Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Boschiero, Luiz Fernando de Rezende / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T14:18:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_GustavoJorge_D.pdf: 3129731 bytes, checksum: b00bd77f6b06be14f135a76b6977ca47 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Introdução: A Cálcio-Calmodulina quinase II (CaMKII) atua tanto na regulação da secreção de insulina com de neurotransmissores pela mesma via de sinalização. Além disso, a CaMKII é conhecida por ser a "molécula da memória", pois sua atividade é fundamental em sua formação. Portanto, hipotetizamos que células ß pancreática tem a capacidade de adquirir e estocar informações contidas em pulsos de cálcio, formando uma memória metabólica. Métodos: Para comprovar nossa hipótese, desenvolvemos um novo paradigma de exposição de células ? a pulsos de 30 mM de glicose, seguido de uma período de consolidação (24 hrs) para excluir qualquer efeito agudo do metabolismo da glicose. Após esse período analizamos a secreção de insulina (RIA), expressão proteica (Western blot), a resposta secretória frente a uma "rampa de glicose" e o Ca2+ citoplasmático induzido por glicose. Resultados: Células ß expostas a pulsos de glicose (30 mM) mostraram maior secreção de insulina estimulada por glucose, evidenciando a memória metabólica a qual foi totalmente dependente a CaMKII. Esse fenômeno foi refletido na expressão proteica de proteínas importantes na sinalização do cálcio e na secreção de insulina. Além disso, células expostas ao regime de pulsos de glucose apresentaram maior expressão do MAFA, um fator de transcrição chave para a função da célula ß. Conclusão: Em suma, assim como neurônios, células ß tumorais (MIN6), ilhotas de camundongos e de humanos são capazes de adquirir, estocar e evocar informações / Abstract: Backgroun: Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) functions both in regulation of insulin secretion and neurotransmitter release through common downstream mediators. Memory is the ability to acquire, to store and to evocate any kind of information. In CNS, the process behind this phenomenon in the Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) and is known that it requires Ca2+ to occur. In additional, CaMKII is necessary to store information during LTP. In pancreatic ß-cells, CaMKII plays pivotal role during GSIS process. Therefore, we hypothesized that pancreatic ß-cells acquire and store the information contained in Ca2+ pulses as a form of "metabolic memory", just as neurons store cognitive information. Methods: To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel paradigm of pulsed exposure of mice and human ß-cells to intervals of high glucose, followed by a 24-hour consolidation period to eliminate any acute metabolic effects. After this period, we analyzed insulin secretion (by RIA), protein expression (by Western blot), response to a glucose-ramp and the glucose-induced Ca2+ influx. Results: Strikingly, ß-cells exposed to this high-glucose pulse paradigm exhibited significantly stronger insulin secretion. This metabolic memory was entirely dependent on CaMKII. We also observed, in pulse group, an increase in Ca2+ influx induced by glucose. In additional, metabolic memory was reflected on the protein level by increased expression of proteins involved in GSIS and Ca2+-dependent vesicle secretion, such as GCK, Cav1.2, SNAP25, pCaMKII and pSynapsin. Finally, we observed in human islet elevated levels of the key ß cell transcription factor MAFA. Discussion: Based on or findings we conclude that pancreatic ß cells, either from mice or humans, have the ability to acquire, store and retrieve information. This process is CaMKII-dependent and is due to modifications in the glucose-sensing machinery of the cell, since we observed an increase in GSIS and Ca2+ influx together with an increase in several proteins involved in this process. Our findings suggests that MAFA is the key effector in this memory, since (a) it is a potent activator of insulin gene, (b)is activated by CaMKII and (c) its expression is increased even 24 hours after the last pulse. Conclusion: In summary, like neurons, human and mouse ß-cells are able to acquire and retrieve information / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Boschiero, Helena Coutinho Franco de Oliveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T07:29:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_JaneCristinade_D.pdf: 1851485 bytes, checksum: 9bc182bf9f44ff62ddc24d9ea9603f71 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Alterações no conteúdo de colesterol celular podem contribuir para o mau funcionamento das células-beta pancreáticas. Camundongos knockout para o receptor de LDL (LDLR-/-) possuem maior teor de colesterol nas ilhotas pancreáticas e secretam menos insulina em comparação a camundongos selvagens (WT). Neste estudo, investigamos a associação entre o conteúdo de colesterol, a secreção de insulina e a movimentação de cálcio citoplasmático nessas ilhotas. Além disso, analisamos o efeito da dieta rica em gordura (HFD) sobre a homeostasia glicêmica, secreção e ação da insulina nesses camundongos. Os resultados mostraram que a primeira e segunda fase de secreção de insulina assim como a movimentação de Ca2+, estimuladas por glicose, foram reduzidas nos LDLR-/-. Camundongos LDLR-/- também apresentaram menor conteúdo de proteínas envolvidas com a extrusão dos grânulos de insulina tais como: VAMP-2 e SNAP-25 (p<0,05). A remoção do excesso de colesterol pelo uso da metil-beta-ciclodextrina (M?CD) normalizou a secreção de insulina, estimulada por glicose (GSIS) ou tolbutamida, assim como a movimentação de cálcio estimulada por glicose. A remoção do colesterol das ilhotas WT com 0.1 e 1 mmol/L de M?CD reduziu a secreção bem como a movimentação de cálcio. No entanto, ilhotas incubadas com 10 mmol/L de M?CD apresentaram aumento significativo na secreção de insulina, apesar da redução na movimentação de cálcio. A dieta hiperlipídica (H) promoveu maior ganho de peso e acúmulo de gordura visceral nos camundongos LDLR-/-H em relação aos WTH. A dieta aumentou a glicemia tanto no jejum quanto alimentado, porém não houve alterações nas concentrações plasmáticas de insulina nos camundongos LDLR-/-H. Já nos camundongos WTH, a dieta causou aumento nas glicemias de jejum e alimentado bem como na insulinemia. A área sob a curva glicêmica durante o oGTT foi 30% maior nos camundongos LDLR-/-H. A GSIS não foi significativamente alterada pela dieta hiperlipídica em ambos os grupos. Camundongos LDLR-/- em dieta padrão apresentaram maior fosforilação do receptor de insulina (IR?) e da AKT em fígado e músculo. O conteúdo da enzima que degrada a insulina (IDE) se mostrou reduzido nos LDLR-/-. A dieta hiperlipídica reduziu a sinalização da insulina em fígado, músculo e tecido adiposo dos camundongos LDLR-/-H. Nos camundongos WTH essa dieta promoveu apenas uma redução na fosforilação do IR? no músculo. A análise conjunta dos resultados nos permitiu concluir que, tanto o aumento de colesterol verificado em ilhotas LDLR-/- quanto a diminuição excessiva do conteúdo de colesterol em ilhotas WT (tratadas com M?CD) alteram a movimentação de cálcio e conseqüentemente a secreção de insulina. A redução do colesterol nas ilhotas dos camundongos LDLR-/- corrigiu a redução da secreção de insulina, apesar das concentrações reduzidas de VAMP-2 e SNAP-25. Camundongos LDLR-/-, alimentados com dieta padrão, são mais sensíveis à insulina, provavelmente como um mecanismo adaptativo a menor secreção de insulina. No entanto, estas adaptações não são suficientes para manter a homeostase glicêmica visto que estes animais são intolerantes à glicose. Quando alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica, os LDLR-/-H se tornam resistentes à insulina provavelmente devido ao aumento do tecido adiposo visceral / Abstract: Changes in cellular cholesterol levels may contribute to beta cell dysfunction. Islets from LDL receptor knockout (LDLR-/-) possess higher cholesterol content and secrete less insulin than wild type (WT) mice. Here, we investigated the association between cholesterol content, insulin secretion and Ca2+ handling in these islets. In addition, we analyzed the effects of highfat- diet (HFD) on glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion and action in these mice. Both first and second phase of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) were lower in LDLR-/- compared with WT islets. This lower secretion was paralleled by impairment in Ca2+ handling in these islets. The contents of SNAP-25 and VAMP-2 proteins, which participate in the extrusion of the insulin containing granules, were reduced in LDLR-/- compared with WT islets. Removal of the excess of cholesterol from LDLR-/- islets (Methyl-?-cyclodextrine, M?CD) normalized glucose- and tolbutamide-induced insulin release. Glucose-stimulated Ca2+ handling was also normalized in cholesterol-depleted LDLR-/- islets. Cholesterol removal from WT islets by 0.1 and 1.0 mmol/L M?CD impaired both GSIS and Ca2+ handling. However, 10 mmol/L M?CD markedly increased insulin secretion induced by glucose or tolbutamide in WT islets, despite a significant reduction in Ca2+ handling. The HFD promoted higher body weight gain and visceral fat pad depot in LDLR-/-H than in WTH. LDLR-/-H mice showed fasted and fed glucose levels significantly higher whereas no changes in fasted plasma insulin levels were observed. WTH mice also showed an increase in fasted and fed glucose levels, but a higher fasted plasma insulin level (p<0.05) was noticed. The area under the curve of the oGTT in LDLR-/-H, but not in WTH, was increased (30%) by HFD. GSIS was not significantly altered by HFD in both groups. LDLR-/- mice showed higher IR? and AKT phosphorylation in liver and skeletal muscle. Insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) protein content was lower in liver of LDLR-/-. The HFD reduced insulin signaling in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in LDLR-/-H. In WTH the HFD reduced only the IR? phosphorylation in muscle. In conclusion, our results indicate that abnormal high (LDLR-/- islets) or low (WT islets treated with M?CD) cholesterol contents alter both GSIS and Ca2+ handling. Normalization of islet cholesterol content improved Ca2+ handling and insulin secretion in LDLR-/- islets, despite the lower expression of SNAP-25 and VAMP-2. LDLR-/- mice, fed a chow diet, are more sensitive to insulin probably due adaptive mechanisms that compensate the low insulin secretion. However, these changes are not sufficient to promote glucose homeostasis since these mice were glucose intolerants. When fed a high-fat diet, they became also insulin resistant probably due to an increase in the mass of the visceral adipose tissue / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Orientadores: Antonio Carlos Boschiero, Alex Rafacho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T10:53:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Purificacao_ThaisAlmeida_M.pdf: 1255549 bytes, checksum: 5142cacf6ca932aa0dd1a86b9eef5074 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Administração de glicocorticóides em roedores e humanos aumenta a resistência à insulina (RI). A RI, provocada por dexametasona, leva a hiperinsulinemia por aumento da secreção do hormônio pelas ilhotas pancreáticas. Recentemente, demonstrou-se que a AS160, uma GAP (proteína ativadora de GTPase), participa no tráfego de vesículas em diferentes tipos celulares que, por sua vez, pode ser alterado por dexametasona. Neste trabalho, avaliamos possível participação da AS160 na secreção de insulina em ilhotas de ratos RI por dexametasona, para isto foram avaliadas proteínas envolvidas no processo de secreção; pAS160, Akt e AMPK. Ratos Wistar adultos foram tratados com o glicocorticóide (DEX) com 1mg/kg (ip) de peso corporal, ou salina (CTL), durante 5 dias. Ao final do período de tratamento, os ratos foram submetidos a um Teste de Tolerância à Glicose intraperitoneal (ipGTT) e, após sacrifício, amostras de sangue foram coletadas para dosagem de insulina. As ilhotas pancreáticas foram isoladas por digestão do pâncreas com colagenase. As proteínas insulares foram avaliadas por Western Blot e os genes por RCP-TR. A insulina, contida nas amostras de sangue e nas incubações de ilhotas, foi medida por radioimunoensaio (RIA). A razão pAS160/AS160 foi aumentada nas ilhotas DEX (P<0,05). Nestas ilhotas, resultados semelhantes foram observados para a razão pAkt/Akt (P<0,05). O tratamento com DEX também aumentou a expressão gênica e protéica da Rab27A (P<0,05), contudo, reduziu significativamente sua associação com a AS160 (P<0,05). A associação entre essas duas proteínas foi observada pela primeira vez nas ilhotas neste trabalho. O tratamento com DEX também reduziu as expressões gênica e protéica bem como a fosforilação da AMPK. A secreção de insulina foi maior nas ilhotas DEX comparado à CTL e, em ambas, a secreção foi diminuída pela wortmanina (inibidor da PI3K). Ilhotas de ratos CTL e DEX, tratados com anti-sense anti-AS160, tiveram o conteúdo protéico da AS160 reduzido em ± 80%, comparado ao CTL (P<0,05). Nas ilhotas de ratos CTL knockdown, a secreção de insulina foi maior que nos CTL e, nas ilhotas dos DEX knockdown a secreção foi semelhante às DEX. Concluindo, o aumento da secreção de insulina em ilhotas de ratos RI por dexametasona envolve a participação da AS160 e, essa potencialização parece ser mediada pela via PI3K/Akt. Esse aumento de secreção parece também ser diretamente proporcional ao aumento da dissociação entre a Rab27A e a AS160 / Abstract: It is well known that glucocorticoids induce insulin resistance (IR). It is also known that dexamethasone-induced IR is linked to increased levels of plasma insulin due to higher insulin secretion by pancreatic islets. Recent findings show that the Rab-GTPase AS160 plays a role in the traffic of vesicles in different cells type that, in turn, may be affected by dexamethasone. Here, we evaluated the participation of AS160 in the insulin secretion in islets from dexamethasone treated rats. Adult rats were treated with dexamethasone (DEX) with 1.0 mg/kg, body weight (ip) or saline (CTL) for 5 consecutive days. Insulin resistance was evaluated by intraperitoneal Glucose Tolerance Test (ipGTT). After, the rats were sacrificed and the islets isolated by the digestion of their pancreases with collagenase. Protein was measured by Western- Blot, and insulin by RIA. AS160 expression, phosphorylation, and the pAS160/AS160 ratio were increased in DEX islets (P<0.05). Similar results were observed for Akt (P<0.05). Dexamethasone also increased Rab27a protein and gene expression but significantly reduced its association with AS160. The association between these two proteins was observed in pancreatic islets for the first time in this work. AMPK gene and protein expression as well as phosphorylation were reduced by Dexamethasone (P<0.05). The insulin secretion was higher in DEX compared with CTL islets (P<0.05). Both secretions were reduced by wortmanin. Islets from CTL and DEX rats, treated with anti-sense anti-AS160, showed ± 80% reduction on its expression. The CTL knockdown islets secreted more insulin than CTL and the DEX knockdown secreted similar amount of insulin than DEX islets. In conclusion, these results indicated that AS160 participates in the increased insulin secretion in islets from DEX rats, and this effect seems to be dependent on the activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. The increase in insulin secretion also depends on the dissociation between Rab27a and AS160 / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestre em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

La transplantation d’îlots pancréatiques offre un traitement potentielle pour le diabète de type 1 (T1DM). À ce jour, le succès mitigé de ce type de greffe est dû à plusieurs facteurs limitants comme le manque de revascularisation, la perte de la matrice extracellulaire (ECM) et le rejet par le système immunitaire du receveur. Dans les dernières années, l’utilisation de matrices tridimensionnelles (3D) et de bioréacteurs a amélioré le processus de transplantation et approfondi les connaissances sur le sujet. Le but de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre les effets des paramètres physiologiques (flux, concentration en oxygène dissous (D.O.) et pulsation) sur le tissu pancréatique dans un environnement 3D en utilisant un bioréacteur à perfusion. Le premier chapitre présente une revue de la littérature détaillant le pancréas, les maladies qui lui sont associées ainsi que les techniques permettant son étude in vitro et in vivo. L’utilisation de matrices 3D en recherche sur le diabète est discutée en profondeur tout en mettant l’emphase sur l’incorporation de molécules de la ECM. La revue souligne comment des matrices 3D testées en combinaison avec différents bioréacteurs ont permis de mieux comprendre et améliorer la culture de cellules pancréatiques. Une brève conclusion met en lumière les applications futures des bioréacteurs dans la recherche sur le diabète. La première étude de cette thèse traite de la culture de cellules de rat provenant d’insulinome (INS-1), encapsulées dans des matrices de fibrine en chambres de perfusion et cultivées dans un bioréacteur à perfusion. Un essai in situ de sécrétion d’insuline stimulée par le glucose fut développé pour comprendre les effets de la culture. Dans cette expérience, les effets bénéfiques des conditions contrôlées en bioréacteur à perfusion ont été démontrés et ont révélé une augmentation de l`indice de stimulation des cellules INS-1 avec le temps, une amélioration de la fonction GRIP, en plus d’une incidence moins élevée d’apoptose cellulaire en comparaison avec des témoins en culture statique, sans bioréacteur. Cette étude a été publiée dans la revue Biotechnology Progress. La deuxième étude décrit un design multifactoriel servant à l’identification des paramètres affectant des pancréas de rat dissociés mécaniquement, cultivés dans un bioréacteur à perfusion. Les effets uniques et combinés du flux, de la D.O. et de la pulsation ont été étudiés sur la culture de tissu pancréatique. Les conditions bénéfiques pour la culture en bioréacteur ont été identifiées. Le tissu pancréatique cultivé dans ces conditions bénéfiques a démontré une sécrétion d’insuline stimulée par le glucose, une plus grande activité métabolique, une coloration positive à l’insuline et au glucagon, des structures endothéliales multiples ainsi qu’un tissu plus intact en comparaison avec des cultures statiques cultivées en mode statique. Cette étude a été soumise à Biotechnology Progress. / Abstract : Transplantation of pancreatic islets offers a potential cure for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). To date, the success of such a graft has been mired by a number of limiting factors including lack of revascularisation, loss of native extracellular matrix (ECM), and graft rejection by the recipient’s immune system. In recent years, new ways to understand and improve this process have been explored using three-dimensional (3D) matrices and bioreactors. This thesis aims to further understand the important effect(s) physiological parameters (flow, dissolved oxygen concentration (D.O.) and pulsation) have on pancreatic tissue in a 3D environment using a perfusion bioreactor with defined geometries. The first chapter introduces a review of the literature detailing the native pancreas, its diseases, and how it is studied in vivo and in vitro. The use of 3D matrices in diabetes research is discussed with particular emphasis on the incorporation of ECM molecules. The review then highlights how 3D matrices have been used in combination with a host of different bioreactors to understand and improve pancreatic cell cultures. A brief conclusion about the future applications for the use of bioreactors in diabetes research is also discussed. The first experimental work comprises the culture of rat insulinoma cells (INS-1) encapsulated in fibrin matrices in perfusion chambers and cultured under perfusion bioreactor conditions. An in situ glucose-stimulated insulin secretion assay was then developed to monitor the culture over time. With this work, the beneficial effects of perfusion bioreactor conditions were shown and revealed increasing functionality (glucose-stimulated insulin secretion) of INS-1 cells over time, and a lower incidence of apoptosis when compared to static control cultures. This study was published in Biotechnology Progress. The second experimental work used a factorial design to identify process parameters affecting whole mechanically-disrupted rat pancreata in a perfusion bioreactor. Here, the singular and combinational effects of flow, dissolved oxygen concentration and pulsation were assessed on the outcome of pancreatic tissue. Beneficial bioreactor conditions were identified. Mechanically-disrupted rat pancreata cultured under these beneficial bioreactor conditions showed glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, higher metabolic activity, insulin- and glucagon-positive staining, extensive endothelial structures, and overall intact tissue when compared to static cultures. This study has been submitted to Biotechnology Progress.

1. Clinical studies. Clinical diagnosis of dementia has been made largely on the basis of clinical findings supported by appropriate radiological and laboratory investigations. A minority of patients have treatable or reversible underlying causes for their dementing syndrome. It is important to distinguish between the two main forms of dementia Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia of Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT) and MID so that advantage can be taken of any future progress in treatments. In the clinical study significant differences between several diagnostic procedures were found between patients with AD/SDAT and MID. Blood pressure was significantly lower in the AD/SDAT group and focal neurological signs were seen in 70% of the MID patients but only in 6% of patients with AD/SDAT. Electrocardiogram was normal in all patients with AD/SDAT but pathological in 75% of the MID patients. Electroencephalogram showed generalized slow frequencies in 79% of the AD/SDAT patients and localized changes in 65% of the MID patients. Computerized tomography showed a significantly greater dilation of the ventricular system in MID patients compared to AD/SDAT patients and controls. Monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid were lower in AD/SDAT patients and normal in MID patients. Psychopathological signs were found to be more variable and more pronounced in the AD/SDAT group compared with MID patients. 2. Etiological studies. Immunoglobulin and albumin were found changed in serum and CSF of both AD/SDAT and MID, indicating a more active immune response in MID and a less dense cerebrospinal fluid barrier in both MID and AD/SDAT. There appears to be a consumption of IgG in the central nervous system in patients with AD/SDAT. Abnormal chromosomes appearing as acentric fragments, i.e. without visible centromeres, were found in 90% of patients with AD/SDAT, 30% of patients with MID, and not at all in the control group. Increased aneuploidy was also seen both in patients with MID and AD/SDAT. Diabetes mellitus in old age and AD/SDAT do not seem to coexist. Furthermore, patients with AD/SDAT have changed carbohydrate metabolism with decreased fasting blood sugar concentrations, increased glucose tolerance and higher concentration of insulin during an oral glucose tolerance test. / <p>S. 1-47: sammanfattning, s. 49-144: 5 uppsatser</p> / digitalisering@umu.se

Le diabète de type 2, défini par une hyperglycémie chronique, résulte d'un déficit de la sécrétion d'insuline et d'une insulinorésistance. Durant le prédiabète qui précède la maladie, la cellule ß pancréatique est capable d'établir une hyperactivité sécrétoire compensatrice de l'insulinorésistance. Les NO synthases neuronales (nNOS) pancréatique et musculaire contrôlent respectivement la sécrétion d'insuline induite par le glucose dans la cellule ß et la force contractile, la captation et l'utilisation du glucose dans les myocytes. Dans le modèle génétique du rat obèse Zucker fa/fa mimant l'état prédiabétique associant un hyperinsulinisme et une insulinorésistance, nous avons retrouvé au niveau de la cellule ß une forte augmentation du complexe entre la nNOS et son inhibiteur endogène PIN (Protein Inhibitor of Neuronal NOS) au niveau des granules de sécrétion d'insuline. Ce complexe, grâce à une interaction accrue avec la myosine V, participe à l'hyperactivité sécrétoire de la cellule ß pancréatique. En effet, des molécules inhibant spécifiquement l'interaction nNOS-PIN permettent de rétablir, chez le rat fa/fa, une sécrétion d'insuline normale. Au niveau musculaire, nous avons observé, dans ce modèle animal, une diminution d'expression de la nNOS sans variation du taux d'ARNm, traduisant une protéolyse accrue de la protéine. L'inhibition de la dégradation protéasomale permet de restaurer l'expression et l'activité catalytique de la nNOS dans le muscle squelettique. Cette perte de fonctionnalité de l'enzyme participerait à l'installation de l'insulinorésistance. Ces travaux ont permis de valider la nNOS comme une cible potentielle pour la prévention du diabète de type 2. / Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disorder defined by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from a deficiency of insulin secretion and an insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and liver. A long lasting silent phase, called prediabetes, precedes the disease and in which pancreatic ß cell is able to improve insulin secretion to compensate for the insulin resistance. The pancreatic and muscular neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS) control respectively glucose-induced insulin secretion in pancreatic ß cell and glucose uptake and utilization in myocytes. In the genetic model of obese Zucker fa/fa rat mimicking the prediabetic state characterized by hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, we found a high increase in the amount of the complex between nNOS and its endogenous inhibitor PIN (Protein Inhibitor of Neuronal NOS) at the level of insulin secretory granules within the ß cell. This complex, through an increased interaction with myosin V, participates in the secretory hyperactivity of the pancreatic ß cell, observed in this model of prediabetes. Indeed, molecules that specifically inhibit nNOS-PIN interaction allow to restore a normal insulin secretion in fa/fa rat. In skeletal muscle of this model, we observed a decreased expression of nNOS protein with no change in mRNA levels, suggesting an increased proteolysis of the protein. Inhibition of proteasomal degradation restores the expression and the catalytic activity of nNOS in skeletal muscle. Thus, this loss of functionality of the enzyme could participate in the installation of insulin resistance. This work therefore validated nNOS as a potential target for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.

Orientador: Everardo Magalhães Carneiro / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T10:36:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_PriscillaMunizRibeiroda_D.pdf: 2752788 bytes, checksum: a2b912ed65ab26f33708f44d094db90a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A glutamato desidrogenase (GDH) é uma enzima mitochondrial que cataliza a reação reversível de glutamato a ?-cetoglutarato. Nas ilhotas pancreáticas, está associada com a secreção de insulina por aumentar a concentração de ATP. Ratos alimentados com dieta hipoprotéica apresentam secreção de insulina diminuída. A suplementação com leucina (LEU) aumenta a secreção de insulina em resposta a agentes insulinotrópicos. O presente estudo investigou a influência da suplementação com LEU na expressão da GDH e seu envolvimento com a secreção de insulina em ratos desnutridos e suplementados com LEU. Ratos machos foram alimentados com dietas normo- (17%, NP) ou hipoprotéicas (6%, LP) por oito semanas. Após, foram divididos e suplementados com LEU (1,5%) na água de beber (NPL e LPL) pelas quatro semanas seguintes. O conteúdo protéico de GDH no cérebro, fígado, rim e músculo esquelético não diferiu entre os grupos. Nas ilhotas LP, a expressão da GDH estava diminuída e a suplementação com LEU aumentou a expressão de RNAm restaurando o conteúdo protéico a valores similares a NP. A secreção de insulina estimulada por agentes insulinotrópicos ou inibidores, combinados ou não, estava diminuída em ilhotas LP comparada com NP. A suplementação com LEU aumentou a secreção de insulina a valores similares a NP, exceto quando as ilhotas LPL foram incubadas com EGCG. Ilhotas LP tiveram diminuição na [Ca2+]i quando expostas a GLN+BCH. A suplementação com LEU restaurou esses parâmetros aos valores de NP. Frente a esses resultados, podemos concluir que a diminuição na expressão da GDH induzida pela dieta LP foi central ao pâncreas endócrino e está associada à redução da secreção de insulina observada nas ilhotas LP. A suplementação com LEU foi capaz de restaurar a expressão da GDH, contribuindo para o aumento da secreção de insulina observado nas ilhotas LPL. Além disso, a GDH pode, ainda, estar associada com a secreção de insulina pelo acoplamento estímulo/secreção via regulação da [Ca2+]i / Abstract: Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme that catalyzes the reversible reaction of glutamate to ?-ketoglutarate. In the pancreatic islets, this enzyme is associated with insulin secretion by augmenting ATP levels. Protein malnourished rats displayed reduced insulin secretion. Leucine (LEU) supplementation augments the insulin secretion response to insulinotropic agents. The present study investigated the influence of LEU supplementation on GDH expression and its involvement with insulin secretion in malnourished rats supplemented with LEU. Male rats were fed normal- (17%, NP) or low-protein diet (6%, LP) for eight weeks. Half of rats of each group were supplemented with LEU (1.5%) in drinking water for the following four weeks (NPL and LPL groups). GDH protein content in brain, liver, kidney and skeletal muscles was not different in any group. GDH RNAm and protein content was reduced in LP islets and LEU supplementation augmented RNAm expression restoring protein content similar to NP. Insulin secretion was reduced in LP islets compared with NP when stimulated by insulinotropics agents or inhybitors, combinaned or not. LEU supplementation augmented insulin secretion to similar values as NP, an effect that was blunted when LPL islets were incubated with EGCG. LP islets showed lower [Ca2+]i when exposed to GLN+BCH. LEU supplementation augmented these patterns similar to NP. Taken together, we may conclude that diminution in GDH expression induced by LP diet was central to endocrine pancreas and was associated with reduced insulin secretion observed in LP rats. LEU supplementation was able to restore GDH expression and it was capable to restore insulin secretion via GDH restoration. Yet, GDH may contribute to insulin secretion via Ca2+ regulation stimulus/secretion coupling / Doutorado / Fisiologia / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Pancreatic islet beta cell failure causes type 2 diabetes in humans. To identify transcriptomic changes in type 2 diabetic islets, the Innovative Medicines Initiative for Diabetes: Improving beta-cell function and identification of diagnostic biomarkers for treatment monitoring in Diabetes (IMIDIA) consortium (www.imidia.org) established a comprehensive, unique multicentre biobank of human islets and pancreas tissues from organ donors and metabolically phenotyped pancreatectomised patients (PPP).

La mitochondrie et le réticulum endoplasmique (RE) forment un réseau dans les cellules qui contrôle la fonction et le destin cellulaire. La mitochondrie de la cellule ß pancréatique joue un rôle central dans la sécrétion d’insuline en réponse au glucose de par sa capacité à produire de l’ATP. Le RE lui prend en charge la mise en conformation de l’insuline et joue le rôle de stock calcique. Ces 2 organites se rejoignent au niveau de points de contact appelés Mitochondria Associated endoplasmic reticulum Membranes (MAMs,). Les MAMs sont le siège d’échanges calciques et lipidiques entre les 2 organites. Les altérations de la mitochondrie et du RE ont été montrées comme des facteurs contribuant au développement du diabète de type 2. L’implication des MAMs n’a cependant jamais été étudiée dans la cellule ß.La glucotoxicité provoquée par une exposition chronique à des concentrations élevées de glucose, est un facteur clé de la dysfonction ß pancréatique au cours du diabète de type 2. J’ai pu démontrer que la glucotoxicité augmentait la fission mitochondriale et le nombre de MAMs dans les cellules bêta humaines et INS-1E mais que ces MAMs présentaient des défauts d’échanges calciques, pouvant ainsi contribuer au défaut de la sécrétion d’insuline. J’ai ensuite modulé les MAMs soit via une stimulation aigue au glucose soit par l’utilisation d’un siRNA qui rompt partiellement les contacts entre le RE et la mitochondrie ou par l’utilisation d’un linker qui artificiellement force ces contacts. La stimulation aigue au glucose augmente les MAMs et le transfert de calcium du RE vers la mitochondrie alors que la rupture des contacts diminue la secretion d’insuline. Enfin le linker en forçant les rapprochements RE-mitochondrie mime les effets de la glucotoxicité.Ce travail, constitue la première étude structurelle et fonctionnelle des MAMs dans la cellule ß pancréatique, éclairant leur rôle dans la dysfonction ß pancréatique lors du développement du diabète de type 2 / Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) form a network in cells that control cellular function and fate. Mitochondria play a central role in insulin secretion in ß cell by its ability to product ATP. ER takes in charge of insulin folding and is the major cell calcium store. Both organelles interact at contact sites, defined as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), a multiprotein complex implicated in calcium transfer and lipid exchange . Alterations of mitochondria and ER have been shown to contribute to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes. MAMS were recently implicated in the regulation of glucose homeostasis But the role of MAMs in ß cells is still largely unknown and their implication in glucotoxicity-associated ß cell dysfunction remains to be defined.Here, I report that acute glucose stimulation stimulated ER-mitochondria interactions and calcium (Ca2+) exchange in INS-1E cells, whereas disruption of MAMs altered glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Conversely, chronic incubations with high glucose of either INS-1E cells or human pancreatic islets altered GSIS, and concomitantly reduced ER Ca2+ store, increased mitochondrial Ca2+ and reduced ATP-stimulated ER-mitochondria Ca2+ exchanges, despite an increase of organelle interactions. Furthermore, glucotoxicity-induced perturbations of Ca2+ signalling are associated with ER stress, altered mitochondrial respiration and mitochondria fragmentation, and these organelle stresses may participate to increased organelle tethering, as a protective mechanism. Lastly, sustained induction of ER-mitochondria interactions using a linker induced mitochondrial fission and altered GSIS.Therefore, dynamic organelle coupling participates to GSIS in ? cells and over-time disruption of organelle Ca2+ exchange might be a novel mechanism contributing to glucotoxicity-induced ß cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and insufficient insulin release from pancreatic islet β cells. However, the role and sequence of β cell dysfunction and mass loss for reduced insulin levels in type 2 diabetes pathogenesis are unclear. Here, we exploit freshly explanted pancreas specimens from metabolically phenotyped surgical patients using an in situ tissue slice technology. This approach allows assessment of β cell volume and function within pancreas samples of metabolically stratified individuals. We show that, in tissue of pre-diabetic, impaired glucose-tolerant subjects, β cell volume is unchanged, but function significantly deteriorates, exhibiting increased basal release and loss of first-phase insulin secretion. In individuals with type 2 diabetes, function within the sustained β cell volume further declines. These results indicate that dysfunction of persisting β cells is a key factor in the early development and progression of type 2 diabetes, representing a major target for diabetes prevention and therapy.