MENVSC / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Local government in South Africa is an autonomous policy implementation arm of the government system. The purpose of this study was to examine the institutional, organisational, and human resource capacity challenges the Saldanha Bay and Swellendam Municipalities in the Western Cape faced in their policy implementation especially on poverty alleviation. The objectives of the study were to develop a theoretical framework for examining institutional, organisational and human resource capacity in the Saldanha Bay and Swellendam Municipalities; to discuss the local government constitutional, legislative and policy framework within which the Saldanha Bay and Swellendam Municipalities delivered services to communities; to examine the capacity challenges in the service delivery of the Saldanha Bay and Swellendam Municipalities and, thereby, highlight operational problem areas; and to make general policy recommendations on the basis of the research findings of the study. The methodology used was the case-study approach. It allowed an in-depth understanding of the dynamics present within Saldanha Bay and Swellendam municipality. The methodology enabled the researcher to answer the research question: In what ways, and with what results has institutional, organisational and human resource capacity affected service delivery in the Saldanha Bay and Swellendam Municipalities in the Western Cape? The major findings of the study were that local government capacity for policy implementation is directly influenced by the presence or otherwise of institutional, organisational and human resource capacity. These dimensions of capacity are mutually inclusive, independent and interrelated in practice. The study makes several policy recommendations. In the area of institutional capacity the recommendations were that floor-crossing legislation and practices must be done away with; that weak capacitated municipalities ought to be alleviated by public - private partnerships as a mechanism to enhance a municipality's ability to develop and implement policy; and that instead of solely setting standards and monitoring performance, the provincial treasury should assist municipalities to acquire financial competencies. In the area of organisational capacity it was recommended that the community ought to participate in the recruitment and selection committee of the Municipal Manager. It was also recommended that municipalities should establish district-wide forums for financial heads whose purpose would be to create a platform for collaboration, and for the exchange of ideas. And in the area of human resource capacity it was recommended that district municipalities ought to assume a more prominent role in building the capacity of the local authorities with which they share legislative and administrative powers. It was also recommended that both the administrative and political leadership ought to participate in compulsory executive and/or leadership training programmes SALGA implements through some tertiary educational institutions and/or through private service providers.

The research undertaken involves a quasi-experimental approach in determining the impact of the Competency and Placement (CAP) test in the Further Education and Training (FET) colleges. The evaluation became necessary because poor learner performance within the National Certification Vocational (NCV) programme has persisted amid the implementation of a country-wide roll-out of the CAP test; and a recapitalisation injection of R1.9m. Learner performance data relating to the NCV programme and CAP was obtained in order to undertake an accurate analysis of the poor performance within the FET college sector. In addition to the above, qualitative data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with CAP participating colleges in the country. Recommendations included the restructuring of the NCV programme; the introduction of an alternative learner placement methodology that was in line with international best practices; and improving quality assurance aspects pertaining to the capacity at colleges to deliver the NCV programme effectively. / Human Resources Development / M. Tech. (Human Resource Development)

The research undertaken involves a quasi-experimental approach in determining the impact of the Competency and Placement (CAP) test in the Further Education and Training (FET) colleges. The evaluation became necessary because poor learner performance within the National Certification Vocational (NCV) programme has persisted amid the implementation of a country-wide roll-out of the CAP test; and a recapitalisation injection of R1.9m. Learner performance data relating to the NCV programme and CAP was obtained in order to undertake an accurate analysis of the poor performance within the FET college sector. In addition to the above, qualitative data was obtained through semi-structured interviews with CAP participating colleges in the country. Recommendations included the restructuring of the NCV programme; the introduction of an alternative learner placement methodology that was in line with international best practices; and improving quality assurance aspects pertaining to the capacity at colleges to deliver the NCV programme effectively. / Human Resources Development / M. Tech. (Human Resource Development)

Industriers samverkan med varandra och andra sektorer i samhället genom industriell symbios spelar en viktig roll för omställningen till cirkulära kretslopp och en hållbar framtid. Genom att företag, industrier och kommuner verkar tillsammans genom bland annat resurs- och kunskapsutbyten fås en ökad energioch resurseffektivitet med ekonomiska, miljömässiga och sociala vinster. De områden med industriell symbios som finns idag har ofta uppkommit genom spontant utvecklade projekt, på grund av exempelvis lönsamheten i att tillvarata restflöden eller krav på slutna flöden. Att symbiosnätverk inte uppkommer vid fler områden kan bero på bristfällig kommunikation och företags fokus på den egna kärnverksamheten, att de inte ser till det större systemet de är en del av och vilka nyttor som kan fås genom samverkan. Ett första steg i att aktivt utveckla industriell symbios är att kartlägga potentiella synergier inom ett område. Kartläggningssteget är ett av de inom litteraturen mest undersökta stegen av utvecklingsprocessen för industriell symbios. Det innehåller en mängd framtagna dataverktyg som syftar till att matcha verksamheters in- och utflöden. Identifierade dataverktyg missar dock ofta aspekten att involvera och engagera medarbetare samt ytterligare mervärden som utöver möjliga resursutbyten är viktiga för att industriell symbios ska uppkomma och fortsätta verka. Det saknas även ett arbetssätt för hur en kartläggning kan struktureras, där detta examensarbete är ett värdefullt bidrag inom ämnet. Detta examensarbete undersöker hur en kartläggning av befintliga och potentiella värdehöjande synergier kan struktureras. Synergier är exempelvis utbyten av material- och resursflöden, gemensam infrastruktur och kunskapsnätverk. Synergier syftar till att vara värdehöjande i form av att ge ekonomiska fördelar, minskad miljöpåverkan eller stärkta sociala band mellan olika aktörer. En fallstudie genomfördes för att kartlägga synergier vid Händelö Eco Industrial Park i Norrköping. Datainsamlingen för kartläggningen genomfördes externt av rapportförfattarna genom genomgång av dokument, telefonsamtal och möten med medarbetare vid Händelö. En workshop med representanter från sju aktörer genomfördes som intern kartläggning, som ämnar till att samla aktörer och låta dem gemensamt identifiera synergimöjligheter mellan varandra. Genom fallstudien identifierades ett 50-tal olika synergier och ett flertal mervärden vid Händelöområdet. Som en avslutande del i kartläggningen bedömdes identifierade synergiers implementeringspotential. Examensarbetet presenterar ett arbetssätt för hur en kartläggning av befintliga och potentiella värdehöjande synergier inom ett område kan struktureras. Arbetssättet består av fyra steg; identifiering av startgrupp av aktörer, kartläggning av synergier, inkludering av ytterligare aktörer och bedömning av implementeringspotentialen. Diskussion förs gällande hur arbetssättet kan anpassas utifrån kartläggarens och områdets förutsättningar samt vikten av olika mervärden. Genom att formulera ett arbetssätt som utöver identifierade värdehöjande synergier även resulterar i mervärden som stärker den institutionella kapaciteten för industriell symbios, ökar möjligheterna för industriell symbios och mer hållbar hushållning av resurser inom fler områden. I slutsatserna rekommenderas att en kartläggning av synergier bör genomföras både externt och internt. En intern kartläggning, när aktörer samlas och interagerar med varandra, kan utöver synergimöjligheter även resultera i viktiga mervärden som främjar implementering av synergier. Exempel på mervärden är engagemang och ökad kommunikation, vilket stärker den institutionella kapaciteten för industriell symbios och möjliggör långsiktiga industriella samarbeten. För att ta arbetet vidare är kontinuerliga möten iv och att koordinera aktörer viktigt, för att ta tillvara på identifierade synergier och de anställdas engagemang, därmed fortsätta utveckla den industriella symbiosen vid Händelö. / Industries cooperating with each other and other sectors of society through industrial symbiosis which plays an important role for a sustainable development and the conversion to circular economy. Industries, municipalities and organizations collaborating through, among other things, sharing resources and knowledge leads to energy and resource efficiency with economic, environmental and social benefits. Areas with existing industrial symbiosis have often emerged through spontaneously developed projects, due to regulations or the profitability of utilizing residual flows. Why industrial symbiosis network doesn’t emerge in more areas may be due to lack of communication and coordination as well as companies focusing on their core business and not seeking the benefits that collaborations can provide. A first step in developing industrial symbiosis is to find synergetic opportunities within an area. This step contains a variety of data tools for process input–output stream-based matching. These types of data tools, however, often misses the aspect of involving and engaging employees which is important for the process of industrial symbiosis to emerge and proceed. There is also no clear workflow for how identifying synergy opportunities can be done, where this thesis is a valuable contribution within the subject. This master thesis examines how a mapping of existing and potential value-adding synergies can be structured. Synergies include, for example, exchanges of material and resource flows, shared infrastructure and knowledge networks. Synergies aim to added value of economic benefits, reduced environmental impact or strengthened social links between different actors. A case study was conducted to find synergetic opportunities at Händelö Eco Industrial Park in Norrköping. The data collection was carried out externally by the authors through a review of documents and meetings with employees at Händelö. A workshop with representatives from seven actors was held as internal mapping, which aimed to help them to identify mutual synergy opportunities between each other together. The case study identifies about 50 different synergies and several added values in the Händelö area. As a final part of the mapping, the potential for the identified synergies’ feasibility were assessed. This master thesis presents a workflow for a mapping of existing and potential value-adding synergies within an area. The process consists of four steps; identification of actors, mapping of synergies, incorporation of further actors and feasibility assessment. Discussion is conducted on how the workflow can be adapted based on the surveyor and the area of the symbiosis, as well as the importance of various added values. Formulating a workflow that, in addition to identifying value-added synergies increases the opportunities for industrial symbiosis and more sustainable management of resources in further areas. The conclusions include a recommendation that a mapping of synergies should be done both externally and internally. An internal survey, where actors gather and interact with each other, can result in important added values which facilitates the feasibility of identified synergies. Examples of added value are engagement and increased communication, which strengthens the institutional capacity for industrial symbiosis and enables long-term industrial collaborations. In order to continue the development of the Händelö area, recurrent meetings and coordination of actors are important, taking advantage of identified synergies and employee engagement, thus continuing to develop the industrial symbiosis.

Momentous choices and opportunities have opened up in South Africa since a settlement was successfully negotiated and a new political and constitutional dispensation was created. Events such as the constitutional negotiations and the establishment of reconstruction and development initiatives have placed a renewed emphasis on development management, process facilitation and the development of policy. This study provides an overview of the broad field of policy studies and specifically focuses on policy process models. In particular, this study centres on the further development of the generic process model and provides an overview of the application thereof to the operational environment. From this, simulation exercises and case study material have been developed as policy learning methodologies. Institutional arrangements for policy processes and the institutionalisation of policy and related support capacities at intergovernmental and organisational level receive particular attention. The study demonstrates the application of the generic process model by applying the framework to a case study based on the provincial demarcation exercise. This study concludes that policy management, as a cross-cutting, lateral methodology, in conjunction with similar methodologies, such as strategic planning, research methodology and project management, should be regarded as a critical tool, by the academic community and development practitioners alike, for improving the decision-making capacity of government, the private sector and civil society. / D.Litt. et Phil. (Development Administration)

Momentous choices and opportunities have opened up in South Africa since a settlement was successfully negotiated and a new political and constitutional dispensation was created. Events such as the constitutional negotiations and the establishment of reconstruction and development initiatives have placed a renewed emphasis on development management, process facilitation and the development of policy. This study provides an overview of the broad field of policy studies and specifically focuses on policy process models. In particular, this study centres on the further development of the generic process model and provides an overview of the application thereof to the operational environment. From this, simulation exercises and case study material have been developed as policy learning methodologies. Institutional arrangements for policy processes and the institutionalisation of policy and related support capacities at intergovernmental and organisational level receive particular attention. The study demonstrates the application of the generic process model by applying the framework to a case study based on the provincial demarcation exercise. This study concludes that policy management, as a cross-cutting, lateral methodology, in conjunction with similar methodologies, such as strategic planning, research methodology and project management, should be regarded as a critical tool, by the academic community and development practitioners alike, for improving the decision-making capacity of government, the private sector and civil society. / D.Litt. et Phil. (Development Administration)

Städte sind aufgrund der zunehmend negativen Auswirkungen des Verkehrs auf die Umwelt an vorderster Front der nachhaltigen Entwicklung und der nachhaltigen Mobilität. In den Städten Subsahara-Afrikas scheinen jedoch die Akteure und Hauptvertreter nachhaltiger Mobilität den Herausforderungen bei der Erreichung nachhaltiger Mobilitätsziele im öffentlichen Verkehr nicht gewachsen zu sein. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht diese vergleichende Studie die institutionellen Antworten auf das Erfordernis nachhaltiger Mobilitätslösungen im öffentlichen Verkehr in der Stadtregion Accra (Ghana) und der Stadt Dar es Salaam (Tansania) im Hinblick auf die vorhandenen Kapazitäten der Institutionen, Koordinations sowie Kommunikationsmechanismen. Die Studie folgt einem qualitativen Forschungsdesign und wendet Methoden an, die mit den wesentlichen Grundannahmen qualitativer sozialwissenschaftlicher Forschung übereinstimmen. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen, dass nachhaltiger ÖPNV in beiden Städten als die Nutzung von Fahrzeugen mit höherer Auslastung, klar definierten lokalen Zielen für nachhaltigen ÖPNV und ganzheitlichen Regulierungssystemen wahrgenommen wird. Die vergleichende Analyse der beiden Städte in Bezug auf das Schlüsselthema Governance zeigt, dass im Fall der Stadt Accra das Fehlen eines Stadtrats mit einem entsprechenden Stadtoberhaupt oder einem Champion wie im Fall der Stadt Dar es Salaam ein wichtiger limitierender Faktor ist, der Entwicklungsprogramme, -pläne und -projekte verzögert. Die unzureichende Koordinierung zwischen den Institutionen wiederum führt im Fall von Dar es Salaam trotz des Vorhandenseins eines Stadtrats zu doppelten Strukturen und zur Zersplitterung der knappen Ressourcen. Folglich werden kurzfristige, mittelfristige und langfristige Strategien für Entwicklungsmaßnahmen in der Stadtregion Accra und der Stadt Dar es Salaam vorgeschlagen. / Cities are at the forefront of sustainable development and sustainable mobility due to the rising negative impacts of transportation to the environment. Actors and key stakeholders for sustainable mobility in cities in Sub-Sahara Africa however seem not ready for the associated challenges towards the attainment of sustainable mobility for public transport. It is against this background that this study comparatively investigates the institutional responses to sustainable mobility for public transport in Accra city-region (Ghana) and Dar es Salaam city (Tanzania) in the light of existing capacity of the institutions, coordination and communication mechanisms. This study adopts the qualitative research design and methodological choices that are in conformity with the ideologies of this design in Social Science Research. Findings from the study reveal that both cities perceive sustainable public transport as use of higher occupancy vehicles, clearly defined local goals on sustainable public transport and holistic regulation regime. The comparative overview analysis of the two cities in line with the key issue of governance indicates that in the case of Accra city region, the absence of a city council with a respective city head or champion as in the case of Dar es Salaam city is a major limiting factor retarding development programmes, plans, and projects. Inadequate coordination among institutions, on the other hand, results in duplication of efforts and dispersal of scarce resources in the case of Dar es Salaam despite the presence of a city council. Consequently, short term policies, medium term policies, and long-term policies are proposed for development interventions in Accra city-region and Dar es Salaam city.

How does the international climate policy frameworks influence the domestic institutional responses to climate mitigation in emerging economies? And how, in turn, do domestic institutions and politics in emerging economies influence the fate of international climate policy frameworks? The thesis provides answers to these questions by studying domestic engagements with Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions in three emerging economies – India, Brazil, and South Africa. The thesis specifically studies how these engagements were influenced by the domestic institutional context provided by national climate policy, norms, and institutional capacity in the three countries. Drawing upon the variations in the engagements with nationally appropriate mitigation actions, made visible by use of the policy cycle as a heuristic device, the thesis informs the implementation of another nascent, yet prevalent, international climate policy framework – Nationally Determined Contributions. The thesis identifies how engagements with nationally appropriate mitigation actions varied in India, Brazil, and South Africa in agenda-setting, policy formulation, decision-making, implementation, and evaluation. In cases where international support is considered crucial for taking mitigation actions, external factors such as lack of clarity on definitional aspects and availability of international support can hamper the prospects of such frameworks at the agenda-setting and policy formulation stages. Efforts to engage with these frameworks under this uncertainty are held back by non-decisions, overriding national climate policy, as well as by uneven inter-ministerial coordination. The thesis argues that successful implementation of upcoming Nationally Determined  Contributions will be influenced by a country’s ability to align them with its national climate policy, localization of the transnational norms, and the extent to which efforts to enhance institutional capacity for  coordinating the implementation of national climate policy are made. In sum, the effective implementation of International Climate Policy Frameworks will be dependent on the willingness of the state to  provide oversight and coordination, and clarity on the availability of international support. / Hur influerar ramverken för internationell klimatpolicy nationella institutionella åtgärder för att begränsa utsläpp av växthusgaser i framväxande ekonomier? Och hur påverkar, i sin tur, dessa länders nationella institutioner och politik dessa ramverk för internationell klimatpolicy? Denna avhandling studerar nationella engagemang i Nationellt lämpliga utsläppsminskande åtgärder (s.k. NAMAs) i tre framväxande ekonomier – Indien, Brasilien, och Sydafrika. Avhandlingen studerar i synnerhet hur dessa engagemang har påverkats av de tre ländernas nationella klimatpolicy, normer, och institutionella kapacitet. Genom att använda policycykeln som heuristiskt analysverktyg identifierar avhandlingen variationer i hur länderna utvecklat sitt engagemang i NAMAs. Avhandlingen visar att och hur engagemang med nationellt lämpliga utsläppsminskande åtgärder varierar mellan Indien, Brasilien, och Sydafrika vad det gäller fastställande av dagordning, policyformulering, beslutsfattande, implementering, och policyutvärdering. I de fall internationellt stöd anses vara avgörande för att vidta utsläppsminskande åtgärder kan externa faktorer såsom bristande definition av de internationella policyramverken för åtgärder samt tillgänglighet på internationellt stöd försvåra utsikterna för att internationella ramverk tas upp i de nationella dagordnings- och policyformuleringsstadierna. Arbetet med dessa ramverk försvåras även av icke-beslut och ojämn interministeriell koordinering samt om tvingande nationell klimatpolicy inte ligger i linje med de internationella besluten. Avhandlingens slutsatser har betydelse för implementeringen av ett annat framväxande ramverk för internationell klimatpolicy: Nationellt fastställda bidrag (s.k. NDC:er). En framgångsrik implementering av   NDC:er kommer att influeras av en stats förmåga att anpassa dem till nationell klimatpolicy samt transnationella normer, så att dessa överensstämmer eller jämkas med nationella normer, samt den institutionella kapaciteten för att koordinera implementering av nationell klimatpolicy. En effektiv implementering av ramverk för internationell klimatpolicy kommer, sammanfattningsvis, att vara beroende av staters villighet att tillhandahålla tillsyn och koordinering, samt tydlighet vad gäller tillgänglighet till internationellt stöd.