Στην εργασία αυτή παρουσιάζονται ορισμένοι αλγόριθμοι που συνδέονται με ορθογώνια πολυώνυμα και διακριτά ολοκληρώσιμα συστήματα. Οι κανόνες των αλγορίθμων αυτών είναι ρητού τύπου και συνδέουν τιμές που αφορούν την εξέλιξη των αλγορίθμων στην περίπτωση ιδιομορφιών. Αυτοί οι ιδιάζοντες κανόνες συνιστούν ένα από τα κοινά γνωρίσματα με ορισμένα ολοκληρώσιμα συστήματα στο πλέγμα ΖxZ συγκεκριμένα αυτό του "περιορισμού των ιδιομορφιών". Παρουσιάζονται οι κανόνες των αλγορίθμων ε, ρ και qd όπως και κανόνες που προκύπτουν από τους δύο πρώτους των οποίων η μορφή είναι αναλλοίωτη από μετασχηματισμούς Moebius. Η τελευταία αυτή ιδιότητα βοηθά στην εύρεση ιδιαζόντων κανόνων για τον περιορισμό των ιδιομορφιών. Ο αλγόριθμος qd συνδέεται τόσο με τα ορθογώνια πολυώνυμα στην πραγματική ευθεία όσο και με το διακριτού χρόνου πλέγμα Toda. Παρουσιάζεται η εύρεση του τριδιαγώνιου πίνακα Jacobi από τις σχέσεις που συνδέουν γειτονικές ακολουθίες ορθογωνίων πολυωνύμων. Ο πίνακας Jacobi εκφράζει την γραμμική αναδρομική σχέση τριών διαδοχικών ορθογωνίων πολυωνύμων. Ανάλογη κατασκευή για ορθογώνια πολυώνυμα στον μοναδιαίο κύκλο είναι περισσότερο πολύπλοκη και δεν καταλήγει πάντοτε σε πολυδιαγώνιο πίνακα. Παρουσιάζονται σχετικά πρόσφατα αποτελέσματα για τα ορθογώνια πολυώνυμα στον μοναδιαίο κύκλο και ο πενταδιαγώνιος πίνακας CMV. / In this paper are introduced some algorithms which are connected with orthogonal polynomials and descrete integrable systems. The rules of these algorithms are fraction type and combine the terms which are on the vertex of a rombus. We mainly introduce the rules which relate the evolution of the algorithms in the case of singular rules. These rules introduce one of the common characteristics with some integrable systems in the ZxZ lattice, in particular the "singularity confinement". We introduce the rules of the ε-, ρ- and qd-algorithms as well as the rules which follow from the first two whose type is unchangeable from Moebius transformations. This last property helps in finding proper rules for the singularity confinement. The qd-algorithm is connected not only with the orthogonal polynomials in the real line, but also with the discrete time Toda lattice. We also introduce the finding of the tri-diagonal Jacobi matrix from relations which combine adjacent sequences of orthogonal polynomials. The Jacobi matrix represent the three-term linear reccurence relation of orthogonal polynomials. Correspondent construction for orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle is much more complicated and doesn't conclude always in a poly-diagonal matrix. We introduce some recent results for orthogonal polynomials on the unit circle and the five-diagonal CMV matrix.

Generic Hamiltonian systems have a mixed phase space, where classically disjoint regions of regular and chaotic motion coexist. For many applications it is useful to approximate the regular dynamics of such a mixed system H by an integrable approximation Hreg. We present a new, iterative method to construct such integrable approximations. The method is based on the construction of an integrable approximation in action representation which is then improved in phase space by iterative applications of canonical transformations. In contrast to other known approaches, our method remains applicable to strongly non-integrable systems H. We present its application to 2D maps and 2D billiards. Based on the obtained integrable approximations we finally discuss the theoretical description of dynamical tunneling in mixed systems. / Typische Hamiltonsche Systeme haben einen gemischten Phasenraum, in dem disjunkte Bereiche klassisch regulärer und chaotischer Dynamik koexistieren. Für viele Anwendungen ist es zweckmäßig, die reguläre Dynamik eines solchen gemischten Systems H durch eine integrable Näherung Hreg zu beschreiben. Wir stellen eine neue, iterative Methode vor, um solche integrablen Näherungen zu konstruieren. Diese Methode basiert auf der Konstruktion einer integrablen Näherung in Winkel-Wirkungs-Variablen, die im Phasenraum durch iterative Anwendungen kanonischer Transformationen verbessert wird. Im Gegensatz zu bisher bekannten Verfahren bleibt unsere Methode auch auf stark nichtintegrable Systeme H anwendbar. Wir demonstrieren sie anhand von 2D-Abbildungen und 2D-Billards. Mit den gewonnenen integrablen Näherungen diskutieren wir schließlich die theoretische Beschreibung von dynamischem Tunneln in gemischten Systemen.

The Grassmannian space GC(2, 4) embedded in CP5 as the Klein quadric of twistor theory has a natural interpretation in terms of the geometry of “round” 2-spheres in S4. The incidence of two lines in CP3 corresponds to the contact properties of two 2- spheres, where contact is generalized from tangency to include “half-tangency:” 2-spheres may be in contact at two isolated points. There is a connection between the contact properties of 2-spheres and soliton geometry through the classical Ribaucour and Darboux transformations. The transformation theory of surfaces in S4 is investigated using the recently developed theory of “Discrete Differential Geometry” with results leading to the conclusion that the discrete conformal maps into C of Hertrich-Jeromin, McIntosh, Norman and Pedit may be defined in terms a discrete integrable system employing halftangency in S4.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-06-02T17:36:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 FredLima.pdf: 2679751 bytes, checksum: 8a9326e9ee9ea66d443e002ab6b30712 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-02T17:36:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FredLima.pdf: 2679751 bytes, checksum: 8a9326e9ee9ea66d443e002ab6b30712 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / In this dissertation is performed a study of collisions of topological defects in both integrable and non-integrable models of (1+1) dimensional scalar real elds. As integrable theory it is studied the sine-Gordon model; as non-integrable theories it is studied the φ4, double sine-Gordon and φ6 models. The research of collision is make through numerical solution of the motion equation. For this purpose, rst are obtained the topological solutions for each model by using the Bolgomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfeld (BPS) formalism. We explained the results analytically through of a exchange energy mechanism, which is associated to the normal vibrational modes of kinks solutions. This mechanism explains the large di erence between dynamics of the integrable and non-integrable models. It is also carried out a study of kinks collision for both φ4 and φ6 on a half line with a Neumann boundary condition. The results show a variety of new features which do not observed for kink-antikink collisions on full line. / Nesta dissertação é realizado um estudo de colisões de defeitos topológicos em modelos de campos escalares reais de natureza integrável e não-integrável, em (1 + 1) dimensões. Como teoria integrável, estuda-se o modelo sine-Gordon; como teorias não-integráveis estuda-se os modelos φ4, duplo sine-Gordon e φ6. O estudo de colisões é realizado através da solução numérica da equação de movimento. Para tanto, as soluções topológicas para cada modelo são primeiramente encontradas por meio do formalismo de Bolgomol'nyi-Prasad-Sommerfeld (BPS). Os resultados são explicados qualitativamente através de um mecanismo de troca de energia que envolve os modos normais de vibração das soluções kinks. Tal mecanismo elucida a grande diferença na dinâmica de modelos integráveis e não-integráveis. Também é realizado um estudo de colisões de kinks em uma semi linha, com condição de contorno de Neumann, para os modelo φ4 e φ6. Os resultados mostram uma variedade de novos comportamentos que não são observados em colisões kink-antikink no espaço ilimitado.

Wir untersuchen die perturbative Quantentheorie verschiedener integrabler Yang-Baxter-Deformationen des freien Superstrings auf AdS-Räumen. Dazu berechnen wir die Zwei-Körper-Streumatrix auf Baum-Niveau auf dem Weltenblatt mit Feynman-Diagramm-Methoden. Die verschiedenen Deformationen sind: (1) Alle abelschen Deformationen von AdS₅ ⨉ S⁵, die die Fixierung der Lichtkegel-Eichung erlauben. Diese sind dual zur nicht-kommutativen Super-Yang-Mills-Theorie und werden äquivalent durch TsT-Transformationen oder verwundene Randbedingungen beschrieben. Wir berechnen die bosonische Streumatrix auf Baum-Niveau für den BMN-String in uniformer Lichtkegel-Eichung. Die Streumatrix wird in den meisten Fällen durch einen Drinfeld-Verwindungen ausgedrückt; in einigen Fällen wird sie stattdessen durch eine verschobene Impulsabhängigkeit ausgedrückt. Abschließend vergleichen wir die aus diesen Ergebnissen abgeleiteten Bethe-Gleichungen mit denen des Modells mit verwundene Randbedingungen und stellen eine perfekte Übereinstimmung fest. Für Deformationen des GKP-Strings können wir aufgrund konzeptioneller Hindernisse keine deformierte Streumatrix um die Null-Cusp-Lösung bestimmen. (2) Die inhomogene oder eta-Deformation von AdS₅ ⨉ S⁵ entsprechend dem fermionischen Dynkin-Diagramm. Wir berechnen die Zwei-Körper-Streumatrix auf Baum-Niveau zu quadratischer fermionischer Ordnung in uniformer Lichtkegel-Eichung. Sie erfüllt die klassische Yang-Baxter-Gleichung, faktorisiert in zwei Blöcke und entspricht der exakten Streumatrix für ein Modell mit trigonometrisch quantendeformierter Symmetrie. (3) Inhomogene bi-Yang-Baxter-Deformationen von AdS₃ ⨉ S³ ⨉ T⁴ für mehrere Dynkin-Diagramme. Wir berechnen die Zwei-Körper-Streumatrix auf Baum-Niveau zu quadratischer fermionischer Ordnung in uniformer Lichtkegel-Eichung. Alle Deformationen ergeben die gleiche Streumatrix, die mit der erwarteten exakten Streumatrix bei trigonometrisch quantendeformierter Symmetrie übereinstimmt. / We study the perturbative quantum theory of various integrable Yang-Baxter deformations of the free superstring on AdS spaces. For this we compute the two-body tree-level scattering matrix on the worldsheet using Feynman diagram methods. The various deformations are: (1) All distinct Abelian deformations of AdS₅ ⨉ S⁵ allowing light-cone gauge fixing. These are dual to noncommutative super Yang-Mills theory and equivalently described through TsT transformations or twisted boundary conditions. We compute the bosonic tree-level scattering matrix for the BMN string in uniform light-cone gauge. The scattering matrix is expressed through a Drinfeld twist for most cases; for some cases it is expressed instead through a shifted momentum dependence. Lastly, we compare the Bethe equations derived from these results to the equations of the model with twisted boundary conditions and find perfect agreement. For deformations of the GKP string we are not able to determine a deformed scattering matrix around the null-cusp solution due to actions incompatible with perturbation theory in momentum space. (2) The inhomogeneous or eta deformation of AdS₅ ⨉ S⁵ corresponding to the fermionic Dynkin diagram. We compute the two-body tree-level scattering matrix up to second order in fermions in uniform light-cone gauge. It satisfies the classical Yang-Baxter equation, factorizes into two blocks and matches the exact scattering matrix for a model with trigonometrically quantum-deformed symmetry. (3) Inhomogeneous bi-Yang-Baxter deformations of AdS₃ ⨉ S³ ⨉ T⁴ for multiple Dynkin diagrams. We compute the two-body tree-level scattering matrix up to second order in fermions in uniform light-cone gauge. All deformations give the same scattering matrix, which matches the expected exact scattering matrix with trigonometrically quantum-deformed symmetry.

In den letzten beiden Jahrzehnten hat sich N=4 Super Yang-Mills Theorie (SYM) als vergleichsweise einfache wechselwirkende Quantenfeldtheorie etabliert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass N=4 SYM im sogenannten planaren Limes eine integrable konforme Feldtheorie ist. Diese Erkenntnis wurde im Rahmen der Lösung des Spektralproblems gewonnen, das als die Diagonalisierung des Dilatationsoperators definiert ist. Dieser Operator ist der Teil der konformen Algebra, der Skalentransformationen erzeugt. In jüngerer Zeit wurde vorgeschlagen, dass verwandte Theorien, die man kollektiv als stark getwistete N=4 SYM bezeichnet, tatsächlich einfacher wären. Wir untersuchen das Spektralproblem dieser Theorien und bestimmen die Eigenwerte des Dilatationsoperators. Dabei ist unsere Analyse auf Einschleifenordnung beschränkt. Wir leiten zunächst den Einschleifendilatationsoperator der stark getwisteten Modelle her. Bemerkenswerterweise ist der Dilatationsoperator nicht diagonalisierbar, da die stark getwisteten Theorien nicht unitär sind. Wir definieren den Begriff des eklektischen Feldinhalts von lokalen zusammengesetzten Operatoren. Eine endliche Potenz des Dilatationsoperators bildet die entsprechenden Operatoren mit eklektischem Feldinhalt auf null ab. Die Herleitung unterschiedlicher Bethe Ansätze wird präsentiert um die Eigenzustände des Dilatationsoperators zu finden. Wir stellen die Lösungen der Bethe Gleichungen vor, wobei wir Sektor für Sektor vorgehen. Wir konstruieren auch einige der auftretenden Jordan Blöcke. Des Weiteren diskutieren wir den Einfluss, den die Jordan Blöcke auf die Zweipunktfunktionen der Theorie haben. In einer nicht unitären Theorie ist die Klassifikation der lokal zusammengesetzten Operatoren in Primäroperatoren und Abkömmlinge nicht vollständig und eine dritte Art Operator, nämlich der logarithmische Operator, tritt auf. Die entsprechenden Zweipunktfunktionen enthalten Logarithmen. / Over the last two decades, N=4 Super Yang-Mills theory (SYM) has established a reputation of being the simplest interacting quantum field theory in four dimensions. In the so-called planar limit, N=4 SYM turned out to be an integrable conformal field theory. Integrability was first found when solving the spectral problem, which is defined as diagonalising the dilatation operator. The latter is the part of the conformal algebra generating scaling transformations. Its eigenvalues are the anomalous dimensions. More recently, it was proposed that a certain non-unitary deformation of N=4 SYM, the so-called strongly-twisted theories, are actually simpler. We investigate the spectral problem of these theories at one-loop order. We derive the one-loop dilatation operator of the strongly-twisted models and express it in terms of the one of the untwisted theory. Notably, since the strongly-twisted theories are non-unitary, the dilatation operator turns out to be non-diagonalisable. We define the notion of eclectic field content of local composite operators. A finite number of applications of the dilatation operator annihilates these local composite operators with eclectic field content. A derivation of several different Bethe ansätze to find eigenstates of the dilatation operator is presented. Furthermore, we also propose a short-cut to derive the Bethe equations from those of the unscaled models. We present solutions to the Bethe equations sector by sector, derive the Jordan blocks of the dilatation operator and show their impact on the two-point correlation functions of the theory. The classification of local composite operators into primaries and descendants is no longer complete in a non-unitary theory and a third type of operator, named a logarithmic operator, appears. The corresponding two-point functions contain logarithms.

One of the phenomenal results emerging from string theory is the AdS/CFT correspondence or gauge-gravity duality: In certain cases a theory of gravity is equivalent to a "dual" gauge theory, very similar to the one describing non-gravitational interactions of fundamental subatomic particles. A difficult problem on one side can be mapped to a simpler and solvable problem on the other side using this correspondence. Thus one of the theories can be understood better using the other. The mapping between theories of gravity and gauge theories has led to new approaches to building models of particle physics from string theory. One of the important features to model is the phenomenon of confinement present in strong interaction of particle physics. This feature is not present in the gauge theory arising in the simplest of the examples of the duality. However this N = 4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills gauge theory enjoys the property of being integrable, i.e. it can be exactly solved in terms of conserved charges. It is expected that if a more realistic theory turns out to be integrable, solvability of the theory would lead to simple analytical expressions for quantities like masses of the hadrons in the theory. In this thesis we show that the existing models of confinement are all nonintegrable--such simple analytic expressions cannot be obtained. We moreover show that these nonintegrable systems also exhibit features of chaotic dynamical systems, namely, sensitivity to initial conditions and a typical route of transition to chaos. We proceed to study the quantum mechanics of these systems and check whether their properties match those of chaotic quantum systems. Interestingly, the distribution of the spacing of meson excitations measured in the laboratory have been found to match with level-spacing distribution of typical quantum chaotic systems. We find agreement of this distribution with models of confining strong interactions, conforming these as viable models of particle physics arising from string theory.

The Manakov system appears in the physics of optical fibers, as well as in quantum mechanics, as multi-component versions of the Nonlinear Schr\"odinger and the Gross-Pitaevskii equations.Although the Manakov system is completely integrable its solutions are far from being explicit in most cases. However, the Inverse Scattering Transform (IST) can be exploited to obtain asymptotic information about solutions.This thesis will describe the IST of the Manakov system, and its asymptotic behavior at short times. I will compare the focusing and defocusing behavior, numerically and analytically, for squared barrier initial potentials. Finally, I will show that the continuous spectrum gives the dominant contribution at short-times.

The discovery of integrability in planar N=4 super Yang-Mills and ABJM has enabled a precise study of AdS/CFT. In the past decade integrability has been successfully applied to the spectrum of anomalous dimensions, which can now be obtained at any value of the coupling. However, in order to solve conformal field theories one also needs to understand their structure constants. Recently, there has been great progress in this direction with the all-loop proposal of Basso, Komatsu and Vieira. But there is still much to understand, as it is not yet possible to use that formalism to find structure constants of short operators at strong coupling. It is important to study wrapping corrections and resum them as the TBA did for the spectrum. It is also crucial to obtain perturbative data that can be used to check if the all-loop proposal is correct or if there are new structures that need to be unveiled. In this thesis we compute several structure constants of short operators at strong coupling, including the structure constant of Konishi with half-BPS operators. Still at strong coupling, we find a relation between the building blocks of superstring amplitudes and the tensor structures allowed by conformal symmetry. We also consider the case of extremal correlation functions and the relation of their poles to mixing with double-trace operators. We also study three-point functions at weak coupling. We take the OPE limit in a four-point function of half-BPS operators in order to shed some light on the structure of five-loop wrapping corrections of the Hexagon form factors. Finally, we take the first steps in the generalization of the Hexagon programme to other theories. We find the non-extremal setup in ABJM and the residual symmetry that it preserves, which we use to fix the two-particle form factor and constrain the four-particle hexagon. Finally, we find that the Watson equations hint at a dressing phase that needs to be further investigated.

O objetivo principal de estudo deste trabalho são as estruturas localmente integráveis L e a fórmula de aproximação de Baouendi-Treves, segundo a qual qualquer solução homogênea de Lu = 0, pode, localmente, ser aproximada por polinômios nas suas integrais primeiras. A realização deste projeto requer um estudo rigoroso de alguns aspectos da teoria das estruturas involutivas e da teoria das distribuições. As principais referências são [2], [4] e [1]. / The main goal of this project is to study a locally integrable structures L and the Baouendi-Treves approximation formula, which states that every homogeneous solution of Lu = 0, can be, locally, approximated by polynomials in their first integrals. This result requires the rigorous study of some aspects of the involutive structures theory and of the distributions theory. The main references are [2], [4] e [1].