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OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of total dietary fat intake on the prevalence of hand osteoarthritis (HOA) utilizing data collected in the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI) study cohort. METHODS: This is an observational cross-sectional study. Subjects from the OAI cohort with hand radiographs were analyzed for HOA, defined as a Kellgren-Lawrence score of ≥2 in two or more joints on different fingers. Dietary data and socioeconomic factors were collected from the baseline study visit. Logistic regression analysis assessed the association of total fat intake and disease prevalence. Odds ratios were calculated from the coefficients and confidence intervals were calculated with log-likelihood. RESULTS: HOA was prevalent in 1,106 out of the 2,993 participants (37%). Total fat intake did not show a significant relationship to disease prevalence when adjusted for age, education, income, race, smoking, BMI, prescription NSAID use, calcium intake, protein intake, total calories, saturated/monounsaturated fats, and alcohol consumption. There was a significant association of HOA with age, sex, education, race, total calories, and alcohol intake. Sex was analyzed independently to assess for effect modification, showing an association with age (P<0.01) OR (95%CI) 1.03 (1.02,1.03), race (P<0.01) 1.16 (1.09,1.23), and alcohol consumption (P<0.01) 1.06 (1.02,1.09) among only female subjects. Male subjects showed a strong association with age (P<0.01) 1.02 (1.01,1.02). CONCLUSION: Total fat intake does not show a significant association with HOA prevalence with the study sample from the OAI cohort. Age, race, and alcohol consumption showed significant associations depending on sex. More research is needed to further investigation these associations among different groups.

Residual feed intake (RFI) is one method to identify feed efficient animals; however, this method is costly and time consuming therefore, identifying an indirect measure of RFI is important. Evaluating the glucoregulatory mechanisms in cattle selected for divergent RFI may provide insight into metabolic processes involved in feed efficiency. This study evaluated the effect of a glucose (GLUC) challenge on efficient (LRFI) and inefficient (HRFI) tropically adapted bulls and heifers. Insulin (INS) secretion was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and GLUC was determined by colorimetry. Insulinogenic index (IIND) was calculated as the ratio of INS to GLUC (I/G). Bonsmara heifers were evaluated in two experiments. Similar results were observed in both experiments. RFI affected (P < 0.05) INS response; with LRFI heifers having a greater INS response than HRFI heifers. Similarly, RFI affected (P < 0.05) IIND; with LRFI heifers having a greater IIND than HRFI heifers. In Santa Gertrudis bulls, RFI did not affect (P > 0.05) GLUC conc. or Ins. response; however, numerically HRFI bulls had a greater INS response than LRFI bulls. RFI affected (P < 0.05) IIND; with LRFI bulls having a lower IIND than HRFI bulls. In Brahman heifers (Exp 1), RFI did not affect (P > 0.05) GLUC concentration or INS. response; however, numerically HRFI heifers had a greater INS response than LRFI heifers. RFI affected (P < 0.05) IIND; with LRFI heifers having a lower IIND than HRFI heifers. In Brahman bulls (Exp 2), RFI affected (P > 0.05) INS response; with HRFI bulls having a greater INS response than LRFI bulls. RFI affected (P < 0.05) IIND; with LRFI bulls having a lower IIND than HRFI bulls. Bonsmara cattle evaluated for RFI had a response to an influx of exongenous glucose that was opposite to that observed in the Brahman and Santa Gertrudis cattle evaluated for RFI. Insulinogenic index was significantly different between RFI groups in each experiment. The lower amount of INS required for clearance of the GLUC from the circulation of the Brahman and Santa Gertrudis cattle fits with our hypothesis that more efficient cattle would require less INS than the less efficient cattle. Further research and studies need to establish glucoregulatory differences between breeds and sexes of cattle evaluated for RFI.

Objectives of this study were to characterize residual feed intake (RFI) in growing calves and to examine relationships with growth, carcass composition, physiological indicators, energy metabolism and reproduction. To accomplish these objectives, multiple experiments were conducted. In all experiments, RFI was calculated as the difference between actual DMI and expected DMI from linear regression of DMI on mid-test metabolic BW and ADG. To examine the relationships between RFI and rate and composition of growth, and reproduction an experiment was conducted with postweaning Brangus heifers (N = 348). Measures of carcass composition (longissimus muscle area, LMA; and 12th rib fat thickness, BF) were obtained by ultrasound at the start and end of each experiment. To determine if serum IGF-I concentration is associated with RFI, two experiments were conducted with Angus bulls and heifers (N = 95) divergently selected for serum IGF-I concentration. To evaluate relationships with energy metabolism, calves with low and high RFI were selected for determination of heart rate as an indicator trait for energy expenditure (4 experiments) and liver mitochondrial function (3 experiments). Residual feed intake was not correlated with ADG, but was positively correlated with gain in BF such that the more efficient calves were leaner. Calves from the low IGF-I selection line had lower RFI suggesting that RFI and IGF-I are related and that IGF-I could be used as an indicator trait to aid in selection for improved RFI in Angus cattle. Calves with low RFI had lower energy expenditure and greater mitochondrial acceptor control ratios than calves with high RFI suggesting improved regulation of energy metabolism. A similar percentage of heifers with low RFI attained puberty as those with high RFI by the end of the experiment. Results from this study indicate that producers can utilize RFI to select for improved feed efficiency with minimal impact on growth, carcass composition and reproduction.

Many radiation detection programs use bio-assays, whole-body counters, or air sampling to estimate internal doses. This study examines the possibility of using a common external thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) badge as a device for detecting inhaled radionuclides through radiation those radionuclides emit which escape the body. The three common radionuclides chosen for modeling due to their varying decay modes and use or production in the nuclear industry were Cs-137, U-238, and Sr-90. These three radionuclides were modeled for biological and radiological removal in the dynamic systems modeling program of STELLA II and modeled for TLD dose per organ in the geometry and radiation simulation program of MCNP. The results show that none of the nuclides in the study can be detected at air concentrations below regulatory limits for acute inhalation exposures. To achieve a detectable dose from an 8-hour work exposure, with a 90-day wait until the TLD is read, the airborne concentrations for the inhalation classes that produced the most dose per Bq would be 37.9 kBq/m3, 146 MBq/m3, and 1.67 MBq/m3 for Cs-137, U-238, and Sr-90, respectively.

Eight cecally cannulated Quarter Horse geldings were utilized in a crossover design with two 28 d periods with a 21 d washout period between. Horses were adapted to dietary treatments from d 1 to 19, dry matter intake was determined from d 20 to 24, and cecal fluid was collected on d 28. Horses were paired by age and body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to treatment. Treatments consisted of housing horses individually in stalls or group housed in a dry lot pen. Regardless of treatment, all horses were individually fed a pelleted concentrate at 1% BW (as fed) offered twice daily 12 h apart. All horses had ad libitum access to coastal bermudagrass hay. Hay was offered to stalled horses initially at 2% BW (as fed) then adjusted based on 120% of a previous 3 d average of voluntary intake. A dual marker system was utilized for estimation of voluntary intake in all horses using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the external marker and acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA) as the internal marker. Cecal samples were collected 4-h after the morning meal and immediately analyzed for pH. Samples were transported to the USDA/ARS laboratory to enumerate total anaerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, and to determine methane and ammonia activity. Cecal pH was influenced by housing (P = 0.02) with group housed horses having lower cecal pH values when compared to stalled horses (6.52 +/- 0.04 and 6.69 +/- 0.04, respectively). The cecal pH values of this study are similar to other reported values when feeding similar diets (5). Populations of cecal total anaerobic bacteria and lactobacillus were not influenced by housing (P >= 0.21). Treatments did not affect the production of acetate, propionate, or butyrate (P &gt;= 0.15). Additionally, methane and ammonia production were not affected by treatments (P &gt;= 0.17). Forage intake was greater for group housed horses (P = 0.04) than stalled (8.47 +/- 0.89 kg DM/d and 5.17 +/- 0.89 kg DM/d, respectively). In conclusion, confinement housing did not greatly influence the cecal environment of a horse when similar diets were offered.

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Three studies were designed to investigate the hypothesis that physiological and environmental variables are both independent and interactive in determining food intake (FI) in children and adolescents during puberty (8 – 18 y old). Study 1 investigated the effect of obesity, sex and pubertal status on appetite hormones in response to a mixed glucose and whey protein (WP) drink in adolescents. Obese adolescents had higher insulin, PYY and lower ghrelin than normal weight (NW) controls, with a more pronounced effect in males. Puberty did not affect insulin, but the change in PYY in response to the drink was greater and ghrelin was lower in mid-late pubertal than pre-early pubertal obese males. To further describe the role of puberty, Study 2 examined the effect of pubertal status on FI following consumption of glucose and WP drinks in male and female children. In mid-late pubertal children, mealtime compensation for energy from glucose was less at 60 than at 30 min, but not for whey. However, compensation for either drink was not different at 30 and 60 min meals in pre-early pubertal children. Finally to demonstrate the interaction between puberty and environmental influences on FI, Study 3 examined the effect of distraction (television viewing, TVV) while eating and pubertal status on food intake after a pre-meal glucose drink in girls. In Study 3, TVV had no effect on FI, however, glucose suppressed FI more with no TVV compared with TVV (24% vs. 10%). In postpubertal girls, glucose reduced FI by ~27% in both the no TVV and TVV conditions, but in peripubertal girls, reduction in FI was 22% without TVV and only 1% while TVV. Thus, the results of this research support the hypothesis that physiological and environmental variables are both independent and interactive in determining FI in children and adolescents during puberty.