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T-Zellrezeptor (TZR)-Gentherapie zeigte erste Erfolge in klinischen Studien, jedoch wurden gleichzeitig Risikofaktoren deutlich. Ein Risikofaktor ist das falsche Paaren der transferierten TZR-Ketten mit den endogenen, was zu TZR-Molekülen von unbekannter Spezifität führt und die Oberflächenexpression und somit auch die Funktionalität des transgenen TZR reduziert. Dieser Aspekt wurde in generierten T-Zellklonen mit einer konstitutiven/endogenen TZR-Expression sowie einer zweiten induzierbaren/transgenen TZR-Expression untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass nach Induktion der transgenen TZR-Expression der endogene TZR seine Funktionalität verlor, obwohl er noch auf der Oberfläche detektierbar war. Als Ursachen wurden neben einer reduzierten Oberflächenexpression des endogenen TZR auch falsch gepaarte TZR-Moleküle, die mit Hilfe der Fluoreszenz-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer-Methode detektiert wurden, gefunden. Die Modifikation des TZR durch den Einbau einer zweiten Cystein-Brücke, was das Paaren der korrespondierenden TZR-Ketten stabilisieren soll, führte in den T-Zellklonen zu keiner Reduktion der falsch-paarenden TZR-Moleküle. In primären Wildtyp-T-Zellen verbesserte sich das richtige Paaren des transgenen TZR leicht und konnte durch Codon-Optimierung der TZR-Gene weiter verbessert werden. Der zweite untersuchte Risikofaktor ist die Insertionsmutagenese durch den retroviralen Vektor. Die sichere Verwendbarkeit von differenzierten T-Zellen für die TZR-Gentherapie wurde in einem Tiermodel mit wiederholter T-Zellstimulierung, um weitere Mutationen während der Zellteilung zu provozieren, analysiert. Im Laufe der Zeit reicherten sich die transferierten T-Zellen in den Tieren dramatisch an, aber entwickelten sich nicht zu T-Zelllymphomen. Die Proliferationskapazität und die Funktionalität der transferierten T-Zellen wurden bestätigt. Die Polyklonalität der TZR-gen-modifizierten T-Zellen wurde mit Hilfe der linear-amplifizierten Polymerasekettenreaktion nachgewiesen. / T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy is a new therapy for cancer which showed first clinical success but at the same time risk factors evolved. One risk factor is the mispairing of the TCR chains with the endogenous TCR chains which leads to TCRs with unknown specificities and to a reduced expression and functionality of the transferred TCR. This aspect was analyzed in dual TCR T cell clones which had one constitutive/endogenous TCR expression as well as a second inducible/transgenic TCR expression. It could be shown that the endogenous TCR lost its functionality after induction of the transgenic TCR expression although it was still detectable on the cell surface. The reason was found in the lower surface expression level of the endogenous TCR as well as in mispaired TCR dimers detected by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique. Modification of the TCR by insertion of a second cysteine bridge which should stabilize the pairing of the corresponding TCR chains did not reduce the TCR mispairing in the T cell clones. In primary wild-type cells, the pairing of the transgenic TCR improved slightly and could be further improved by codon-optimization of the TCR genes. The second analyzed possible side effect of TCR gene therapy is the insertional mutagenesis by the retroviral vector. The safety of differentiated T cells for TCR gene therapy was analyzed in an animal model with a repetitive T cell stimulation to provide the opportunity for mutations to occur during cell division. Over time, transferred T cells increased dramatically in the recipient mice, but did not lead to T cell lymphomas. The proliferative capacity and the functionality of transferred T cells were confirmed. The polyclonality of the TCR gene-modified T cells could be confirmed by linear amplification-mediated polymerase-chain reaction.

Les adénomes hépatocellulaires (AHC) sont des tumeurs hépatiques bénignes rares se développant chez la femme jeune suite à la prise de contraceptifs oraux et pouvant se compliquer d’hémorragie et de transformation maligne en carcinome hépatocellulaire (CHC). Une classification génotype/phénotype a mise en évidence trois groupes d’AHC : les AHC inactivés pour le facteur de transcription HNF1A, les AHC mutés pour la β-caténine et les AHC dit « inflammatoires » ayant une activation de la voie JAK/STAT. Nous avons identifiés des mutations activatrices du gènes GNAS, codant pour la sous unité alpha de la protéine Gs, dans un sous-groupe d’AHC inflammatoires ainsi que chez des patients avec des AHC et atteints d’un syndrome de McCune Albright, une maladie rare combinant des tumeurs endocriniennes, une dysplasie fibreuse osseuse et des taches cutanés café au lait. Cette découverte confirme les interactions entre la voie de l’AMP cyclique induite par les mutations GNAS et la voie JAK/STAT. Les CHC sont les tumeurs primitives du foie les plus fréquentes, survenant souvent sur un foie cirrhotique exposé à différents facteurs de risque comme l’hépatite B chronique, l’hépatite C chronique, l’alcool ou le syndrome métabolique. Le CHC est le résultat de l’accumulation d’altérations génétiques et épigénétiques. Premièrement, nous avons identifiés les mutations du promoteur de TERT (Telomerase reverse transcriptase) comme les altérations génétiques somatiques les plus fréquentes des CHC. Ces mutations ont été aussi retrouvées dans des lésions prénéoplasiques développées sur cirrhose suggérant leurs rôles précoces dans l’initiation tumorale et la transformation maligne. A l’inverse l’étude des mutations du promoteur de TERT et la réalisation de séquençage haut-débit dans les AHC et les transformation d’adénome en CHC nous a permis de disséquer les mécanismes de transformation maligne sur foie sain avec la présence de manière précoce d’une mutation de la β-caténine et dans un second temps l’apparition d’une mutation dans le promoteur de TERT. Par la suite, nous avons mis en évidence une signature moléculaire pronostique transcriptomique chez les patients avec CHC traités par résection hépatique. Cette signature moléculaire prédisant à la fois la récidive tumorale et le décès a été validée dans des cohortes de patients à l’étranger. Enfin, nous avons mise en évidence le rôle oncogénique de l’adeno-associated virus de type 2 dans la survenue de CHC sur foie sain via un mécanisme de mutagénèse insertionnelle dans des gènes clés de la carcinogénèse comme TERT, CCNA2, MLL4 ou TNFSF10. Ces résultats ont permit de mettre en évidence de nouveaux facteurs de risque viraux de survenue du CHC, d’identifier de nouvelles altérations génétiques impliquées dans la transformation maligne sur cirrhose et sur foie sain et permit de développer une signature moléculaire pronostique qui pourrait être utiliser dans le futur comme une aide à la stratification thérapeutique chez les patients atteint de CHC. / Hepatocellular adenomas (HCA) are rare benign liver tumors occuring in young women taking oral contraception and complications as haemorrhage or malignant transformation in hepatocellular carcinomes (HCC) could occur. A genotype/phenotype classification has defined different subgroups of tumors : HCA with inactivating mutations of HNF1A, HCA with activating mutations of β-catenin and inflammatory HCA with activation of the JAK/STAT pathway. We have identified activation mutations of GNAS, that codes for the alpha subunit of the Gs protein in a subgroup of inflammatory HCA and in patients with HCA and McCune Albright syndrom, a rare disease that combined endocrine tumor, bone fibrous dysplasia and « cafe au lait » skin macula. These findings highlight the crosstalk between the cyclic AMP pathway induced by GNAS mutation with the JAK/STAT pathway. HCC are the most frequent primary liver tumors worldwide and mainly occur on cirrhosis due to various risk factor as hepatitis B and C virus, alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome. HCC is due to the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations in the malignant hepatocytes. We have identified TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase) promoter mutations as the most frequent somatic genetic alterations in HCC. These mutations were also found in cirrhotic premalignant nodules underlying their role in tumor initiation and malignant transformation. In contrast, the study of the different steps of malignant transformation of HCA into HCC using next generation sequencing and TERT promoter screening have shown that activatiing mutation of β-catenin is an early genetic alteration whereas TERT promoter mutation is required in a second step to promote a full malignant transformation. We have also identified a prognostic molecular signature, the 5-gene score, in patients with HCC treated by liver resection. The 5-gene score predicts tumor recurrence and disease specific survival and has been validated in different cohorts of patients worldwide. Finally, we have shown that adeno-associated virus type 2 is involved in liver carcinogenesis on normal liver through insertional mutagenesis in key cancer genes as TERT, CCNA2, MLL4 and TNFSF10. These results have underlined a new oncogenic virus involved in HCC development, identified new genetic alterations involved in malignant transformation on cirrhosis and normal liver and a new prognostic molecular signature that will help to guide treatment of patients with HCC in the future.

Plasmid DNA (pDNA) vectors are the current conventional technology driving therapeutic gene transfer, whether for use toward mal/nonfunctional gene replacement, DNA vaccination, or production of therapeutic proteins in mammalian cells. However, the conventional pDNA vector suffers from several safety and efficiency limitations: 1) it imparts adverse immune responses to bacterial sequences required for maintenance and amplification in prokaryotes; 2) its bioavailability can be compromised due to size; and 3) it may be genotoxic due to its potential to integrate into the host chromosome and yield an oncogenic event. In this study we have constructed a robust in vivo bacterial platform for the production of bacterial sequence-free linear covalently closed (LCC) DNA vectors, termed DNA Ministrings, through the manipulation and application of bacteriophage-encoded recombination systems. Phage N15 and PY54 lysogenize their bacterial hosts as a linear plasmid with covalently closed ends (LCC plasmid). LCC morphology is conferred by the phage-encoded telomerase via a single cleaving-joining reaction of the perfect palindrome target site. This system was exploited to generate DNA Ministring vectors, encoding only the gene(s) of interest and necessary complementary eukaryotic expression/enhancement genetic elements that are devoid of unwanted bacterial sequences and are linearized through a single in vivo enzymatic reaction. The tel and telN prokaryotic telomerase (protelomerase) genes were amplified from PY54 and N15 lysates, respectively, and cloned into a bacterial vector that expresses the gene under control of the temperature sensitive bacteriophage ?? CI857 repressor that confers conditional expression from ?? pL/pR promoters. This regulatory circuit was integrated into a RecA+ lacZ+ E. coli K-12 strain via homologous recombination, where successful recombinants were disrupted for the lacZ gene. Recombinant cells are capable of conditional expression of the phage-derived telomerase enzymes by shifting the temperature to >37 ??C. Phage P1-derived Cre recombinase was applied as a positive control, since its functionality in generating DNA minicircle vectors has been previously shown. A multi-purpose 342 bp target site termed Super Sequence (SS) that possesses the Cre, Flp, Tel, and TelN target sites in addition to two flanking SV40 enhancer sequences was cloned into two different sites of a GFP expression eukaryotic pDNA vector. The amplification of this DNA vector through telN / tel or cre expressing Recombinant E. coli cells (R-cells) generated bacterial sequence-depleted (LCC) DNA Ministring and (CCC) Minicircle vectors, respectively, as evidenced by digestion patterns of the purified vector. Transfection efficiency of these vectors was assessed in rapidly dividing human ovarian cancer and in relatively slowly dividing human embryonic kidney cell lines. In vitro experiments with DNA Ministrings in human cells lines resulted in significantly higher transfection efficiency, bioavailability, and cytoplasmic diffusion levels compared to the parental plasmid precursor and isogenic DNA Minicircle counterparts. The safety of the LCC DNA vector conformation, with respect to insertional genotoxicity, was assessed by forcing LCC pDNA vectors into bacterial and human genomic DNA. The integration of LCC DNA into bacterial and human host genomic DNA resulted in chromosomal DNA disruptions at site of integration, loss of genome stability, and subsequent cell death. LCC integration-induced apoptotic cell death and natural elimination of the integrant from human cell population improves the safety profile of DNA Ministrings by eliminating integrants following the potential genotoxic side effects of undesired vector integration into the host genome.

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