Since 1994, the main challenges of rural development in South Africa are related to fighting against the marginalization of the poor, which requires change in access to resources (i.e. land, water, education and skills), rural infrastructure and other government services (National Planning Commission, 2011:195). Numerous rural development programmes and strategies have been introduced in South Africa since the downfall of the apartheid government to address rural challenges based on the improvement of rural economic development and meeting basic human needs, but they lacked the configuration of integrated and coordinated planning (Olivier et al., 2010:101). In 2009 rural development became one of the key priority programmes in South Africa, through a Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP). The CRDP is a strategic programme aimed at being an effective response against poverty and food insecurity by maximizing the use and management of natural resources to create vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities (Olivier et al., 2010:101). It has a holistic approach, partnering various stakeholders like government departments, non-governmental organizations, the business sector and the communities, in order to enhance socio-economic issues (DRDLR, 2009:1). An analysis was conducted based on the current and proposed planning approach for CRDP in South Africa. The current planning approach for CRDP was analysed by means of a case study illustrating the current reality and process. The pilot project used to illustrate the current planning approach for CRDP was identified by the Office of the Premier (North West Province) in 2009, and was selected as the case study of this research, including the villages of Mokgalwaneng, Matlametlong and Disake, and to demonstrate the proposed planning approach for CRDP, Klein Eiffel was identified within the Joe Morolong Local Municipality, formerly known as Moshaweng Local Municipality, in the John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality. Structured interviews and semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials from the government departments, private sector and Eskom (cross reference Annexure B), to obtain expert views on the current and proposed planning approach for CRDP. Sixteen (16) interviews were scheduled with officials, managers and deputy directors individually (based on their expertise and availability) who are responsible for the planning, monitoring and implementation of the CRDP programme. During the conduct of these interviews, all officials commented critically on the current planning approach for CRDP and positively towards the proposed planning approach for CRDP, but only thirteen (13) responded in writing. The inputs and comments received enabled the formulation of the research conclusions and recommendations. / MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Since 1994, the main challenges of rural development in South Africa are related to fighting against the marginalization of the poor, which requires change in access to resources (i.e. land, water, education and skills), rural infrastructure and other government services (National Planning Commission, 2011:195). Numerous rural development programmes and strategies have been introduced in South Africa since the downfall of the apartheid government to address rural challenges based on the improvement of rural economic development and meeting basic human needs, but they lacked the configuration of integrated and coordinated planning (Olivier et al., 2010:101). In 2009 rural development became one of the key priority programmes in South Africa, through a Comprehensive Rural Development Programme (CRDP). The CRDP is a strategic programme aimed at being an effective response against poverty and food insecurity by maximizing the use and management of natural resources to create vibrant, equitable and sustainable rural communities (Olivier et al., 2010:101). It has a holistic approach, partnering various stakeholders like government departments, non-governmental organizations, the business sector and the communities, in order to enhance socio-economic issues (DRDLR, 2009:1). An analysis was conducted based on the current and proposed planning approach for CRDP in South Africa. The current planning approach for CRDP was analysed by means of a case study illustrating the current reality and process. The pilot project used to illustrate the current planning approach for CRDP was identified by the Office of the Premier (North West Province) in 2009, and was selected as the case study of this research, including the villages of Mokgalwaneng, Matlametlong and Disake, and to demonstrate the proposed planning approach for CRDP, Klein Eiffel was identified within the Joe Morolong Local Municipality, formerly known as Moshaweng Local Municipality, in the John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality. Structured interviews and semi-structured interviews were conducted with officials from the government departments, private sector and Eskom (cross reference Annexure B), to obtain expert views on the current and proposed planning approach for CRDP. Sixteen (16) interviews were scheduled with officials, managers and deputy directors individually (based on their expertise and availability) who are responsible for the planning, monitoring and implementation of the CRDP programme. During the conduct of these interviews, all officials commented critically on the current planning approach for CRDP and positively towards the proposed planning approach for CRDP, but only thirteen (13) responded in writing. The inputs and comments received enabled the formulation of the research conclusions and recommendations. / MArt et Scien (Urban and Regional Planning), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

The passage of the Individuals with Disabilities Act increased the need for special education teachers, but a shortage of qualified teachers currently exists. The high number of special education teachers who are making the choice to leave special education contributes to this shortage. It is widely accepted that stressors related to the profession impact the high attrition rate. One of the highest rates of attrition is found in self-contained Comprehensive Development Classes (CDC) where teachers provide highly individualized special education services in self-contained settings, often for the majority of the studentÆs day. The purpose of this study was to identify significant stressors experienced by teachers working in CDCs and their effects on teacher attrition from those programs. In this phenomenological study the guided interview approach was used to identify the specific stressors, methods of stressor identification, intensity of specific stressors, long- and short-term effects, possible outcomes related to identified stressors, and techniques used to relieve the effects of the stressors. Interviews were conducted with current and past CDC teachers, an assistant from each classroom, building administrators, and any support persons identified by the teachers. Information was also gathered from school and classroom records. The findings of this study identified specific stressors, sources of the stressors, effects on the teachers, and related information. The findings support that there is a relationship between stressors and the high rate of CDC teacher attrition for both experienced and novice teachers. Recommendations for practice related to the identified stressors include those made directly by the participants as possible methods of stressor alleviation that could result in a positive impact on teacher attrition.

Taiwan is a country with limited land resources and a dense population. Regarding national land, it should be effectively and comprehensively utilized, developed and maintained so that industries can have appropriately allocation and development under regional planning in the hope to improve national welfare. However, Taiyen Biotech Co., Ltd. (Taiwan Salt Industrial Corporation) has terminated solar salt work completely since 2002 and returned 5,243 hectares of land to National Property Administration. The re-development and use of land has remained under review consideration. The solar salt economic activities that once supported tens of thousand of people have ground to a halt due to the termination of solar salt work, leaving salt fields unattended. And salt villages have become desolate. It is a shame to see the unattended salt fields soak in sea water and turn into marshes. The author tries to study from the viewpoint of National Comprehensive Development Plan and its relation with industrial development and present three industrial cluster-based economy science park development projects. They can provide choices for the government to make effective management guidelines in National Comprehensive Development Plan. By re-invigorating regional industrial economy in the country, we may expect to build new prosperous science and technology townships. Keywords: development, National Comprehensive Development Plan, industrial cluster-based economy, project, regional economy.

A presente tese busca estabelecer relações entre as práticas participativas institucionalizadas no Brasil, no recente período democrático, e o desenvolvimento em suas dimensões econômica, social, jurídica e política, com ênfase em seu caráter inclusivo ou distributivo, além de sustentável. Este é o modelo de desenvolvimento referido aqui como abrangente, ressaltando, ainda, que neste conceito as diferentes dimensões e atributos do desenvolvimento são considerados não como etapas sucessivas ou causais, mas como elementos constitutivos que se complementam em favor de uma integridade conceitual. Por sua vez, as práticas participativas aqui consideradas são as que se desenrolam em instâncias híbridas que pertencem tanto ao Estado como à sociedade civil e por isso são tratadas preferencialmente como interfaces socioestatais. A partir da observação de uma amostra desses arranjos, propõe inicialmente as seguintes questões: (a) a participação social tem contribuído com o Estado na elaboração, implementação e controle de programas e políticas públicas inclusivos e de relevância para o modelo de desenvolvimento proposto? (b) a crescente formalização institucional da participação, tendente a um certo grau de centralização ou coordenação, contribui para a sua racionalidade e efetividade ou pode antes contribuir para a sua burocratização e a descaracterização de sua genuinidade? As hipóteses propostas são a de que a participação potencializa o desenvolvimento abrangente e que este só é realizável como fruto de uma gestão cooperativa entre a estrutura estatal e o conjunto de cidadãos, própria da democracia participativa e que a institucionalização pode contribuir para a racionalidade e organicidade no tratamento dos pactos elaborados nessas instâncias, além de contribuir para a consolidação de um capital social e institucional. / The present thesis seeks to establish relations between the participative practices institutionalized in Brazil, in the recent democratic period, and the development in its economical, social, juridical and political dimensions, emphasizing its inclusive or distributive character, as well as the sustainable one. This is the development pattern here referred to as comprehensive, highlighting, yet, that in such concept the different development dimensions and attributes are considered not as successive or causal stages, but as constitutive elements which complement one another in favor of a conceptual integrity. The participative practices herein considered, in turn, are the ones developed in hybrid instances belonging as much to the State as to the civil society, therefore treated preferably as society/state interfaces. From the observation of a sample of such arrangements, the following questions are initially proposed: (a) has the social participation contributed with the State in the elaboration, implementation and control of public policies and programs which are inclusive and relevant to the development pattern proposed? (b) does the crescent institutional formalization of the participation, prone to a certain degree of centralization or coordination, contribute to its rationality or effectiveness, or can rather contribute to its bureaucratization and loss of authenticity? The hypotheses proposed are that the participation enhances the comprehensive development, which is only feasible as the result of a management in cooperation between State structure and a group of citizens, characteristic of the participative democracy, and also that the institutionalization can contribute to the rationality and organicity in the treatment of pacts elaborated in such instances, as well as contribute to the consolidation of a social and institutional capital.

A presente tese busca estabelecer relações entre as práticas participativas institucionalizadas no Brasil, no recente período democrático, e o desenvolvimento em suas dimensões econômica, social, jurídica e política, com ênfase em seu caráter inclusivo ou distributivo, além de sustentável. Este é o modelo de desenvolvimento referido aqui como abrangente, ressaltando, ainda, que neste conceito as diferentes dimensões e atributos do desenvolvimento são considerados não como etapas sucessivas ou causais, mas como elementos constitutivos que se complementam em favor de uma integridade conceitual. Por sua vez, as práticas participativas aqui consideradas são as que se desenrolam em instâncias híbridas que pertencem tanto ao Estado como à sociedade civil e por isso são tratadas preferencialmente como interfaces socioestatais. A partir da observação de uma amostra desses arranjos, propõe inicialmente as seguintes questões: (a) a participação social tem contribuído com o Estado na elaboração, implementação e controle de programas e políticas públicas inclusivos e de relevância para o modelo de desenvolvimento proposto? (b) a crescente formalização institucional da participação, tendente a um certo grau de centralização ou coordenação, contribui para a sua racionalidade e efetividade ou pode antes contribuir para a sua burocratização e a descaracterização de sua genuinidade? As hipóteses propostas são a de que a participação potencializa o desenvolvimento abrangente e que este só é realizável como fruto de uma gestão cooperativa entre a estrutura estatal e o conjunto de cidadãos, própria da democracia participativa e que a institucionalização pode contribuir para a racionalidade e organicidade no tratamento dos pactos elaborados nessas instâncias, além de contribuir para a consolidação de um capital social e institucional. / The present thesis seeks to establish relations between the participative practices institutionalized in Brazil, in the recent democratic period, and the development in its economical, social, juridical and political dimensions, emphasizing its inclusive or distributive character, as well as the sustainable one. This is the development pattern here referred to as comprehensive, highlighting, yet, that in such concept the different development dimensions and attributes are considered not as successive or causal stages, but as constitutive elements which complement one another in favor of a conceptual integrity. The participative practices herein considered, in turn, are the ones developed in hybrid instances belonging as much to the State as to the civil society, therefore treated preferably as society/state interfaces. From the observation of a sample of such arrangements, the following questions are initially proposed: (a) has the social participation contributed with the State in the elaboration, implementation and control of public policies and programs which are inclusive and relevant to the development pattern proposed? (b) does the crescent institutional formalization of the participation, prone to a certain degree of centralization or coordination, contribute to its rationality or effectiveness, or can rather contribute to its bureaucratization and loss of authenticity? The hypotheses proposed are that the participation enhances the comprehensive development, which is only feasible as the result of a management in cooperation between State structure and a group of citizens, characteristic of the participative democracy, and also that the institutionalization can contribute to the rationality and organicity in the treatment of pacts elaborated in such instances, as well as contribute to the consolidation of a social and institutional capital.

El proyecto desarrolla una tipología equipada que no existe en el Perú, que pueda abastecer a niños, niñas y adolescentes tanto en el ámbito de la vivienda, la educación y la salud. Como resultado de proponer esta nueva infraestructura necesaria para el país, se convierta en una tipología representativa de un centro de desarrollo integral y puede ser replicada para futuros y necesarios centros. El proyecto domina el terreno inmediato, ya que está ubicado en la subida de un cerro. Razón por la cual, se usa a la arquitectura para atenuar esta diferencia de alturas entre la fachada principal con la posterior. Asimismo, se plantea una regeneración urbana en la cual se aplican criterios urbanos para la mejora de secciones viales y el diseño de un gran espacio urbano como escenario de conversación entre la ciudad y el centro. Como programas funcionales cuenta con ocho paquetes funcionales: ingreso/hall, residencial, salud, áreas deportivas, administración, áreas de usos diversos, áreas externas y servicios generales. Tiene un área total ocupada de 3245.32 m2. Contempla como esencia sus patios internos que son los espacios articuladores del proyecto. Plantea una planta libre en casi todo el terreno que permite la existencia de los espacios de recreación, jardines terapéuticos para dar una mejor calidad de vida a los albergados, y que no solamente se topen con muros. Este espacio integrado se ha logrado gracias a el manejo de la arquitectura de cada bloque, creando un microclima de patio o bosque por la continuidad espacial de estos. / The project develops an equipped typology that does not exist in Peru, which can supply children and adolescents both in the field of housing, education and health. As a result of proposing this new infrastructure necessary for the country, it becomes a representative typology of an integral development center and can be replicated for future and necessary centers. The project dominates the immediate terrain, since it is located on the rise of a hill. Reason why, architecture is used to attenuate this difference in heights between the main facade and the rear. Likewise, an urban regeneration is proposed in which urban criteria are applied for the improvement of road sections and the design of a large urban space as a setting for conversation between the city and the center. As functional programs it has eight functional packages: entrance / hall, residential, health, sports areas, administration, various uses area, external areas and general services. It has a total occupied area of 3245.32 m2. It essentially contemplates its internal patios, which are the articulating spaces of the project. It proposes a free plan in almost all the land that allows the existence of recreation spaces and therapeutic gardens to give a better quality of life to the sheltered. This integrated space has been achieved thanks to the management of the architecture of each block and due to their spatial continuity, a microclimate is created in each patio. / Tesis

MENVSC / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences / Department of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences

The Thesis "The Change of Development Aid's Paradigm on the Microfinance Example" deals with the issue of microfinance from the point of view of development theories. Microfinance as a form of development aid is a relatively new phenomenon. It is a form of a direct financial support of small entrepreneurs in developing countries. Since the 90s commercial institutions have become increasingly involved in the process of microfinancing and projects and financing have gone beyond borders of individual states. After 2000 microfinance has become a part of the agenda of international organizations. In the last century, there was a dynamic development in the area of development theories. The change of development aid's paradigm, which took place during the 90s, marked a culmination of this process. Since the 90s the term Comprehensive Development Framework is being used. This thesis verifies validity of the subsequent hypothesis, interest in microfinancing is in accordance with the change of development theories paradigm. The incorporation of microfinance into the development aid's agenda is assessed by concepts the new paradigm works with; the human potential (individual as an active player of development), role of the institutional environment, multidisciplinarity and sustainable development.