We begin this dissertation by presenting a brief introduction to the theory of solitons and integrability (plus some classical methods applied in this field) in Chapter 1, mainly using the Korteweg-de Vries equation as a typical model. At the end of this Chapter a mathematical framework of notations and terminologies is established for the whole dissertation. In Chapter 2, we first introduce two specific matrix spectral problems (with 3 potentials) associated with matrix Lie algebras $\mbox{sl}(2;\mathbb{R})$ and $\mbox{so}(3;\mathbb{R})$, respectively; and then we engender two soliton hierarchies. The computation and analysis of their Hamiltonian structures based on the trace identity affirms that the obtained hierarchies are Liouville integrable. This chapter shows the entire process of how a soliton hierarchy is engendered by starting from a proper matrix spectral problem. In Chapter 3, at first we elucidate the Gauge equivalence among three types $u$-linear Hamiltonian operators, and construct then the corresponding B\"acklund transformations among them explicitly. Next we derive the if-and-only-if conditions under which the linear coupling of the discussed u-linear operators and matrix differential operators with constant coefficients is still Hamiltonian. Very amazingly, the derived conditions show that the resulting Hamiltonian operators is truncated only up to the 3rd differential order. Finally, a few relevant examples of integrable hierarchies are illustrated. In Chapter, 4 we first present a generalized modified Korteweg-de Vries hierarchy. Then for one of the equations in this hierarchy, we build the associated Riemann-Hilbert problems with some equivalent spectral problems. Next, computation of soliton solutions is performed by reducing the Riemann-Hilbert problems to those with identity jump matrix, i.e., those correspond to reflectionless inverse scattering problems. Finally a special reduction of the original matrix spectral problem will be briefly discussed.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude du modèle de Hubbard unidimensionnel et à ses généralisa- tions. Le modèle de Hubbard est un modèle fondamental de la physique de la matière condensée, décrivant des électrons en interaction sur un réseau. Il a une très riche structure physique. Malgré la simplicité de sa construction, le modèle a été appliqué dans différents problèmes comme la supra- conductivité à haute température, le magnétisme et la transition métal-isolant. A une dimension, le modèle de Hubbard est un modèle intégrable très étudié qui a servi de 'laboratoire' pour la physique de la matière condensée. Récemment, les systèmes intégrables quantiques d'une facon générale, et le modèle de Hubbard en particulier, sont apparus d'une manière surprenante dans le contexte de la correspondance AdS/CFT. Le point de contact entre ces domaines est les équations de Bethe : celles de nouveaux modèles intégrables et de modèles existants généralisés sont à priori significatifs dans l'application en dualité AdS/CFT. Dans la premiere partie de la thèse, les notions de base sur l'intégrabilité quantique sont présen- tées : formalisme de la matrice R, équation de Yang-Baxter, chaînes de spin intégrables. Dans la deuxième partie, certaines résultats fondamentaux concernant le modèle de Hubbard sont passés en revue : la solution par l'Ansatz de Bethe coordonnée, les solutions réelles des équations de Lieb-Wu etc. De plus, l'application dans la correspondance AdS/CFT est considérée. Cependant, on trouve que certaines modifications du modèle de Hubbard sont nécessaires pour reproduire les résultats de cette correspondance. Cela est une des motivations principales d'étude de modèles de Hubbard généralisés. La quatrième partie est consacrée aux généralisations du modèle de Hubbard, en se con- centrant sur les cas supersymétriques. La chapitre cinq expose les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de cette thèse sur les modèles de Hubbard généralisés, en particulier, l'Ansatz de Bethe coordonnée ainsi que les solutions réelles des équations de Bethe obtenues dans la limite thermodynamique. Les équations de Bethe obtenues sont différentes de celle de Lieb et Wu par des phases dont la manifesta- tion est un signe encourageant pour l'application en AdS/CFT contexte. Les applications possibles, notamment dans le domaine de la physique de la matière condensée, sont également considérées.

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This thesis concerns two types of quantum many-body systems in one dimension exactly solved by special functions: firstly, systems with interactions localised at points and solved by the (coordinate) Bethe ansatz; secondly, systems of Calogero-Sutherland type, as well as certain recently introduced deformations thereof, with eigenfunctions given by natural many-variable generalisations of classical (orthogonal) polynomials. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first provides background and a few complementary results, while the second presents the main results of this thesis in five appended scientific papers. In the first paper we consider two complementary quantum many-body systems with local interactions related to the root systems CN, one with delta-interactions, and the other with certain momentum dependent interactions commonly known as delta-prime interactions. We prove, by construction, that the former is exactly solvable by the Bethe ansatz in the general case of distinguishable particles, and that the latter is similarly solvable only in the case of bosons or fermions. We also establish a simple strong/weak coupling duality between the two models and elaborate on their physical interpretations. In the second paper we consider a well-known four-parameter family of local interactions in one dimension. In particular, we determine all such interactions leading to a quantum many-body system of distinguishable particles exactly solvable by the Bethe ansatz. We find that there are two families of such systems: the first is described by a one-parameter deformation of the delta-interaction model, while the second features a particular one-parameter combination of the delta and the delta-prime interactions. In papers 3-5 we construct and study particular series representations for the eigenfunctions of a family of Calogero-Sutherland models naturally associated with the classical (orthogonal) polynomials. In our construction, the eigenfunctions are given by linear combinations of certain symmetric polynomials generalising the so-called Schur polynomials, with explicit and rather simple coefficients. In paper 5 we also generalise certain of these results to the so-called deformed Calogero-Sutherland operators. / QC 20100712

This work focuses on three nonlinear relativistic equations: the symmetric Chiral field equation, Einstein's field equation for metrics with two commuting Killing vectors and Einstein's field equation for diagonal metrics that depend on three variables. The symmetric Chiral field equation is studied using the Zakharov-Mikhailov transform, with which its infinitely many local conservation laws are derived and its solitons on diagonal backgrounds are studied. It is also proven that it is equivalent to a novel equation that poses a fascinating similarity to the Sinh-Gordon equation. For the 1+1 Einstein equation the Belinski-Zakharov transformation is explored. It is used to derive explicit formula for N gravitational solitons on arbitrary diagonal background. In particular, the method is used to derive gravitational solitons on the Einstein-Rosen background. The similarities and differences between the attributes of the solitons of the symmetric Chiral field equation and those of the 1+1 Einstein equation are emphasized, and their origin is pointed out. For the 1+2 Einstein equation, new equations describing diagonal metrics are derived and their compatibility is proven. Different gravitational waves are studied that naturally extend the class of Bondi-Pirani-Robinson waves. It is further shown that the Bondi-Pirani-Robinson waves are stable with respect to perturbations of the spacetime. Their stability is closely related to the stability of the Schwarzschild black hole and the relation between the two allows to conjecture about the stability of a wide range of gravitational phenomena. Lastly, a new set of equations that describe weak gravitational waves is derived. This new system of equations is closely and fundamentally connected with the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and can be properly called the nonlinear Schrödinger-Einstein equations. A few preliminary solutions are constructed.

An investigation into structures of bi-integrable and tri-integrable couplings is undertaken. Our study is based on semi-direct sums of matrix Lie algebras. By introducing new classes of matrix loop Lie algebras, we form new Lax pairs and generate several new bi-integrable and tri-integrable couplings of soliton hierarchies through zero curvature equations. Moreover, we discuss properties of the resulting bi-integrable couplings, including infinitely many commuting symmetries and conserved densities. Their Hamiltonian structures are furnished by applying the variational identities associated with the presented matrix loop Lie algebras. The goal of this dissertation is to demonstrate the efficiency of our approach and discover rich structures of bi-integrable and tri-integrable couplings by manipulating matrix Lie algebras.

We prove that a smooth generic embedded CR submanifold of C^n obeys the maximum principle for continuous CR functions if and only if it is weakly 1-concave. The proof of the maximum principle in the original manuscript has later been generalized to embedded weakly q-concave CR submanifolds of certain complex manifolds. We give a generalization of a known result regarding automatic smoothness of solutions to the homogeneous problem for the tangential CR vector fields given local holomorphic extension. This generalization ensures that a given locally integrable structure is hypocomplex at the origin if and only if it does not allow solutions near the origin which cannot be represented by a smooth function near the origin. We give a sufficient condition under which it holds true that if a smooth CR function f on a smooth generic embedded CR submanifold, M, of C^n, vanishes to infinite order along a C^infty-smooth curve  \gamma in M, then f vanishes on an M-neighborhood of \gamma. We prove a local maximum principle for certain locally integrable structures. / <p>Funding  by FMB, based at Uppsala University.</p>

The discovery of integrability on both sides of the duality between planar N=4 super Yang-Mills theory and free type IIB string theory in AdS5 × S5 has lead to great progress in our understanding of the AdS/CFT correspondence. Similar integrable structures also appear in the more recent three-dimensional superconformal N=6 Chern-Simons-matter theory constructed by Aharony, Bergman, Jafferis and Maldacena (ABJM), as well as in its gravity dual, type IIA string theory on AdS4 × CP3. However, new interesting complications arise in the AdS4/CFT3 duality. In the conjectured all-loop Bethe equations by Gromov and Vieira the dispersion relation of the magnons has a non-trivial coupling dependence which is parametrized by a function that is only known to the leading order at weak and strong coupling. In the first part of this thesis I discuss our calculations of the next-to-leading correction to this function at weak coupling. We compute this function from four-loop Feynman diagrams in the SU(2) × SU(2) sector of the ABJM model. As a consistency check we have performed the calculation both in a component formalism and using superspace techniques. At strong coupling the fundamental excitations of the integrable model are the giant magnons. The topic of the second part of this thesis is the spectrum of these giant magnons in CP3. Furthermore, I discuss our analyses of the finite-size corrections beyond the asymptotic Bethe ansatz. At weak coupling we have computed the leading four-loop wrapping diagrams in the ABJM model. At the strong coupling side of the duality I discuss our results for the exponentially suppressed finite-size corrections to the energy of giant magnons.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude des fibres de l'application moment du système de Mumford (pair ou impair) d'ordre g>0. Ces fibres sont paramétrées par des courbes hyperelliptiques de genre g. Comme l'a démontré Mumford, la fibre au-dessus d'une telle courbe lisse est la jacobienne de la courbe, moins son diviseur thêta. Nous décrivons les fibres au-dessus d'une courbe singulière, à la fois de manière algébrique et géométrique. Pour ce faire, nous utilisons de façon essentielle les g champs de vecteurs du système de Mumford, qui définissent une stratification de chaque fibre, où chaque strate est isomorphe à une strate particulière (dite maximale) d'une fibre d'un système de Mumford d'ordre inférieur. Sur cette strate, tous les champs de vecteurs du système de Mumford sont linéairement indépendants en tout point. Nous décrivons cette strate comme un ouvert de la jacobienne généralisée d'une courbe hyperelliptique singulière. Nous montrons également que sur la jacobienne généralisée, les champs de Mumford sont des champs invariants par translation. / This thesis is dedicated to the study and to the description of the fibres of the momentum map of the (even or odd) Mumford system of degree g>0. These fibres are parameterized by hyperelliptic curves. Mumford proved that each fiber over a smooth curve is isomorphic to the Jacobian of the curve, minus its theta divisor. We give a geometrical as well as an algebraic description of the fibers over any singular curve. The geometrical description uses in an essential way the g vector field of the Mumford system. They define a stratification of each fiber where each stratum is isomorphic to a particular stratum, called the maximal stratum, of a fiber of a Mumford system of degree at most g. The algebraic description uses the theory of subresultants, which is applied to the polynomials which parametrize the points of phase space. We show that every stratum is isomorphic with an affine part of the generalized Jacobian of a singular hyperelliptic curve. We also prove that the Mumford vector fields are translation invariant on these generalized Jacobians.

Orientador: José Francisco Gomes / Banca: Galen Mihaylov Sotkov / Banca: Abraham Hirsz Zimerman / Banca: Paulo Teotônio Sobrinho / Banca: Márcio José Martins / Resumo: Nesta fase construísmo e estudamos uma nova classe de modelos integráveis (relativístico e não relativístico) em duas dimensões, associados à álgebra afim 'A IND.3 POT.(1)'. Estes modelos apresentam sólitons tipológicos os quais portam duas cargas elétricas U(1) X U(1). O modelo de Toda afim (relativístico) é construído a partir do modelo WZNW mediante a calibração da ação Swznw e corresponde ao primeiro membro de grau negativo q = -1 de uma hierarquia de modelos cKP do tipo dyon. O modelo mais simples não relativístico dentro desta hierarquia corresponde ao grau q = 2 positivo. As soluções de 1-sóliton para ambos modelos foram construídas e relações explícitas entre ambas soluções (assim como entre as cargas conservadas) foram encontradas. Outro modelo integrável com simetrias não abelianas locais SL(2) X U(1) é introduzido. Numa aproximação à integrabilidade em espaços não-comutativos estudamos generalizações não comutativas no plano dos modelos integráveis bidimensionais sine-, sinh-Gordon e U(N) Quiral Principal. Calculando a amplitude de espalhamento à nível de árvore de um processo de produção de partículas provamos que a versão não-comutativa do modelo de sinh-Gordon que se obtém mediante a deformação Moyal da respectiva ação não é integrável. Por outro lado, a incorporação de vínculos adicionais que são obtidos a partir da generalização da condição de curvatura nula, tornam o modelo integrável. O modelo Quiral Principal generalizado a partir da deformação Moyal da ação, preserva a sua integrabilidade, ao contrário dos modelos sinh-Gordon e sine-Gordon. / Abstract: In this thesis we have constructed and studied a new class of two-dimensional integrable models (relativistic and nonrelativistic), related to the affine algebra 'A IND.3 POT.(1)'. These models admit U(1) X U(1) charged topological solitons. The affine Toda relativistic model is constructed from the gauged WZNW action and corresponds to the first negative grade q = -1 member of a dyonic hierarchy of cKP models. The simplest nonrelativistic model corresponds to the positive grade q = 2 of this hierarchy. The 1-soliton solutions for both models were constructed and explicit relations between them (and the conserved charges as well) were found. Another integrable model with local nonabelian SL(2) X U(1) simetries is introduced. In the context of integrability on noncommutative spaces, we have studied noncommutative generalizations on the plane of the two-dimensional integrable models sine-, sinh-Gordon and U(N) Principal Quiral. By computing for the sinh-Gordon model, the tree-level amplitude of a process of production of particles, we proved that the noncommutative generalization of this model that it is obtained by the Moyal deformation of the corresponding action is not integrable. On the other hand, the addition of extra constraints, obtained by the generalization of the zero-curvature method, renders the integrability of the model. The generalization of the Principal Quiral model by the Moyal deformation of the action preserves the integrability, contrary to the previous case / Doutor