There is an ongoing debate about the components and processes of creativity. Within the subfield of creative insight, which is often considered to be the first measurable part of creativity, the role of working memory is discussed. Since creative insight appears to happen without conscious planning, the involvement of working memory appears to be limited; a hypothesis supported by several studies. However, there are several studies that support an opposing hypothesis. Namely, that creativity, including creative insights, is a form of divergent thinking and that working memory is needed for divergent thinking. This study investigated the role of working memory in creative insight through correlation analyses between working memory capacity, the frequency of insight and divergent thinking ability. The study was performed using Operation Span to test working memory capacity, Compound Word Association to assess the frequency of insight, and a part of Torrance Test of Creative Thinking to assess the ability for divergent thinking. The result show that working memory have little involvement in creative insight, but that it is involved in divergent thinking. This indicates that the nature of insight is different from divergent thinking.

The current study investigated preliminarily therapists’ countertransference (CT) behavior and alliance quality as a function of therapist self-insight, a central CT management factor. Eight therapist-trainees were rated by a clinical supervisor on their degree of self-insight and then assigned to a high or low self-insight group. The groups were compared on therapist CT behavior, from both therapist and supervisor perspectives, and on patient-perceived alliance quality. Effect size estimates suggested that high self-insight therapists displayed more CT behaviors than low self-insight therapists (with small to medium effects), and that patients of high self-insight therapists reported higher alliance scores (with a medium effect). These findings, albeit preliminary and requiring replication with a larger sample, support the notion that self-insight plays a role in therapists’ use of CT reactions in the service of effective therapeutic interventions.

No description available.

Text in English / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / M.Th. (Practical Theology, with specialisation in Pastoral Therapy)

Cette étude vise à décrire les différences liées à l'âge sur le plan cognitif en fonction du niveau de l'habileté créative des personnes. Sachant que le vieillissement normal est accompagné d'un déclin cognitif, celles-ci présentent-elles un vieillissement plus favorable c'est-à-dire des effets de l'âge moins prononcés sur le plan cognitif ? L'indice de " créativité " nécessite plus de stimulation cognitive qu'un indicateur de " stimulation classique " tel que les mots croisés, la lecture et met en jeu aussi des aspects motivationnels qui pourraient multiplier le caractère stimulant de l'activité créative d'où son intérêt pour cette recherche. Pour cela, chaque participant est évalué selon différentes mesures cognitives (mémoire de travail, raisonnement, vocabulaire et vitesse de traitement). La créativité a été évalué à l'aide des épreuves de créativité les plus courantes qui sont les tests de pensée divergente et les épreuves d'insight.

No description available.

This thesis examines the novels of George Sand (1804-1876) and analyses representative examples from her entire œuvre. Its overall aim is to re-evaluate Sand’s standing as a writer of intellectual interest and importance by demonstrating that she is engaging with a cultural and intellectual phenomenon of particular relevance to the nineteenth century: the link between different ways of seeing and knowledge or understanding, which I term ‘insight’. The visual dimension of Sand’s novels has so far been overlooked or reduced to a rose-tinted view of the world, and my study is the first to examine vision in her work. I argue that Sand demonstrates a continuous commitment to ways of engaging with the world in visual terms, incorporating conceptual seeing, prophetic vision, as well as physical eyesight. Contesting the prevailing critical view of Sand’s œuvre as one which declines into blandness and irrelevance after the 1850s, this thesis uncovers a model of expansion in her writing, as she moves from her focus on the personal in her early novels, privileging internal vision, to wider social concerns in her middle period in which she aims to reconfigure reality, to her final period in which she advocates the physical observation of the natural world. Rejecting the perception of Sand as a writer of sentiment at the expense of thought, this study argues that her writing constitutes a continuous quest for understanding, both of the physical world and the more abstract, eternal ‘vérité’. I show that Sand transcends binary divisions between science and art, the detail and the whole, the material and the abstract, and that she ultimately promotes a multidisciplinary approach to understanding the world. This also enables me to reassess Sand’s poetics by arguing that her rejection of the mimetic model is founded on her conception of the world as multiple and constantly evolving.

This paper deals with the modeling of asynchronous motor. Ccomparing the simulation date to reality. And attempts to find an algorithm for calculating the mechanical torque assist state estimation engine.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:17:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jan Luiz Leonardi.pdf: 974669 bytes, checksum: ff14eae278e1093b0a83b8d1bf2d5ea9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Insight has been interpreted in behavior analysis as the sudden resolution of a problem when two or more different repertoires, previously learned separately, interconnect in a new situation without direct training, producing original sequences of behavior. A small body of research has shown some variables which appear to contribute to the production of this phenomenon, but methodological problems, in particular the use of arbitrary objects in the problem-situation and the delay between response and reinforcer, limit its relevance. Under the light of these considerations, the objective of this research was to investigate the phenomenon of spontaneous interconnection of repertoires (or insight ) with variations in the procedures employed in the area. These were: (a) the object that should be reached by the subjects in the problem-situation was established as a reinforcing stimulus before the phases of testing and training; (b) the delay between the target response (from training and testing) and consumption of the primary reinforcer (water) was reduced by the construction of a drinking magazine that could be moved toward the subject. Two Wistar rats were used as experimental subjects. The equipment and materials were a circular chamber of 69 cm in diameter and 50 cm high, four acrylic cubes coated with black cardboard, a nylon string that drove the movement of the cube along the camera, and a buzzer. The procedure was divided in six phases: (a) training to the drinking magazine, (b) pre-test of insight, (c) training to push the cube, (d) intermediate test of insight, (e) training to climb on the cube and rise, (f) final test of insight. In the test of insight situation, the subject should reach the drinking magazine positioned at the top of the chamber by pushing an acrylic cube in its direction and climbing on the cube to drink. Water were used as reinforcement in a continuous schedule of reinforcement. The results showed that none of the subjects solved the problem in a sudden, direct and continuous way, criteria used to qualify the performance as insight . Nevertheless, the procedure used in this experiment has heuristic value as it represents an attempt to produce the phenomenon without the use of arbitrary objects (which significantly reduces the number of training sessions), and rendered the concept of functional generalization unnecessary. Finally, this research points out obstacles that the area faces in the study of insight , such as the difficulty in replicating Epstein s research and the problems generated by the use of arbitrary objects in the problem-situation, not to mention the limitations imposed by the behavioral interpretation of the phenomenon / O insight tem sido interpretado na análise do comportamento como a resolução súbita de um problema quando dois ou mais repertórios diferentes, previamente aprendidos em separado, se interconectam sem treino direto em uma nova situação, produzindo sequências originais de comportamento. Um pequeno conjunto de pesquisas evidenciou algumas variáveis que parecem contribuir para a produção desse fenômeno, mas problemas metodológicos, em especial o uso de objetos arbitrários na situação-problema e o atraso entre resposta e reforçador, limitam sua relevância. Em vista disso, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar o fenômeno de interconexão espontânea de repertórios (ou insight ) implementando algumas variações nos procedimentos empregados pela área. Foram elas: (a) o objeto que deveria ser alcançado pelos sujeitos na situação-problema foi estabelecido como estímulo reforçador antes das fases de teste e de treino; (b) o atraso entre a resposta-alvo (dos treinos e dos testes) e o consumo do reforçador primário (água) foi reduzido por meio da construção de um bebedouro que podia ser deslocado até o sujeito. Dois ratos Wistar foram utilizados como sujeitos experimentais. Os equipamentos e materiais foram uma câmara circular de 69 cm de diâmetro e 50 cm de altura, quatro cubos de acrílico revestidos com cartolina preta, um fio de náilon que guiava o movimento do cubo ao longo da câmara e um buzzer. O procedimento foi dividido em seis fases: (a) treino ao bebedouro; (b) pré-teste de insight; (c) treino de empurrar o cubo; (d) teste intermediário de insight; (e) treino de subir no cubo e erguer-se; (f) teste final de insight. Na situação de teste de insight, o sujeito deveria alcançar o bebedouro, posicionado no alto da câmara, empurrando um cubo de acrílico em direção a ele e subindo no cubo para beber. Gotas de água foram utilizadas como reforçador em esquema de reforçamento contínuo. Os resultados demonstraram que nenhum dos sujeitos resolveu o problema de forma súbita, direta e contínua, critérios empregados para qualificar o desempenho como insight . Apesar disso, o procedimento empregado neste experimento tem valor heurístico, na medida em que representa uma tentativa de produzir o fenômeno sem o uso de objetos arbitrários (o que reduz significativamente o número de sessões de treino necessárias), além de tornar desnecessário o conceito de generalização funcional. Por fim, são apontados alguns obstáculos que a área enfrenta no estudo do insight , como a dificuldade em replicar as pesquisas de Epstein e os problemas gerados pelo uso de objetos arbitrários na situação-problema, além de limitações impostas pela própria interpretação comportamental do fenômeno

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:18:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliana de Souza Ferreira.pdf: 3589110 bytes, checksum: c8e5dedeebec46a11c8bc2a721d030a0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-09 / The present study replies Epstein, Kirshnit, Lanza and Rubin s (1984) research in which pigeons solved a problem by pushing a box beneath an unattainable target, climbing this box and pecking the target. It was investigated if new behaviors emerge from the interconnection of two trained repertoires with rats and if changes in the sequence order in which these two repertoires was taught would modify subjects performance in the final test. The research was carried out with 3 rats. The equipments were a cylindrical chamber with 69 cm in diameter, one triangle and a green led used as targets, and an acrylic box. Two skills were trained, with the 3 subjects, separated. 1 subject has learned 1) to climb a box and pull a triangle and 2) to push a box toward a green light. This training order associated with individual distinction implicated in a longer training of both skills. The other 2 subjects have learned 1) to push a box toward a green light and 2) to climb a box and pull a triangle. This training order implicated in a shorter training of both skills. Finally, an insight test was carried out: the triangle was fixed out of reach and the box was placed in the other side of the chamber. The subjects should push the box beneath the target, climb the box and pull the triangle. The results showed that one subject that was submitted to a longer training, solved the problem with suddenness, directness and continuousness and satisfied the insight s criterion; another subject that was submitted to a shorter training, solved the problem, but between pushing the box and climbing it, a 2 minutes interval has passed over, the response chain didn t occur continuously; and a third subject didn t solve the problem even when the training was similar to the subject that solved the problem discontinuously / O presente estudo replicou a pesquisa de Epstein, Kirshnit, Lanza e Rubin (1984) no qual pombos conseguiram resolver um problema ao empurrar uma caixa até um alvo que estava fora do alcance, subir na caixa e bicar o alvo. Foi investigado se comportamentos novos surgem por meio da interconexão de dois repertórios previamente treinados em ratos e se mudanças na ordem do treino desses dois repertórios alteram o desempenho do sujeito no teste. A pesquisa foi realizada com 3 ratos. O equipamento utilizado foi uma câmara circular de 69 cm de diâmetro, um triângulo, um led verde (luz) e uma caixa de acrílico. Foram treinadas duas habilidades, com os 3 sujeitos, separadamente. 1 sujeito aprendeu a: 1) subir na caixa e puxar o triângulo e 2) empurrar a caixa direcionadamente a uma luz. Esta ordem do treino associada às diferenças individuais implicou em um maior número de sessões de treino das 2 habilidades para este sujeito. Os outros 2 sujeitos aprenderam a: 1) empurrar a caixa direcionadamente a uma luz e 2) subir na caixa e puxar o triângulo. Esta ordem do treino implicou em um menor número de sessões de treino das 2 habilidades para os 2 sujeitos. Por fim, foi realizado um teste de insight: o triângulo foi colocado fora de alcance e a caixa foi colocada do outro lado da câmara. O sujeito deveria empurrar a caixa até debaixo do triângulo, subir na caixa e puxá-lo. Os resultados mostraram que o sujeito que teve um treino mais longo, resolveu o problema de forma direcionada, contínua e súbita e satisfez os critérios para considerar a solução um insight; um outro sujeito que passou pelo treino mais curto resolveu o problema, no entanto, entre a resposta de empurrar a caixa e as respostas de subir na caixa e puxar o triângulo transcorreu um intervalo de 2 minutos, a cadeia de respostas não ocorreu de forma contínua; e um terceiro sujeito não resolveu o problema, apesar de ter passado por um treino parecido ao do sujeito que resolveu de forma descontínua