This thesis work researched the temperature effects the insert tool life. This was examined through physical laboratory testing with designed milling tools and temperature simulations in ANSYS. The designed milling tools altered the temperature in the insert through external parameters like design and material. Three milling tools were used in total: A milling tool created in an copper alloy that cools the inserts, a milling tool created in the material idun that increases the temperature in the inserts, and the milling tool Coro Mill 245 that was used as a reference. These tools were tested with two inserts, insert 1130 with a coating of PVD, and insert 4330 which has a coating of CVD.  The idun milling tool and the reference milling tool was already designed, but the copper milling tool was designed during the thesis work. The designed copper milling tool implemented a heat sink to cool the milling tool with convection and was manufactured in a copper alloy with high strength. The copper milling tool was 20 $\%$ colder than the reference milling tool when comparing the maximum temperature of the insert. Through testing in dry milling of the three milling tools with different inserts and a simulation in ANSYS of the temperature development, the conclusion was that insert 4330 had crater wear which increased with increased temperature. This crater wear can be the main factor in the insert tool life.

No description available.

During the insert process when the windings of an electric motor are pushed into the stator slots, some detrimental phenomena can occur that affect the efficiency and life of the motor. To detect these phenomena and optimize the process, a simulation would be useful. An investigation of the possibility to perform a simulation, using an appropriate numerical method for the insert process of distributed windings in a permanent magnet synchronous motor, was performed. During the project, a literature study was carried out to investigate existing methods and key-parameters for the simulation of the process. Explicit finite element method has been shown to be a suitable numerical method for simulating another winding process. An explicit finite element analysis was performed with a simplified model of the stator, the wires, the transmission tool and the needles by using the software Abaqus/CAE. In order to reduce the computational time, beam elements were used to model the wires and the other parts as rigid bodies. The model accounted for example contact and provided numerical results. The result was a suitable model. However, it needs to be developed further.

Pour alléger les véhicules, des structures multi-matériaux utilisant des matériaux composites sont envisagées par les industriels automobiles. Les liaisons sont les points faibles de ces structures. Dans ce travail de thèse, le boulonnage, la fixation par insert et le collage utilisés dans l’assise d’un siège automobile en métal/composite ont été étudiés. Les pièces envisagées de l’assise ont été réalisées en composite tissé (verre/ PA6) et en composite injecté (verre/PA66). Y compris pour les films adhésifs, les lois de comportement ont été établies à partir d’essais expérimentaux. Pour les pièces munies d’un trou et pour la liaison boulonnée, le volume critique déterminant la rupture du composite tissé a été utilisé dans les calculs numériques. Dans le cas du collage, la distance critique déterminant la rupture de l’adhésif a aussi été considérée. Des éprouvettes de simple recouvrement et des triangles collés soumis à la torsion ont été testés et simulés. Pour la rupture d’une pièce en composite injecté à fibres courtes, la résistance mécanique du matériau a été évaluée en fonction de l’orientation locale des fibres. Une bielle en composite injecté a été testée et calculée. Les lois de comportement et les méthodes de prédiction de rupture établies ont été utilisées dans le calcul numérique du siège soumis à l’essai de choc. / To reduce the weight of vehicles, the multi-material structures with composite materials have been used in the automotive industries. However, the joints are considered as the weakest parts of the structure. In this work, the joining methods used for metal/ composite automotive seat, including a mechanical joint, a threaded insert and an adhesive joint, have been studied. The components of the seat under consideration were made of woven composite (glass/PA6) and short fiber composite (glass/PA66). The mechanical behaviors of the studied materials, including adhesives, have been modeled based on the experimental results. For parts containing an open-hole and for mechanical joints, the characteristic volume has been used to determine the failure of woven composite. In the case of adhesive joints, the characteristic length has been used to determine the failure. Single lap shear tests and the torsion tests on a bonded structure were conducted and simulated. For the failure of short fiber composite structure, the material strength has been evaluated as a function of local fiber orientation. The tensile tests on the short fiber composite connecting rod were conducted and simulated. Finally, the proposed constitutive laws and failure prediction methods were applied for the simulation of the automotive seat under crash test condition.

La fréquence des opérations de maintenance lors de l’excavation du sol par les tunneliers est problématique pour les entreprises de travaux publics. Ces opérations de maintenance engendrent des temps morts onéreux et nécessitent l'intervention d'opérateurs dans des conditions de travail hyperbares. Une des raisons aux nombreuses interventions humaines pour la maintenance est l’endommagement des outils racleurs du sol excavé (dents) qui sont placés sur la tête du tunnelier. Ces outils sont sujets à l’usure compte tenu de l’abrasivité des différents milieux qu’ils rencontrent. Le but de cette thèse est de contribuer à augmenter d’au moins 20% la durée de vie des matériaux constitutifs de ces outils, afin de réduire les différentes opérations de maintenance qui exposent les opérateurs à des risques importants. Pour atteindre cet objectif, les investigations menées dans ce travail ont porté sur plusieurs axes. Dans un premier temps, une expertise est menée pour identifier les modes d’endommagement prédominants sur les inserts à base de carbure de tungstène placés sur les dents ; ensuite, de nouveaux matériaux avec des propriétés mécaniques et des microstructures optimisées, développés dans le cadre du projet européen NeTTUN, sont caractérisés sur des bancs d’essais représentatifs. Ces essais ont permis de bien comprendre les mécanismes d’usure des nouveaux matériaux à base de carbure de tungstène. Les résultats de ce travail peuvent ensuite donner lieu à de nouvelles orientations en matière de choix de matériaux pour renforcer les dents de tunnelier. / The frequency of maintenance operations during the excavation of the ground by the tunnel boring machines (TBM) is problematic for civil engineering companies. These maintenance operations provoke expensive timeouts and they bring in excavation operators in risky hyperbaric work conditions. One of the reasons which leads to the numerous human interventions for the maintenance is the damage of drag bits located on the cutting wheel of the TBM. These drag bits undergo wear due to the abrasiveness of the various media they meet. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to increase by 20 % at least the lifetime of the materials of the dag bits, in order to reduce the various maintenance operations which expose the operators to important risks. To achieve this goal, the investigations led in this work concerned several axes. At first, an expertise is led to identify the wear modes prevailing on the carbide inserts located on the drag bits; then, new materials with enhanced mechanical properties and optimized microstructures, developed in the framework of the European project NeTTUN, are characterized on representative lab testing devices. These tests allowed us to understand well the wear mechanisms of the newly developed grades of tungsten carbides. The results of this work can lead to new strategies for the selection of materials to reinforce the drag bits.

Transwell inserts with microporous membranes, available from multiple commercial sources, have been widely used for various mammalian cell culture applications, including the reduction of cell culture mixing. In this study, we examined the feasibility and functionality of using this technology for separating human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) from their respective feeder cells. We found that when hESCs were propagated on transwell inserts positioned directly above feeder cells grown in a separate dish, the hESCs could be maintained in an undifferentiated state for over 10 passages with no change in their basic pluripotent characteristics. In parallel with our transwell insert experiments, we also evaluated the ability of a new defined, xeno-free medium, HEScGRO™, to enhance the animal-free characteristics of the transwell insert-based culture system. Results from our studies demonstrate that HEScGRO™ medium assists in maintaining the pluripotent characteristics of hESCs propagated in the transwell insert- based culture system. These combined results represent a significant development in properly segregating stem cells from their feeders, thus eliminating cell mixing, contamination, and providing the cells with a superior environment for nourishment and controlled self-renewal. Overall, this development in hESC propagation could have wide-reaching applications for self-renewal and differentiation studies within the field of stem cell biology.

No description available.

No description available.

Nesta dissertação, foi desenvolvida uma análise linguística contrastiva de bulas de medicamento brasileiras e alemãs. O principal objetivo dessa análise era identificar o grau de compreensibilidade de cada um dos textos, segundo as dimensões do modelo de Karlsruhe: Concisão, Correção, Motivação, Estrutura, Simplicidade e Perceptibilidade. Para isso, foram retomados conceitos da Linguística Textual e procedimentos da Textologia Contrastiva, como as definições de texto e gênero textual, o método de comparação de textos paralelos e o estabelecimento de um termo de comparação. De maneira geral, os resultados da análise contrastiva indicaram que termos técnicos (no âmbito da simplicidade) e fonte pequena (no âmbito da perceptibilidade) não são as principais causas de incompreensão na leitura das bulas, como se supôs inicialmente. O estudo evidenciou que desvios na estrutura e na concisão das bulas podem ter um impacto tão ou mais negativo na compreensão desses textos do que os aspectos anteriormente citados. Além disso, foi possível constatar que cada uma das dimensões possui um peso diferente na compreensibilidade das bulas analisadas devido a diferenças linguísticas e culturais entre os pares alemão/português e Alemanha/Brasil. / In this research, a contrastive linguistic analysis of German and Brazilian package inserts was developed. The main aim of this analysis was to identify the degree of comprehensibility in each text, according to the Karlsruhe model dimensions: concision, correctness, motivation, structure, simplicity and perceptibility. To achieve this aim, it was necessary to review some concepts of the Textual Linguistics and procedures of the Contrastive Textology, such as the definitions of text and textual genre, the method of comparing parallel texts and the establishment of a point of comparison. In general, the results of the contrastive analysis have shown that technical terms (in the scope of simplicity) and small font (perceptibility) are not the main causes of misunderstanding of package inserts, as it was supposed initially. The study has highlighted that deviances in the structure and in the concision of package inserts may have an impact in the comprehension of these texts as negative as the aspects forementioned, if not more. Moreover, it was possible to notice that each dimension has a different weight in the comprehensibility of the analyzed package inserts because of the linguistic and cultural differences between German/Portuguese and Germany/Brazil.

This study examines the international economic integration of Brazil and Argentina during the period of 1990-1999, and assesses the vulnerability of the two foreign countries. From the evolution of the flows of trade balance (coefficient of openness), the balance of services and capital, is the analysis of international economic integration. The analysis of the current account deficit, of how it is financed, the denationalization of the economy, the balance of international reserves of foreign debt and the coefficient of vulnerability, will assess the behavior of external vulnerability. It follows that the international economic integration of Brazil and Argentina, through the adoption of policies of adjustment recommended by the Washington Consensus, took place in a subordinate and dependent on large economic and financial centers, to the extent that the two countries acted as receivers in the pattern of shortterm, resulting from trade liberalization, supported by the overvalued exchange rate, which caused a structural change in the trade balance, making it the deficit. There was an increase in vulnerability in the two countries, because the external accounts have deteriorated, increased the foreign debt grew and the degree of internationalization of production through greater presence of foreign equity companies, increasing the concentration of wealth and power in the hands of international groups. Moreover, the inadequacy and inconsistency of these policies are also evidenced by the low GDP growth and rising unemployment. / Este estudo analisa a inserção econômica internacional do Brasil e da Argentina, no período de 1990-1999, e avalia a vulnerabilidade externa dos dois países. A partir da evolução dos fluxos da balança comercial (coeficiente de abertura), da balança de serviços e de capitais, é feita a análise da inserção econômica internacional. Com a análise do déficit em conta corrente, da forma com que ele é financiado, da desnacionalização da economia, do saldo das reservas internacionais, do endividamento externo e do coeficiente de vulnerabilidade, será avaliado o comportamento da vulnerabilidade externa. Conclui-se que a inserção econômica internacional de Brasil e Argentina, através da adoção das políticas de ajuste recomendadas pelo Consenso de Washington, deu-se de forma subordinada e dependente aos grandes centros econômicos e financeiros, na medida em que os dois países atuaram como receptores dos fluxos financeiros de curto prazo, resultantes da abertura comercial, apoiadas na sobrevalorização do câmbio, a qual provocou uma mudança estrutural na balança comercial, tornando-a deficitária. Verifica-se que houve um aumento na vulnerabilidade nos dois países, pois as contas externas se deterioraram, aumentou o endividamento externo e cresceu o grau de internacionalização da produção por meio de maior presença de empresas de capital estrangeiro, ampliando a concentração de renda e poder nas mãos de grupos internacionais. Além disso, a inconsistência e a inadequação dessas políticas também são comprovadas pelo baixo crescimento do PIB e pelo aumento do desemprego.