France. Using a choice experiment with different management regimes for the river basin, we find that residents are willing-to-pay for an improved water quality. Despite this positive result, we observe a significant proportion (20%) of protest bids in our sample. Protest bids are respondents that state a zero willingness-to-pay, even though their true value for the good is positive. In order to take into account the existence of protest bids, we estimate a cross-nested logit model in chapter 3. We then obtain larger willingness-to-pay, which proves that the cross-nested logit model best fits the peculiarity of our data. Chapters 4 and 5 try to identify the drivers of environmental innovation. Using world patent data and data from the world economic forum survey, we study the impact of environmental public policies on innovation in clean technologies directed to water and air pollution, and waste. We find that both general innovative capacity and environmental policy stringency have a positive role on environment-related innovation. Chapter 5 looks at the influence of co-authorship of scientific publications on wind energy-related innovation. We use both the world patent database and the “Scopus” database, which contains lots of scientific literature references. We highlight the existence of knowledge spillovers between OECD and NON-OECD countries. Therefore, we show that knowledge transfers, regarding wind energy-related innovation, between OECD and NON-OECD countries contribute to improve NON-OECD countries' innovative capacity.