With the global environment changed rapidly, traditional sources of competitive advantage can no longer provide a sustainable strength for business, the approach to global business strategy point to core competencies, invisible assets, and organizational capabilities as key factors influencing MNC¡¦s long-term success in global markets. Benefited by resource-based view (RBV), strategic human resource management (SHRM), and organization behavior (OB) theories as theoretical groundwork, and our contributions include of (1) We built up a theoretical framework from the perspective of human capital to investigate how learning organizational capital facilites firm¡¦s innovative capabilities through human capital flexibility as a mediator. (2) Define human capital flexibility and its seven dimentions. (3) Define learning organizational capital with three dimensions derived from human capital perspective of knowledge-based literatures. Using sample of 184 subsidiaries of Taiwanese MNCs with SEM technique, our empirical result further indicates that human capital flexibility and learning organizational capital has positive effects on firm¡¦s innovative capabilities. Also, human capital flexibility plays a key role as a strong mediator that enhanced organizational capital to exert firm¡¦s innovative capabilities

The 21st Century is a highly competitive era. More and more international business realize that only by developing new products unceasingly can they enjoy the extra profits in the international market, and maintain the constant competitive superiority. Hence, the formation and accumulation of organizational innovative capabilities (OIC) are especially meaningful for international business. The research is of the opinion that most of the innovative activities take place in the R&D department. The R&D people are the crucial roles of producing extra OIC. Therefore, they have great relationship with the R&D department's adopting the innovative human resource strategies, elevating the degree of organizational commitment, and creating OIC. In the process of the innovative activities, how to eliminate the obstacles of innovation is the key successful factor of assuring innovation, and it depends on the highly efficient innovative management. The research took the three dimensions of "Innovative Organizational Culture" "Innovative Organizational Reengineering" and "Innovative Organizational Learning" as the focal points of the R&D human resource strategies for international business in order to test and verify if it has the influence on OIC's producing and accumulating. Moreover, "Innovative Management" was manipulated as the conditional variables and conducted into the above-mentioned research model to prove if it has the obvious influence on the research model. The result of actual demonstration manifested that: (1) When a firm adopts "Innovative Organizational Culture" as the focal point of the R&D human resource strategies, it has the conspicuous influence on OIC's producing and accumulating. It shows that the R&D people attach importance to the organizational cultural contents that can mold the innovative atmosphere and environment, and inspire the innovative activities. Besides, it has the obvious influence on the research model after conducting the highly efficient conditional variables of "Innovative Management." (2) When a firm adopts "Innovative Organizational Learning" as the focal point of the R&D human resource strategies, it has the same favorable result on OIC just like the previous item (1). It also has the obvious influence on the research model after conducting in the highly efficient conditional variables of "Innovative Management." In short, it shows the good innovative management can efficiently eliminate the factors that obstruct the innovation in the firm, either is beneficial for the formation of the creative learning in the firm.

In recent years, both academia and practice have shown an increased interest in sustainable innovation. This new area is examined in the context of large enterprises in our qualitative multiple case study. This thesis thus contributes to a better understanding of the concept as well as the underlying variables that drive sustainable innovation. Theory emphasized both external and internal elements in organizations' engagement in sustainable innovation. The empirical evidence helps to identify nine key factors driving sustainable innovation in large firms: cost and cost reduction, risk and risk reduction, sales and profit margin, reputation and brand value, attractiveness as an employer, innovation capabilities, partnerships and collaborations, regions and culture, regulation and government. It also clarifies the extent to which each of the components influences the process of producing sustainable innovation within organizations. These elements have been discovered to complement one another, occasionally colliding and enhancing one another. This study is based on extensive data gathered through semi-structured interviews and secondary sources from two of Sweden's top industry leaders: IKEA and Epiroc. Theoretical and managerial implications are examined in depth, providing valuable insights for both researchers and practitioners.

A Teoria de Negócios Internacionais sugere que ao aumentar o seu grau de internacionalização, as Empresas Multinacionais dos Países Emergentes dependerão cada vez menos dos efeitos dos seus países de origem, escapando assim das mazelas e deficiências desses países e igualando-se às Empresas Multinacionais dos Países Desenvolvidos. Essa argumentação de escape do país de origem, ou argumentação de escape, enfrenta, no entanto, dois desafios. O primeiro refere-se à geração das vantagens competitivas das multinacionais. As firmas originárias dos países desenvolvidos utilizam-se principalmente de capacidades tecnológicas e marketing para construir suas vantagens com base em seus produtos e marcas diferenciados, enquanto as multinacionais dos países emergentes o fazem a partir do aproveitamento de condições específicas do seu país de origem, utilizando-se de capacidades de inovação em processos e operações e em funções administrativas. O segundo desafio refere-se a evidências empíricas de que efeitos de país de origem se fazem sentir mesmo nas empresas multinacionais maduras de países desenvolvidos. A presente pesquisa busca ampliar o conhecimento sobre as capacidades de inovação das empresas multinacionais de países emergentes através do estudo dos limites do argumento do escape. Uma análise longitudinal das capacidades de inovação das empresas multinacionais brasileiras é utilizada para este fim. Estuda-se um período de cinco anos em que o ambiente de negócios do Brasil mudou de estável e favorável a turbulento e desafiador. A análise utiliza dois \"surveys\" aplicados em 2010 e 2015, além de informação complementar de fontes primárias e secundárias. Os resultados sugerem que as capacidades de inovação dessas empresas multinacionais ainda podem sofrer influência do ambiente institucional político e econômico do seu país de origem, mesmo com incremento do seu grau de internacionalização. Observam-se ainda diferentes consequências conforme a estratégia de internacionalização utilizada pelas firmas. As implicações dos achados são discutidas. / The international Business theory suggests that as they increase their degree of internationalization, Multinationals from Emerging Markets reduce their dependency on their Country of Origin Effects, escaping from these countries\' instabilities and deficiencies, therefore leveling with Multinationals from developed countries. The escape from the country of origin, or escape argument, faces two challenges. The first is that firms from developed countries base their advantages on technology and marketing capabilities to build strong products and brands, whereas firms from emerging countries do so mainly by exploiting their country of origin effects using innovative capabilities related to process and operations and to administrative functions. The second challenge relates to empirical evidence of the persistence of country of origin effects on mature multinational firms from developed countries. This research attempts to improve the knowledge on the innovation capability of Emerging Markets Multinational Enterprises through studying the limits of the escape argument. A longitudinal analysis of the innovative capabilities of Brazilian Multinational firms is used for that purpose. The five-year period studied involves a shift in Brazil\'s conditions from a stable and positive institutional environment to one of turbulence and instability. The research uses data from two surveys executed in 2010 and 2015, as well as other primary and secondary sources. The results suggest that the innovative capabilities from Emerging Market Multinationals can still suffer influences from changes in their home country political and economic institutional environment, even with an increase in their degree of internationalization. The outcomes vary according to the internationalization strategy used by the firms. Implications of these findings are discussed.

In einer wissensbasierten Wirtschaft basiert die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zunehmend auf den intangiblen Unternehmensressourcen. Doch was für eine Relevanz räumen Führungspersonen in der deutschen Wirtschaft dem Wissens- und Intellectual Capital Management (WM/ICM) ein? Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) hat die Forschungsstelle für organisationale Kompetenz und Strategie an der Technischen Universität Chemnitz anhand einer repräsentativen Stichprobe von 3401 Unternehmen den Stand der Wissensmanagement-Aktivitäten in der deutschen Wirtschaft erfasst. Desweiteren ist die Studie folgenden Fragestellungen nachgegangen: - Was sind die möglichen Einflussfaktoren für den Einsatz von WM /ICM-Maßnahmen? - Was für eine Bedeutung hat das WM /ICM für den Unternehmenserfolg und die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu untersuchen. Ein wesentliches Studienergebnis ist, dass die Ressource Wissen zum zentralen Produktions-/Wettbewerbsfaktor in der deutschen Wirtschaft avanciert ist. Dabei werden WM/ICM-Aktivitäten weniger von Betriebsgrößen und Branchen als von Geschäftsstrategien und Kernkompetenzen bestimmt. Neben dem Studienergebnis, dass Wissensmanagement besonders in den Unternehmen stark ausgeprägt ist, wo eine starke kunden-, qualitäts-, und personalgetriebene Wettbewerbsstrategie im Vordergrund steht, wurden weitere Einflussgrößen eruiert. / In a knowledge based economy competitiveness is primarily based on the intangibles of a firm. But what relevance is actually given to the Management of organizational knowledge and intellectual Capital (KM/ICM) in the German economy? The Institute of Personnel Management and Leadership studies at the Chemnitz University of Technology has conducted a company survey on KM/ICM with a representative sample size of 3401 firms in order to capture the status-quo of KM/ICM- activities within the German economy. Additionally, two other main research questions have been addressed: - What are the potential drivers for the implementation of KM/ ICM? - How do KM/ ICM activities relate to organizational performance? A crucial study result reveals knowledge as a crucial production – and competitive factor in the german economy. Here, the implementation of KM/ICM is rather determined by business strategies and core competencies than firm characteristics like industry sector or firm size. Besides the findings, that KM–activities especially prevail in those firms with a predominant customer, employee and innovation orientated strategy,further KM/ICM drivers have been evaluated.

A Teoria de Negócios Internacionais sugere que ao aumentar o seu grau de internacionalização, as Empresas Multinacionais dos Países Emergentes dependerão cada vez menos dos efeitos dos seus países de origem, escapando assim das mazelas e deficiências desses países e igualando-se às Empresas Multinacionais dos Países Desenvolvidos. Essa argumentação de escape do país de origem, ou argumentação de escape, enfrenta, no entanto, dois desafios. O primeiro refere-se à geração das vantagens competitivas das multinacionais. As firmas originárias dos países desenvolvidos utilizam-se principalmente de capacidades tecnológicas e marketing para construir suas vantagens com base em seus produtos e marcas diferenciados, enquanto as multinacionais dos países emergentes o fazem a partir do aproveitamento de condições específicas do seu país de origem, utilizando-se de capacidades de inovação em processos e operações e em funções administrativas. O segundo desafio refere-se a evidências empíricas de que efeitos de país de origem se fazem sentir mesmo nas empresas multinacionais maduras de países desenvolvidos. A presente pesquisa busca ampliar o conhecimento sobre as capacidades de inovação das empresas multinacionais de países emergentes através do estudo dos limites do argumento do escape. Uma análise longitudinal das capacidades de inovação das empresas multinacionais brasileiras é utilizada para este fim. Estuda-se um período de cinco anos em que o ambiente de negócios do Brasil mudou de estável e favorável a turbulento e desafiador. A análise utiliza dois \"surveys\" aplicados em 2010 e 2015, além de informação complementar de fontes primárias e secundárias. Os resultados sugerem que as capacidades de inovação dessas empresas multinacionais ainda podem sofrer influência do ambiente institucional político e econômico do seu país de origem, mesmo com incremento do seu grau de internacionalização. Observam-se ainda diferentes consequências conforme a estratégia de internacionalização utilizada pelas firmas. As implicações dos achados são discutidas. / The international Business theory suggests that as they increase their degree of internationalization, Multinationals from Emerging Markets reduce their dependency on their Country of Origin Effects, escaping from these countries\' instabilities and deficiencies, therefore leveling with Multinationals from developed countries. The escape from the country of origin, or escape argument, faces two challenges. The first is that firms from developed countries base their advantages on technology and marketing capabilities to build strong products and brands, whereas firms from emerging countries do so mainly by exploiting their country of origin effects using innovative capabilities related to process and operations and to administrative functions. The second challenge relates to empirical evidence of the persistence of country of origin effects on mature multinational firms from developed countries. This research attempts to improve the knowledge on the innovation capability of Emerging Markets Multinational Enterprises through studying the limits of the escape argument. A longitudinal analysis of the innovative capabilities of Brazilian Multinational firms is used for that purpose. The five-year period studied involves a shift in Brazil\'s conditions from a stable and positive institutional environment to one of turbulence and instability. The research uses data from two surveys executed in 2010 and 2015, as well as other primary and secondary sources. The results suggest that the innovative capabilities from Emerging Market Multinationals can still suffer influences from changes in their home country political and economic institutional environment, even with an increase in their degree of internationalization. The outcomes vary according to the internationalization strategy used by the firms. Implications of these findings are discussed.

In einer wissensbasierten Wirtschaft basiert die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zunehmend auf den intangiblen Unternehmensressourcen. Doch was für eine Relevanz räumen Führungspersonen in der deutschen Wirtschaft dem Wissens- und Intellectual Capital Management (WM/ICM) ein? Im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums für Wirtschaft und Technologie (BMWi) hat die Forschungsstelle für organisationale Kompetenz und Strategie an der Technischen Universität Chemnitz anhand einer repräsentativen Stichprobe von 3401 Unternehmen den Stand der Wissensmanagement-Aktivitäten in der deutschen Wirtschaft erfasst. Desweiteren ist die Studie folgenden Fragestellungen nachgegangen: - Was sind die möglichen Einflussfaktoren für den Einsatz von WM /ICM-Maßnahmen? - Was für eine Bedeutung hat das WM /ICM für den Unternehmenserfolg und die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit zu untersuchen. Ein wesentliches Studienergebnis ist, dass die Ressource Wissen zum zentralen Produktions-/Wettbewerbsfaktor in der deutschen Wirtschaft avanciert ist. Dabei werden WM/ICM-Aktivitäten weniger von Betriebsgrößen und Branchen als von Geschäftsstrategien und Kernkompetenzen bestimmt. Neben dem Studienergebnis, dass Wissensmanagement besonders in den Unternehmen stark ausgeprägt ist, wo eine starke kunden-, qualitäts-, und personalgetriebene Wettbewerbsstrategie im Vordergrund steht, wurden weitere Einflussgrößen eruiert. / In a knowledge based economy competitiveness is primarily based on the intangibles of a firm. But what relevance is actually given to the Management of organizational knowledge and intellectual Capital (KM/ICM) in the German economy? The Institute of Personnel Management and Leadership studies at the Chemnitz University of Technology has conducted a company survey on KM/ICM with a representative sample size of 3401 firms in order to capture the status-quo of KM/ICM- activities within the German economy. Additionally, two other main research questions have been addressed: - What are the potential drivers for the implementation of KM/ ICM? - How do KM/ ICM activities relate to organizational performance? A crucial study result reveals knowledge as a crucial production – and competitive factor in the german economy. Here, the implementation of KM/ICM is rather determined by business strategies and core competencies than firm characteristics like industry sector or firm size. Besides the findings, that KM–activities especially prevail in those firms with a predominant customer, employee and innovation orientated strategy,further KM/ICM drivers have been evaluated.