Ingeniero Civil / Las estrategias de ejecución de proyectos corresponden a la forma en el cual el mandante materializa las fases de Ingeniería y Construcción de su proyecto, estableciendo a las diferentes empresas participantes, en qué momento se incorporan éstas al proyecto, cómo se distribuyen las responsabilidades, entre otros aspectos. Todo lo definido en este proceso se establece en los contratos entre el dueño de proyecto y las diferentes empresas de Ingeniería y Construcción. Uno de los principales problemas que evidencian las estrategias tradicionales de ejecución de proyectos, es que en general se desarrollan bajo un ambiente donde cada empresa participante busca obtener los mayores beneficios con el menor esfuerzo posible, en una estructura jerárquica vertical (mandante-diseñadores-constructores) donde cada actor se aboca al desarrollo del trabajo propio involucrándose escasamente con otras especialidades. La estrategia de ejecución de proyectos conocida como Integrated Project Delivery (IPD), presentada en el año 2007, por The American Institute of Architects (AIA) busca dar solución a los principales problemas que generan las estrategias de ejecución comúnmente utilizadas (DB, DBB, EPC, EPCM y CMc). La estrategia IPD se caracteriza por involucrar tempranamente a los principales actores en fases de diseño del proyecto en un ambiente de cooperación, innovación y coordinación enfocándose en optimizar los recursos, procesos y actividades para finalizar en forma eficaz el proyecto. El objetivo principal de esta memoria es analizar la situación actual y tendencias de la estrategia IPD en proyectos. Para contextualizar al lector, se realiza un estudio sobre las estrategias tradicionales de ejecución de proyectos, y en particular sobre la estrategia IPD, para entender su aplicación en cada una de las fases del ciclo de vida del proyecto. Se entrevistan a profesionales expertos en la materia para obtener información acerca de los procesos de definición de las estrategias de ejecución y para saber si la estrategia IPD podría ser aplicable en proyectos que se desarrollan en Chile, en particular, si la cultura de las empresas favorece la implementación de los principios y aspectos contractuales que establece la estrategia IPD. Una de las principales conclusiones obtenidas en esta memoria, es que no existiría una mejor estrategia de ejecución, todas muestran ventajas y desventajas ante ciertos escenarios. La estrategia IPD posee características y principios que aumentan las probabilidades de éxito y de obtención de mejores soluciones tanto de diseño como constructivas. Sin embargo, en relación a su implementación, se debe reconocer que se requiere un importante cambio cultural en las organizaciones para poder establecer contratos acordes con estas características, algo que en el corto plazo parece difícil y que en la actualidad solo algunas empresas y dueños podrían llevar a cabo con éxito.

O contexto econômico e político da indústria Têxtil e de Confecção nacional mostra que há uma constante preocupação em relação aos sucessivos déficits da balança comercial nos últimos anos. Diante deste cenário, a presente pesquisa busca responder como a sistematização e a integração do processo de projeto e de produção pode contribuir para a melhoria do processo de desenvolvimento de produto de moda? E tem por objetivo propor um modelo de referência de desenvolvimento de produtos baseado na integração e na sistematização que possa ser aplicado na indústria de confecção da área da moda, indicando as atividades e tarefas que a empresa deve seguir. Desta maneira, é investigado o estado da arte dos modelos de projeto de moda, a fim de identificar as diretivas que foram utilizadas na elaboração do modelo proposto. Utilizando-se da estrutura do modelo de projeto integrado PRODIP para nortear a proposta, desenvolveu-se o modelo MODIP (Desenvolvimento Integrado de Produtos em Moda) e através de um modelo de estruturação do PDP é analisada a situação atual do desenvolvimento de produtos de uma microempresa de confecção de vestuário, identificando os pontos críticos e sugerindo soluções viáveis de implementação do MODIP e conclui-se que a sistematização proposta pode contribuir para a organização do PDP de uma empresa. / The economical and political context of the Brazilian Textile industry shows that there is a constant concern in relation to the successive deficits of the trade balance in the last years. Before this scenario, this research seecks to answer the question of how the systematization and the integration of the project process and of the production can contribute to the improvement of the process of development of fashion product? And it has as objective to propose a model of reference for development of products based on the integration and in the systematization that can be applied in the industry of confection of the area of fashion, indicating the activities and tasks that the company should proceed. Thus, the state of art of fashion Project models was investigated, in order to identify the policies that were used in the elaboration of the proposed model. Making use of the structure of the model of integrated project PRODIP to orientate the proposal, the model MODIP (Integrated Development of Products in Fashion) was developed and through a model of structuring of PDP the current situation of the development of products of an apparell industry. Its analysed, identifying the critical points and suggesting viable solutions of implementation of MODIP and it is conclued that the systematization of the model can contribute for the organization of a company’s PDP.

O setor da construção civil atualmente apresenta uma forte demanda por inovações nas tecnologias de informação e comunicação na construção. Nesse contexto, a modelagem da informação da construção vem se destacando como um dos principais temas em desenvolvimento no Brasil e no mundo. O foco das pesquisas e iniciativas relacionadas à implementação da modelagem da informação da construção apresenta uma lacuna quanto ao desenvolvimento de seus processos, além de empecilhos relacionados aos aspectos de colaboração entre os agentes. Diante deste quadro, o American Institute of Architects propôs um modelo contratual para projetos integrados, denominado Integrated Project Delivery, que fomenta a relação colaborativa dos agentes do empreendimento por meio do compartilhamento dos resultados entre os participantes. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo a análise da possibilidade de implantação desta dinâmica contratual no cenário da construção civil brasileira. Para tanto, foram avaliados os resultados de dois questionários estruturados e do estudo de caso de empresa de incorporação que vem investindo na implantação da modelagem da informação da construção em seu processo de projeto. Os questionários tiveram enfoque nos estágios de maturidade da implementação da modelagem da informação da construção como cenário para o uso do projeto integrado, e os resultados apresentaram um panorama geral de baixa maturidade. No estudo de caso, avaliaram-se os modelos contratuais utilizados em relação às práticas já implantadas do uso da modelagem da informação da construção. Como resultado, foram identificados diversos aspectos do processo de projeto com potencial para implementação de um contrato relacional, porém ainda limitados pela falta de adequação dos processos e modelo contratual às características de colaboração e integração típicas da modelagem da informação da construção. Este trabalho propõe diretrizes para a adequação dos processos observados na empresa-caso ao modelo de projeto integrado proposto pelo American Institute of Architects. / The civil construction sector has demanded innovations on its communication and information technologies. In this context, Building Information Modeling has been stressed as one of the most important developing themes in Brazil and worldwide. The focus of BIM researches and implementation initiatives has a shortage regarding the development of BIM processes, and restrictions related to the collaboration among actors. Due to this scenario, the American Institute of Architects (2007) proposed a contractual model for integrated projects, called Integrated Project Delivery that stimulates a collaborative relationship among actors through sharing project results with its participants. This Master Thesis aims to analyze the possibility of implementing this contractual dynamics on the Brazilian construction sector. As methodology, two structured surveys were analyzed and a case study was carried out on a real estate company which has invested on incorporating BIM in its design process. The surveys were addressed focusing on the BIM implementation stages as a scenario for the implementation of the integrated project approach. The results pointed to a very low stage of BIM implementation. The case study focused on the evaluation of the contractual models related to the implemented BIM practices. Several potential aspects appropriate for the implementation of a relational contract were identified, but still restricted by the inadequacy of the design processes and contracts to BIM collaboration and integration typical characteristics. This Master Thesis defines guidelines for the forthcoming of the observed processes to the integrated project delivery model proposed by the American Institute of Architects.

O contexto econômico e político da indústria Têxtil e de Confecção nacional mostra que há uma constante preocupação em relação aos sucessivos déficits da balança comercial nos últimos anos. Diante deste cenário, a presente pesquisa busca responder como a sistematização e a integração do processo de projeto e de produção pode contribuir para a melhoria do processo de desenvolvimento de produto de moda? E tem por objetivo propor um modelo de referência de desenvolvimento de produtos baseado na integração e na sistematização que possa ser aplicado na indústria de confecção da área da moda, indicando as atividades e tarefas que a empresa deve seguir. Desta maneira, é investigado o estado da arte dos modelos de projeto de moda, a fim de identificar as diretivas que foram utilizadas na elaboração do modelo proposto. Utilizando-se da estrutura do modelo de projeto integrado PRODIP para nortear a proposta, desenvolveu-se o modelo MODIP (Desenvolvimento Integrado de Produtos em Moda) e através de um modelo de estruturação do PDP é analisada a situação atual do desenvolvimento de produtos de uma microempresa de confecção de vestuário, identificando os pontos críticos e sugerindo soluções viáveis de implementação do MODIP e conclui-se que a sistematização proposta pode contribuir para a organização do PDP de uma empresa. / The economical and political context of the Brazilian Textile industry shows that there is a constant concern in relation to the successive deficits of the trade balance in the last years. Before this scenario, this research seecks to answer the question of how the systematization and the integration of the project process and of the production can contribute to the improvement of the process of development of fashion product? And it has as objective to propose a model of reference for development of products based on the integration and in the systematization that can be applied in the industry of confection of the area of fashion, indicating the activities and tasks that the company should proceed. Thus, the state of art of fashion Project models was investigated, in order to identify the policies that were used in the elaboration of the proposed model. Making use of the structure of the model of integrated project PRODIP to orientate the proposal, the model MODIP (Integrated Development of Products in Fashion) was developed and through a model of structuring of PDP the current situation of the development of products of an apparell industry. Its analysed, identifying the critical points and suggesting viable solutions of implementation of MODIP and it is conclued that the systematization of the model can contribute for the organization of a company’s PDP.

Integrated project delivery (IPD) method has recently emerged as an alternative to traditional delivery methods. It has the potential to overcome inefficiencies of traditional delivery methods by enhancing collaboration among project participants. Information and communication technology (ICT) facilitates IPD by effective management, processing and communication of information within and among organizations. While the benefits of IPD, and the role of ICT in realizing them, have been generally acknowledged, the US public construction sector is very slow in adopting IPD. The reasons are - lack of experience and inadequate understanding of IPD in public owner as confirmed by the results of the questionnaire survey conducted under this research study. The public construction sector should be aware of the value of IPD and should know the essentials for effective implementation of IPD principles - especially, they should be cognizant of the opportunities offered by advancements in ICT to realize this. In order to address the need an IPD Readiness Assessment Model (IPD-RAM) was developed in this research study. The model was designed with a goal to determine IPD readiness of a public owner organization considering selected IPD principles, and ICT levels, at which project functions were carried out. Subsequent analysis led to identification of possible improvements in ICTs that have the potential to increase IPD readiness scores. Termed as the gap identification, this process was used to formulate improvement strategies. The model had been applied to six Florida International University (FIU) construction projects (case studies). The results showed that the IPD readiness of the organization was considerably low and several project functions can be improved by using higher and/or advanced level ICT tools and methods. Feedbacks from a focus group comprised of FIU officials and an independent group of experts had been received at various stages of this research and had been utilized during development and implementation of the model. Focus group input was also helpful for validation of the model and its results. It was hoped that the model developed would be useful to construction owner organizations in order to assess their IPD readiness and to identify appropriate ICT improvement strategies.

This thesis examines an American form of partnering, Integrated project Delivery (IPD) for the purpose of implementing it in the Swedish construction industry. To do this the current Swedish standard of partnering, Samverkan, is compared to IPD. The cooperating company is In3prenör AB who are interested in IPD and want to establish if profitable elements can be implemented in their current modus operandi. The thesis was carried out in ten weeks. The thesis was limited to the implementation of IPD towards suppliers, sub- and joint contractors and has held a more speculative view towards employers. Methodically a literature study was done to collect data and knowledge about IPD. Through an interview study data was collected from key figures in two partnering projects who all had previous experience with partnering. From this data a status analysis was done for the purpose of comparing IPD and Samverkan. The results showed that the respondents have had positive experiences with partnering. The majority group of respondents feel partnering results in a nicer working environment and a best-for-project mindset. The respondents held the view that Samverkan is "merely nice words" but the results prove otherwise. The thesis concludes that the primary differences lie in IPD's more complete framework and Samverkan's softer values. The relationship between buyer and main contractor needs to be reworked on the contractual level. Based on the interviews, the authors believe that there is much to be gained through long-term relationships. At the start of new project, the desired results can then be advanced rather than re-established.

This research was completed in two phases; phase-one involved a mini-scan study of the highway maintenance industry to identify the current state-of-practice in performance-based maintenance contracting (PBMC). Phase one gathered information on domestic and foreign agencies currently using performance-based maintenance on highways. Phase two used the mini-scan study information to build, compare and analyze agency timelines (i.e., VDOT to others). Timelines included major milestones at each agency; milestones which enabled innovation in the field of performance-based contracting. The purpose of comparing VDOT to other agencies was to provide VDOT with industry best practices as well as recommendations for future contract evolutions. Timelines were constructed for Florida DOT, Main Roads of Western Australia, England\'s Highways Agency and New Zealand Transport Agency. Connection links were made between VDOT and the other four agencies based on similarities in procurement laws and maintenance milestones (i.e., 1st Design-Build project). The timeline linkages and collection of information on benefits associated with PBMC (compared to traditional method-based maintenance) were used to make five recommendations for VDOT\'s future maintenance program. VDOT recommendations were: Use performance-based contracting on secondary roads, use area-wide contracts to cover addition facilities, shift VDOT TAMS focus from lowest-cost to a best-value approach similar to England\'s Managing-Agent Contractor, devise a strategic network of highways to prioritize maintenance, use key performance indicators to align Maintenance Division objectives with overall VDOT organization. Recommendations also considered the current restrictions imposed by Virginia procurement laws. / Master of Science

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Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) introducerades tidigt på 2000-talet för att främja ett arbete med datorbaserade modeller samt involvering av produktionsplanering i designfasen. VDC är ett koncept som idag har anammats inom många bygg- och konsultföretag för att utveckla arbetet med Building Information Model (BIM), innovationer och samverkan inom byggprojekt. Konceptet VDC förändras ständigt och omdefinieras av enskilda individer och företag. Det här resulterar i att det råder en begreppsförvirring hur VDC ska definieras och hur arbete med VDC ska genomföras. Vidare tenderar många byggprojekt att vara fragmenterade med projektmedlemmar som främst fokuserar på sitt eget teknikområde. För att minska fragmentering mellan projektmedlemmar kan integrerade arbetsmetoder tillämpas. Syftet med examensarbetet är därför dels att undersöka innebörden av VDC som koncept och även hur VDC kan stimulera integrerade arbetsmetoder. Ämnet utforskas kvalitativt med vetenskaplig litteratur och intervjustudie. Den vetenskapliga litteraturen definierar konceptuellt VDC och två integrerade arbetsmetoder Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE) och Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). Varvid intervjustudien inkluderar respondenter från byggsektorn vars reflektioner om det studerade ämnet presenteras. Studien är geografiskt avgränsad till Sverige.  I resultatet påvisas den rådande tvetydigheten huruvida VDC definieras. För att undvika begreppsförvirring kan det vara behövligt med en gemensam definition av VDC i byggbranschen och även nationella riktlinjer vilka beskriver hur arbete med VDC ska utföras. Vidare kan VDC stimulera ett integrerat arbetssätt genom en ökad samhörighet inom byggprojekt med bland annat gemensamma formuleringar av projektmål och gemensam problemlösning mellan projektmedlemmar. / Virtual Design and Construction (VDC) was introduced early in the 21st century in order to encourage work with computer based models and construction planning in the design phase. VDC is a concept that has been embraced by several construction and consulting companies in order to develop their work with Building Information Model (BIM), innovations and cooperation within construction projects. VDC is a concept that keeps evolving and is being redefined by individuals and companies. This has contributed to a conceptual confusion within the construction sector about the definition of VDC. Furthermore, construction projects tend to be fragmented with project members that are working in silos and primarily focusing on their own discipline. In order to decrease the fragmentation within construction projects integrated working methods can be applied. Therefor the purpose of this master thesis is to explore the concept VDC and how it can stimulate integrated working methods.  The study is examined using qualitative methods based on scientific literature and an interview study. The scientific literature is defining VDC conceptually and two integrated working methods Integrated Concurrent Engineering (ICE) and Integrated Project Delivery (IPD). Furthermore, the interview study includes respondents from the construction industry whose reflections and thoughts about the subject are being presented. The study is geographically limited to Sweden.  The result shows the current ambiguity of how VDC is defined. In order to avoid a conceptual confusion a common definition should be formulated with national guidelines that describe how work with VDC should be conducted. Furthermore, VDC can stimulate an integrated approach through increased cohesion within construction projects, including common objectives within the project and joint problem solving between project members.