As teacher educators we work to make inquiry methodology explicit to help teacher candidates construct the link between theory and practice. Bringing inquiry learning into the early childhood curriculum method courses raises the potential for inquiry teaching practice for teacher candidates and models a constructivist practice in a higher education setting. Of the numerous curriculum studies available, few focus on methods of inquiry to guide adult learners’ to construct inquiry- teaching practices that they can transfer to their work with children. To improve the quality of our teaching in an Early Childhood Teacher Education program we researched and developed several tools to facilitate the transfer from teacher candidates own learning experiences to their teaching practice. We relied on the literature regarding the Reggio Emilia approach of inquiry learning and teaching based on documentation, as well as Creativity theory to help us develop a method to relate concepts with materials in a cycle of inquiry. Through our Cycle of Inquiry and the introduction of Concept Materials we promote representation which is a critical aspect of constructing knowledge about what it means to teach. We find that this differs from merely modeling hands-on activities in that it promotes higher level reasoning and creativity throughout the early childhood curriculum, as teacher candidates learn to reflect on and question the big ideas—thinking and learning—they observe in play to develop practice that extends learning along a conceptual continuum of inquiry. This data accumulated over the course of two years at East Tennessee State University and the University of Michigan-Dearborn through our process of developing and implementing curriculum for teacher educators that models action research and teacher as researcher.

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This work was possible through the support of my personal and professional families. Personally, my husband Brad was my continual encourager through each phase of this journey. This accomplishment is as much his as mine. Also, through this process I feel I have matured at the hands of the Lord through His careful, peaceful leading within the many nuanced steps of completing the doctoral program. Professionally, the ladies forming my doctoral committee have been more than advisors, but mentors. Their thoughtful counsel helped me feel capable throughout the many phases of becoming a researcher and scholar, yet they offered insight always with attention to the aspects of life that keep us whole outside of our work

This is a study of a practicum-based child development curriculum for eighth grade students in a middle school setting. One hundred students were tested on self-image concepts and attitudes toward young children after they had been exposed to the curriculum. The experimental group was involved in the "Exploring Childhood" course which gave them experience in actual child care agencies in the community. The control group students used the more traditional child development unit in the home economics program. Testing showed that the experimental group made significantly higher self-concept scores than the control group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in their attitudes toward young children.

Two groups of Title I Math teachers, one representing school systems which reported second and third grade student achievement gains of one year or more on the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills for 1978-79, and one group which reported gains of less than eight months, were surveyed in an effort to identify which methods of presentation and types of materials apparently contributed to the most successful Title I Math programs, in terms of student achievement gains. A study of survey results indicated that a Title I Math pull-out program served by a teacher in groups of less than ten students was the most common method of presentation in both survey groups. Results suggested that small-group settings, contact with a teacher and an aide in a pull-out situation, and a low student-teacher ratio were among the factors which influenced the achievement of Title I Math students. In regard to program planning. school systems which reported higher CTBS test scores achieved a more even balance of time spent between teaching from commercial materials/programs and teaching from teacher-made units or packets of work. with a limited amount of time utilized for games and other approaches; school systems which reported lower test scores devoted over half their teaching time to the use of teacher-made materials. Teachers from both groups indicated that their students, who represented several age groups from more than one grade level, necessitated a wide range of Math materials; because of the ages and individual differences in students, no one program or approach to teaching Title I Math was preferred or felt to be more effective than any other. An approach to teaching Title I Math suggested paying heed to the abilities and needs of the students, utilizing resources from a variety of commercial materials, permitting the teacher flexibility in developing work packets as needed, and infusing any other methods in planning a Title I Math curriculum.

Appreciative Inquiry (AI) introduces a new approach to educational change. Most state and federal initiatives for educational change grow out of a deficit model of what is wrong with schools and what is needed to fix them. Implementation of new reforms has historically been mandated by administrators with little impact. The emphasis of AI is upon what is right with the organization and forms the basis for new initiatives and further change. This model proposes a cycle of inquiry used by leaders who distribute leadership across their constituents. Organizational learning is a process of individual and collective inquiry that modifies or constructs organizational theories-in-use and changes practice. Using AI as a process to implement the Common Core State Standards (CCSS), embraces a distributed leadership structure, produces organizational learning opportunities, and creates the conditions for a more impactful implementation of the next reform. The study explored the relationship of the AI, distributed leadership, and organizational learning qualities that exist within the five unified school districts in the High Desert. Additionally, the relationships were analyzed in combination with participants’ preparedness for the implementation of the CCSS reform. To explore the relationships, a survey was created based on four already existing instruments. A path diagram was proposed and path analysis was conducted. Inventories of appreciative capacities and principles, distributed leadership, and organizational learning capabilities in an educational system provided insight into the applicability of using AI as a process for implementation of the CCSS and future educational reforms. Throughout the analysis significant correlations existed and the model held. Utilizing appreciative inquiry, distributed leadership, and organizational leadership singularly or in combination within districts would strengthen CCSS implementation.

ABSTRACT When we look at artists in contemporary society it is unfortunate how many of them turn to drugs, alcohol, and suicide as a means to cope with and escape the world. Sadly, there are artists who never live long enough to have a career or share their brilliance with the world. This tragedy is the underlying motivation for this project. One of our goals at the school where I teach, Idyllwild Arts Academy, is to help prepare students for a life in the arts. For the most part we focus on the skills and concepts of their discipline. This focus inherently tends to eliminate or overlook some major concepts related to the physical, mental, and spiritual growth of the students. The purpose of this study was to discover the major concepts of health and longevity and address the best practices for creating an advanced curriculum that addressed these concepts in relation to the context of the students and school where I teach. The guiding questions for this project, in relation to the students at Idyllwild Arts Academy, were: What are the major ideas and concepts that support and promote positive personal growth for students at Idyllwild Arts Academy? What exercises will contribute to each student’s health and longevity. What skills are necessary for coping with the challenges and demands of being an artist in contemporary society? What will help each student achieve his or her full potential in life? To achieve the purpose of this study, I followed these steps: I reviewed literature about health and longevity that related to the context of my school and students, based on the findings of the literature review and my experience I created a draft of the curriculum, next I identified a group of experts and asked them to review the curriculum and complete a survey, once all the survey’s were returned I organized the data and looked for patterns, finally I compiled a list of recommendations based on the data to use when the curriculum is implemented. In addition to the list of recommendations, I have identified three major limitations that need to be addressed when implementing the curriculum. Please note, the curriculum will not be implemented as part of this project.

There is an increased emphasis on inquiry in national and Oregon state high school science standards. As hypothesis testing is a key component of these new standards, instructors need effective strategies to improve students' hypothesis testing skills. Recent research suggests that classroom exercises may prove useful. A general purpose classroom activity called the thought experiment is proposed. The effectiveness of 7 hours of instruction using this exercise was measured in an introductory biology course, using a quasi-experimental contrast group design. An instrument for measuring hypothesis testing skill is also proposed. Treatment (n=18) and control (n=10) sections drawn from preexisting high school classes were pre- and post-assessed using the proposed Multiple Choice Assessment of Deductive Reasoning. Both groups were also post-assessed by individually completing a written, short-answer format hypothesis testing exercise. Treatment section mean posttest scores on contextualized, multiple choice problem sets were significantly higher than those of the control section. Mean posttest scores did not significantly differ between sections on abstract deductive logic problems or the short answer format hypothesis testing exercise.

Multimodal writing refers to texts that use more than one communicative mode to convey information. While there is much scholarship that examines the history of alphabetic writing instruction and the alphabetic composing processes of students, little research explores the historical origins of multimodal composition and the processes in which students engage as they compose multimodal texts. This two-part project takes a fresh approach to studying multimodal writing by exploring the multimodal pedagogies of ancient Greek and Roman rhetoric and writing teachers, analyzing the role of mental and physical images in modern writers’ composing practices, and investigating contemporary students’ processes for composing multimodal texts. In Part I, I re-imagine the history of multimodal writing by exploring the multimodal pedagogies that instructors of rhetoric and writing developed during Greek and Roman Antiquity, and I show how contemporary students use an array of multimodal composing processes that rely on both mental and physical images to write alphabetic text. In Part II, I share the results of a case study in which I investigate the processes students use to compose audio- and video-essays while enrolled in a multimodal writing course. This study explores what students know about multimodal writing before beginning the course, how they learn the software needed to compose these projects, the challenges students experience as they compose, and the similarities and differences students perceive between their own processes for composing alphabetic and multimodal texts. Ultimately, I argue that composition teachers must acknowledge our long history of teaching with multimodal pedagogies and our experience composing alphabetic text through multimodal processes. Recognizing this lengthy history will decrease the anxiety that many composition teachers experience when tasked with teaching multimodal writing because, while typically only time and experience can grow confidence, in this case, a recognition of how much we already know will allow us to teach with the self-assurance we have earned.

Broader social issues that affect students’ lives manifest in the classroom and the current neo-liberal reform structures in education (e.g., the accountability movement combined with punitive discipline measures and structural classism/racism) fail to acknowledge the impact of these issues on student identity within school and community. While this era of standardized testing has brought about anti-democratic realities in schools of all sorts, it is also the case that schools that pass tests often enjoy a more liberatory climate while schools struggling to meet testing requirements are more likely to possess oppressive qualities. Not coincidentally, the more oppressive schools are often populated by poor kids, kids of color, and very often in urban schools, poor kids of color. Deficit thinking runs rampant in urban schools and marginalized communities – student experiences perpetuate oppressive social hierarchies and students are pushed to think that they can’t, won’t, and aren’t capable. Critical service learning, and more specifically photovoice as a form of critical service learning, has promise to provide a different kind of educational experience. This project is an exploratory qualitative study using photovoice, photo elicitation, and critical thematic analysis to determine what narratives students construct while participating in photovoice as a form of critical service learning. This study posits a way to move from deficits to possibilities by providing a space for traditionally marginalized youth to legitimize their sense of place, identity, and connection to their community while empowering them to be advocates for social change. Students served as action researchers, constructing counter narratives through an adaptation of photovoice documentation, addressing social inequities by highlighting strengths and assets in their own schools and community. In addition to using photovoice as a methodology, this study also addressed how photovoice as critical service learning pedagogy can serve to create discursive spaces for those counter-narratives to circulate and to be heard. This project addressed the need for a critical service learning approach in education that empowers students to become agents of change, using their own stories and cultural/social capital to disrupt deficit perspectives while promoting possibility perspectives – moving us closer to a more democratic public education.