This dissertation represents the research and development of new concepts and techniques for modeling the knowledge about the many concepts we as hydrologists must understand such that we can execute models that operate in terms of conceptual abstractions and have those abstractions translate to the data, tools, and models we use every day. This hydrologic knowledge includes conceptual (i.e. semantic) knowledge, such as the hydrologic cycle concepts and relationships, as well as functional (i.e. procedural) knowledge, such as how to compute the area of a watershed polygon, average basin slope or topographic wetness index. This dissertation is presented as three papers and a reference manual for the software created. Because hydrologic knowledge includes both semantic aspects as well as procedural aspects, we have developed, in the first paper, a new form of reasoning engine and knowledge base that extends the general-purpose analysis and problem-solving capability of reasoning engines by incorporating procedural knowledge, represented as computer source code, into the knowledge base. The reasoning engine is able to compile the code and then, if need be, execute the procedural code as part of a query. The potential advantage to this approach is that it simplifies the description of procedural knowledge in a form that can be readily utilized by the reasoning engine to answer a query. Further, since the form of representation of the procedural knowledge is source code, the procedural knowledge has the full capabilities of the underlying language. We use the term "functional ontology" to refer to the new semantic and procedural knowledge models. The first paper applies the new knowledge model to describing and analyzing polygons. The second and third papers address the application of the new functional ontology reasoning engine and knowledge model to hydrologic applications. The second paper models concepts and procedures, including running external software, related to watershed delineation. The third paper models a project scenario that includes integrating several models. A key advance demonstrated in this paper is the use of functional ontologies to apply metamodeling concepts in a manner that both abstracts and fully utilizes computational models and data sets as part of the project modeling process.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta investigaÃÃo teve como objetivo identificar por meio de interpretaÃÃes pautadas nos relatos dos professores sobre suas prÃticas pedagÃgicas e nos documentos de institucionalizaÃÃo do PROEJA no IFPA se acontece a articulaÃÃo e a interlocuÃÃo entre os contextos da EducaÃÃo BÃsica e Profissional na formataÃÃo de integraÃÃo do ensino. A motivaÃÃo para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa pautou-se as seguintes perguntas: a) Como o PROEJA foi assimilado no IFPA? b) Que prÃticas pedagÃgicas tÃm sido desenvolvidas no Curso TÃcnico de MecÃnica do PROEJA/IFPA? c) A integraÃÃo da EducaÃÃo BÃsica com a EducaÃÃo Profissional à um fundamento explicitado na visÃo dos professores em suas prÃticas docentes e na proposta pedagÃgica do Curso de MecÃnica do PROEJA/IFPA? Para responder aos questionamentos da pesquisa utilizamos como referÃncia para a pesquisa qualitativa por se tratar de um estudo do processo educativo, que visa propor alternativas metodolÃgicas ao desenvolvimento de um curso, e por sabermos que muitas informaÃÃes sobre o desenvolvimento das prÃticas pedagÃgicas pelos professores nÃo podem ser quantificadas, e sim interpretadas de forma mais ampla amparada principalmente nos aspectos culturais sociais dos sujeitos da pesquisa. Na primeira fase foi realizado uma revisÃo bibliogrÃfica para delimitar um referencial especÃfico para fundamentar teoricamente o estudo. Em seguida foram levantados, nos documentos oficiais subsÃdios legais para basear as reflexÃes e anÃlises sobre o objeto da pesquisa tais como: o Documento Base do PROEJA; o Documento Base Um salto para o futuro; os Referenciais do PROEJA para o Ensino Fundamental e MÃdio; o Decreto 5.840/2006 que institui, no Ãmbito federal, o Programa Nacional de IntegraÃÃo da EducaÃÃo Profissional com a EducaÃÃo BÃsica na Modalidade de EducaÃÃo de Jovens e Adultos â PROEJA; a OrganizaÃÃo DidÃtica dos Cursos PROEJA; a Proposta PedagÃgica dos Cursos do PROEJA no IFPA; e os RelatÃrios dos Cursos de FormaÃÃo em PROEJA realizados com os professores da InstituiÃÃo a fim de reunir nÃo apenas dados quantitativos, mas, acima de tudo, informaÃÃes que possibilitassem realizar anÃlises qualitativas do fenÃmeno. A pesquisa empÃrica tambÃm foi empregada, realizamos uma abordagem qualitativa por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas desenvolvidas junto aos professores do curso. Durante o desenvolvimento das entrevistas, identificamos a necessidade de aprofundar a investigaÃÃo. Nesta lÃgica empregamos a tÃcnica da pesquisa participante, momento em que envolvemos um nÃmero significativo de professores no desenvolvimento de oficina prÃtica sobre a temÃtica com o propÃsito de responder aos objetivos da pesquisa referentes à identificaÃÃo das alternativas metodolÃgicas propostas pelos professores para o curso. O resultado da pesquisa revelou em relaÃÃo a prÃtica pedagÃgica desenvolvidas nas salas do PROEJA à perceptÃvel a dificuldade encontrada pelos professores no que diz respeito a integraÃÃo dos conhecimentos da formaÃÃo geral com a formaÃÃo tÃcnica. A problemÃtica da organizaÃÃo do trabalho pedagÃgico aprofunda-se no desenvolvimento dos Cursos PROEJA do IFPA, que aponta a necessidade de um trabalho mais coletivo no qual ocorra uma integraÃÃo entre as diversas disciplinas em torno de situaÃÃes concretas da prÃtica dos alunos. Como resultados da oficina concluÃmos a necessidade de esclarecermos junto aos professores lotados no Curso que o PROEJA à um programa que tem como objetivo o resgate de cidadania dos jovens e adultos que nÃo puderam estudar na idade escolar. Sendo necessÃrio que os professores e gestores institucionais se atentem para o fato de que os alunos do PROEJA possuem traÃos de vida origens idades vivÃncias profissionais histÃricos escolares ritmos de aprendizagem diferenciados. Realidade que deve ser atendida com qualidade. TambÃm foi amplamente defendido que devemos ter como prÃtica o diÃlogo e a troca de experiÃncias, pois os alunos da EJA sÃo alunos que tÃm um grande acÃmulo de conhecimento de vida prÃtica e buscam em sala de aula na teoria a complementaÃÃo daquilo que jà conhecem do dia a dia. Esperamos que este trabalho possa contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um ensino profissionalizante baseado na integraÃÃo do conhecimento tÃcnico, cientÃfico e cultural e que assegure tÃcnicas e metodologias de ensino capazes de proporcionar aos alunos condiÃÃes de permanÃncia e aprendizagem conduzindo-os a melhores resultados acadÃmicos assim como e uma preparaÃÃo de trabalhadores que eleve o nÃvel de escolarizaÃÃo da populaÃÃo / This research aimed to identify, through interpretation guided reports from teachers about their teaching practices and the institutionalization of documents PROEJA the IFPA, if it happens articulation and dialogue between the contexts of Basic Education and Training in shaping integration of education . The motivation for the development of the research was based on the following questions: a) How PROEJA was assimilated into the IFPA? b) What pedagogical practices have been developed in the Technical Course Mechanics PROEJA / IFPA? c) Integration of Basic Education to the Education Professional is an explicit basis in view of the teachers in their teaching practices and pedagogical Course Mechanics PROEJA / IFPA? To answer the questions of the research used as a reference for qualitative research, because it is a study of the educational process, which aims to propose alternatives to the methodological development of a course, and we know that a lot of information on the development of pedagogical practices by teachers do not can be quantified, but interpreted more broadly, supported mainly in the cultural, social research subjects. In the first phase a literature review was conducted to define a specific framework to support the theoretical study. Then, they were raised, in official documents, legal allowances to base analyzes and reflections on the object of research such as: PROEJA Base Document, the Document Base A leap into the future; PROEJA of the Benchmarks for Elementary and East; Decree 5.840/2006 establishing, at the federal level, the National Program for Integration of Professional Education with Basic Education in the Form of Youth and Adults - PROEJA, the Organization of the Curriculum Courses PROEJA, the Pedagogical Plan of Courses PROEJA the IFPA, and the reports of training courses PROEJA conducted with teachers of the institution in order to meet not only quantitative data, but, above all, information that would allow conduct qualitative analysis of the phenomenon. Empirical research has also been employed, we conducted a qualitative approach using semi-structured interviews with teachers developed the course. During development of the interviews, we identified the need for further research. Following this logic we use the technique of participatory research, time involved a significant number of teachers in the development of practical workshop on the theme, in order to meet the objectives of the research concerning the identification of methodological alternatives proposed by the teachers for the course. The survey results revealed concerning the pedagogical practice developed in the halls of PROEJA is noticeable difficulties encountered by teachers regarding the integration of knowledge of general education with technical training. The issue of organization of educational work delves into the development of courses PROEJA the IFPA, which indicates the need for a more collective in which integration occurs between the different disciplines, based on real situations in the practice of students. As a result of the workshop concluded the need to clarify with teachers crowded the PROEJA Course is a program that aims to rescue the citizenship of young people and adults who could not study at school age. Is necessary that teachers and institutional managers to pay attention to the fact that students have the PROEJA traces of life, backgrounds, ages, professional experiences, transcripts, different rates of learning. Reality that must be met with quality. It was also widely argued that we should have as a practice dialogue and exchange of experiences as students of adult education are students who have a large accumulation of knowledge of practical life and seek in the classroom, in theory, to complement what we already know day to day. We hope this work can contribute to the development of a vocational education based on the integration of technical, scientific and cultural techniques and methodologies to ensure education can provide students with conditions of stay and learning, leading them to better academic results, well as preparing workers and raising the level of schooling of the population.

Inledning: ISTDP-metoden har en växande evidensbas. Metoden kräver högre grad av aktivitet och direkthet från terapeutens sida jämfört med klassiskt psykodynamiskt förhållningssätt. Syftet med denna studie är att fördjupa kunskapen om psykoterapeutstuderandes upplevelser av att lära sig och arbeta med ISTDP parallellt med andra utbildningsinslag. Frågeställningar: Fokuserar på psykoterapeutstuderandes upplevelser av lära och integrera ISTDP-metoden med andra psykodynamiska arbetssätt. Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie med psykoterapeutstuderande som utbildats i ISTDP under psykoterapeututbildningen. Resultat: Upplevelserna av ISTDP-momentet skiljer sig mellan intervjupersonerna, som beskriver en ambivalens: dels uppskattning över att ha lärt sig metoden, dels utmaningen i att vara aktiv, uppmärksam och samtidigt tänka ut lämpliga interventioner. Initial osäkerhet avtog med ökad erfarenhet och gav större mod och trygghet i terapeutrollen. Metoden upplevs underlätta tydlighet, fokus och ångestreglering i patientarbetet. ISTDP-momentet gavs stort utrymme vilket begränsade utrymmet för andra ämnen. Diskussion: Denna studie visar på svårigheter förknippade med att lära sig en metod där arbetssättet skiljer sig från övriga utbildningsmoment. Studien belyser vikten av balans mellan utmaning och trygghet i lärsituationen med hänsyn taget till studenternas tidigare kunskaper och begränsade erfarenhet. Faktorer som gynnar respektive hämmar lärandet diskuteras. / Introduction: ISTDP, a method with a growing evidence base, requires a greater degree of activity and directness from the therapist than the classical psychodynamic approach. The purpose of this study is to gain knowledge of psychotherapy students' experience of learning ISTDP in parallel with other educational features. Questions: Focus on psychotherapy students' experience of learning ISTDP and integrating it with other ways to work in psychodynamic therapy. Results: Interviewees describe ambivalence: on one hand an appreciation of having learned the method, on the other the challenges of being active, attentive, and finding appropriate interventions. Growing experience led to greater courage and sense of security in the therapist role. The method was perceived to facilitate clarity, focus, and regulation of anxiety in patient work. Discussion: This study demonstrates the difficulties involved when learning a method where working ways differ from those taught in other courses. The study underlines the importance of a balance between challenge and security in the learning situation, considering the students' previous knowledge and limited. Factors that promote and impede learning are discussed.

Schema and ontology matching play an important part in the field of data integration and semantic web. Given two heterogeneous data sources, meta data matching usually constitutes the first step in the data integration workflow, which refers to the analysis and comparison of two input resources like schemas or ontologies. The result is a list of correspondences between the two schemas or ontologies, which is often called mapping or alignment. Many tools and research approaches have been proposed to automatically determine those correspondences. However, most match tools do not provide any information about the relation type that holds between matching concepts, for the simple but important reason that most common match strategies are too simple and heuristic to allow any sophisticated relation type determination. Knowing the specific type holding between two concepts, e.g., whether they are in an equality, subsumption (is-a) or part-of relation, is very important for advanced data integration tasks, such as ontology merging or ontology evolution. It is also very important for mappings in the biological or biomedical domain, where is-a and part-of relations may exceed the number of equality correspondences by far. Such more expressive mappings allow much better integration results and have scarcely been in the focus of research so far. In this doctoral thesis, the determination of the correspondence types in a given mapping is the focus of interest, which is referred to as semantic mapping enrichment. We introduce and present the mapping enrichment tool STROMA, which obtains a pre-calculated schema or ontology mapping and for each correspondence determines a semantic relation type. In contrast to previous approaches, we will strongly focus on linguistic laws and linguistic insights. By and large, linguistics is the key for precise matching and for the determination of relation types. We will introduce various strategies that make use of these linguistic laws and are able to calculate the semantic type between two matching concepts. The observations and insights gained from this research go far beyond the field of mapping enrichment and can be also applied to schema and ontology matching in general. Since generic strategies have certain limits and may not be able to determine the relation type between more complex concepts, like a laptop and a personal computer, background knowledge plays an important role in this research as well. For example, a thesaurus can help to recognize that these two concepts are in an is-a relation. We will show how background knowledge can be effectively used in this instance, how it is possible to draw conclusions even if a concept is not contained in it, how the relation types in complex paths can be resolved and how time complexity can be reduced by a so-called bidirectional search. The developed techniques go far beyond the background knowledge exploitation of previous approaches, and are now part of the semantic repository SemRep, a flexible and extendable system that combines different lexicographic resources. Further on, we will show how additional lexicographic resources can be developed automatically by parsing Wikipedia articles. The proposed Wikipedia relation extraction approach yields some millions of additional relations, which constitute significant additional knowledge for mapping enrichment. The extracted relations were also added to SemRep, which thus became a comprehensive background knowledge resource. To augment the quality of the repository, different techniques were used to discover and delete irrelevant semantic relations. We could show in several experiments that STROMA obtains very good results w.r.t. relation type detection. In a comparative evaluation, it was able to achieve considerably better results than related applications. This corroborates the overall usefulness and strengths of the implemented strategies, which were developed with particular emphasis on the principles and laws of linguistics.