Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 77-78).

Thesis (M. S.)--Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Hicks, Diana, Committee Chair ; Rouse, Bill, Committee Co-Chair ; Bodner, Douglas, Committee Member.

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científico e tecnológico de uma nação pode ser mensurado através da análise da capacidade de sua sociedade de gerar conhecimento e transformá-lo em um produto aplicável à realidade da sua população, sendo certo que a eficácia desta dinâmica depende da existência de políticas públicas de proteção à propriedade intelectual (PI), que garantam ao titular da criação segurança e o retorno do investimento realizado. Uma das áreas em que esse processo é mais evidente é a saúde, já que é responsável por atrair volumosos investimentos financeiros tanto do setor público como do privado. O Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) está amplamente inserido no contexto da pesquisa em saúde porque possui como objetivo institucional, além da assistência e do ensino, promover a realização de pesquisas científicas e tecnológicas e de inovação, sendo reconhecido pela excelência nesse campo. Diante disso, o objetivo geral do trabalho consiste na elaboração de uma política institucional para normatizar a proteção e a exploração dos direitos de propriedade intelectual que decorrem das pesquisas em saúde realizadas pela comunidade científica do HCPA. Para tanto, foi realizada pesquisa qualitativa de dados a partir de revisão bibliográfica e análise documental, bem como utilizada a técnica de investigação de estudo de caso. Os resultados obtidos apontaram para a existência de uma vasta gama de possibilidades de pesquisas a serem realizadas na Instituição, as quais podem gerar diversas formas de proteção e exploração da propriedade intelectual, o que possibilitou o desenvolvimento da proposta de redação da política institucional de propriedade intelectual para o HCPA. Conclui-se que há forte cultura sobre pesquisa e desenvolvimento em toda a instituição, mas que a propriedade intelectual ainda é uma matéria que merece maior atenção, a fim de que todo o seu potencial e benefícios possam ser alcançados. / A nation’s scientific and technological development can be measured by its society capacity to generate knowledge and turn it into an useful product for its population. There’s no doubt that the effectiveness of this dynamic depends on the existence of public policies of intellectual property protection, which guarantee to the author security and return of the investment he’s done. Health is one of the areas where this process is most evident, since it is responsible for attracting massive financial investments from both public and private sectors. The Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) is deeply inserted in the context of health research because, besides medical assistance and teaching, it has as an institutional objective to promote scientific and technological research and innovation, being recognized for its excellence in this field. Therefore, the general objective of this work is to compose an institutional policy to regulate the protection and the profiteering of the intellectual property rights that derive from the research in the health area carried out by the HCPA’s scientific community. To achieve it, a qualitative data research was implemented based on bibliographic review and documentary analysis, as well as case study investigation technique. The results obtained pointed out the existence of a wide range of research possibilities to be carried out in the Institution, which enables several forms of protection and profiteering of the intellectual property and made possible to write the proposal of an institutional property policy for the HCPA. It is concluded that there is a strong culture of research and development throughout the institution, but that intellectual property is still a subject that deserves more attention so that its full potential and benefits can be achieved.

For milennia, agricultural genetics were common-pool, open access (or res nullius) resources, unencumbered by the assignment of property rights. Beginning in 1930, a series of legislative and judicial actions incrementally altered the legal definition of agricultural genetics and, ultimately, permitted the application of utility patents to a resource that was once free to all. In the factitious process of creating ownable property from that which was previously shared, the potential consequences of privatizing these res nullius resources were often unanticipated, underappreciated or entirely dismissed. Ramifications include not only the widely publicized concerns of environmental contretemps and the potentially insalubrious effects of consuming transgenic foods, but also more obscure implications, many of which are economically counterproductive and socially undesirable (e.g., promoting farmers onto a technology treadmill that requires them to implement successive iterations of evolving technologies or risk becoming noncompetitive; creating hostilities between technology adopters and non-adopting farmers which, in turn, complexifies social relationships and diminishes the quality of rural life; encouraging questionable corporate behaviors; promoting strategic hold-ups whereby broadly applied patents constrain the widespread use of licenses and consequently inhibit further evolution of technologies, and; creating patent thickets that produce bottlenecks, slow innovation, and increase transaction costs). Proponents of biotechnology seek to strengthen the inchoate property to the point of adoption by minimizing or negating controversial aspects while emphasizing potentially positive outcomes. Opposing interests attempt to exploit potentially negative implications or outcomes in an attempt to weaken the propertization to the point of abandonment. (According to Radin (2000b), the term, propertization, refers to the creation of property, often intangible, or at least less tangible than traditional chattel assets, through a socially sanctioned, uncertain and malleable process.) The success of any attempt to privatize agricultural genetics is not assured, and opportunistic stakeholders opposing or promoting the creation of the property will attempt to exploit this incertitude to influence the outcome of the inchoate propertization. Thus, unlike ownership of conventional, tangible properties (e.g., land or chattel), the successful (or, equally, unsuccessful) privatization of agricultural genetic sequences is dependent upon the process of creating the property, itself. Employing grounded theory methodologies, this dissertation analyzes five case studies to develop a unique model describing the uncertain process of creating property from agricultural genetics and facilitate explaining why certain propertization attempts are successful while others are not.

We investigate the impact of intellectual property on the market value of firms. We use European and national research and development, patent, trademark, design, and financial data on Swedish public companies in the years 2003 to 2013. We regressed intellectual property indicators against Tobin’s q, which we use to measure the market value of firms. Patents, research and development, and trademarks indicate a positive relationship with a firm’s market value, while we did not observe the same relationship for designs. The use of intellectual property is concentrated in manufacturing industries. Large companies hold a majority of all intellectual property stocks. The results of the study show that in general, the financial markets tend to reward companies, which invest in intellectual property. In practice, our results implicate that intellectual property strategy affects shareholder value. Regarding research, our results mostly confirm findings from other studies on the market value of firms; research and development, patents and trademarks. However, more research is needed on the effect of design and the market value of firms.

When the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) was annexed to the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in 1994, it set minimum standards for intellectual property (IP) protection, including protection of patent rights, that must be observed and enforced by all WTO Member States. On the one hand, stringent Intellectual Property protection as seen innovation in the field of science where medical innovation hasled to the creation of live saving vaccines which have reduced prevalence of diseases, ranging from polio to the human Papillomavirus, and invention of antiretroviral medicines which have greatly improved the lives of people living with the Huma Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). On the other hand, the fulfilment of the obligations under TRIPS has generated a lot of controversy especially as they have been seen as the cause of reduced access to essential medicines in developing countries. / Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law)

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Le but de cette thèse est de faire une comparaison objective entre le droit de la propriété intellectuelle en France et en Jordanie, afin d'en extraire les ressemblances et les différences et d'en tirer un enseignement qui pourra peut-être permettre la conception d'une loi protégeant la propriété intellectuelle dans les pays qui n'en possèdent pas, en particulier la Palestine. C'est pour cette raison que j'ai travaillé sur le droit de la propriété intellectuelle en général sans prendre une branche précise pour mettre en place les principes généraux d'un code de la propriété intellectuelle pour la Palestine. / The purpose of this study is to make an objective comparison between the intellectual property right in France and Jordan law in order to extyarct the similarities and differences to establish the basic principles of intellectual property code for Palestine. The reason why I worked on intellectual property law in general without taking a specific branch.