científico e tecnológico de uma nação pode ser mensurado através da análise da capacidade de sua sociedade de gerar conhecimento e transformá-lo em um produto aplicável à realidade da sua população, sendo certo que a eficácia desta dinâmica depende da existência de políticas públicas de proteção à propriedade intelectual (PI), que garantam ao titular da criação segurança e o retorno do investimento realizado. Uma das áreas em que esse processo é mais evidente é a saúde, já que é responsável por atrair volumosos investimentos financeiros tanto do setor público como do privado. O Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) está amplamente inserido no contexto da pesquisa em saúde porque possui como objetivo institucional, além da assistência e do ensino, promover a realização de pesquisas científicas e tecnológicas e de inovação, sendo reconhecido pela excelência nesse campo. Diante disso, o objetivo geral do trabalho consiste na elaboração de uma política institucional para normatizar a proteção e a exploração dos direitos de propriedade intelectual que decorrem das pesquisas em saúde realizadas pela comunidade científica do HCPA. Para tanto, foi realizada pesquisa qualitativa de dados a partir de revisão bibliográfica e análise documental, bem como utilizada a técnica de investigação de estudo de caso. Os resultados obtidos apontaram para a existência de uma vasta gama de possibilidades de pesquisas a serem realizadas na Instituição, as quais podem gerar diversas formas de proteção e exploração da propriedade intelectual, o que possibilitou o desenvolvimento da proposta de redação da política institucional de propriedade intelectual para o HCPA. Conclui-se que há forte cultura sobre pesquisa e desenvolvimento em toda a instituição, mas que a propriedade intelectual ainda é uma matéria que merece maior atenção, a fim de que todo o seu potencial e benefícios possam ser alcançados. / A nation’s scientific and technological development can be measured by its society capacity to generate knowledge and turn it into an useful product for its population. There’s no doubt that the effectiveness of this dynamic depends on the existence of public policies of intellectual property protection, which guarantee to the author security and return of the investment he’s done. Health is one of the areas where this process is most evident, since it is responsible for attracting massive financial investments from both public and private sectors. The Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) is deeply inserted in the context of health research because, besides medical assistance and teaching, it has as an institutional objective to promote scientific and technological research and innovation, being recognized for its excellence in this field. Therefore, the general objective of this work is to compose an institutional policy to regulate the protection and the profiteering of the intellectual property rights that derive from the research in the health area carried out by the HCPA’s scientific community. To achieve it, a qualitative data research was implemented based on bibliographic review and documentary analysis, as well as case study investigation technique. The results obtained pointed out the existence of a wide range of research possibilities to be carried out in the Institution, which enables several forms of protection and profiteering of the intellectual property and made possible to write the proposal of an institutional property policy for the HCPA. It is concluded that there is a strong culture of research and development throughout the institution, but that intellectual property is still a subject that deserves more attention so that its full potential and benefits can be achieved.

A presente dissertação busca analisar os aspectos subjacentes à emergência de um novo paradigma no que tange à inovação: open innovation (ou inovação aberta). Tendo em vista que o estudo comporta a necessidade de conceituação, importa observar que atualmente o conhecimento se mostra difundido entre inúmeras fontes. Sendo assim, a ideia de uma estrutura totalmente vertical e autossuficiente de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, inerente aos modelos fulcrados no paradigma anterior (closed innovation ou inovação fechada), vem dando lugar à crença de que ideias valiosas podem surgir tanto internamente quanto externamente, da mesma maneira que as inovações resultantes das atividades empresariais podem chegar ao mercado por caminhos internos e externos. Essa abordagem atribui grande relevância ao intercâmbio de conhecimento e à perspectiva colaborativa, destacando como principal vantagem a diminuição dos custos com pesquisa e desenvolvimento. Dentre os vários pontos de distinção entre os referidos paradigmas encontra-se a função a ser desempenhada pela propriedade intelectual. Por conseguinte, o objetivo desta dissertação consiste em investigar como a propriedade intelectual funciona dentro da lógica pela qual se orienta a inovação aberta, isto é, se ela impede o fluxo de conhecimento entre os diversos agentes do mercado envolvendo tecnologia ou, ao contrário, se a proteção formal desses ativos intangíveis é o elemento que permite tal intercâmbio. Nesses termos, busca-se demonstrar que as sociedades empresárias adotantes desse modelo aberto abordam a questão da titularidade de direitos de propriedade intelectual como ponto crucial à consecução de práticas baseadas em inovação aberta, as quais se instrumentalizam a partir de contratos formais. Importa observar que, através de uma metodologia científica de análise de conteúdo, toda a investigação em curso se perfaz tendo em conta a empresa enquanto conceito dinâmico dentro do contexto da manifestação do mercado como um fenômeno poliédrico, o qual, em se tratando de temas como propriedade intelectual, será orientado para a inovação. Desta feita, a conclusão da pesquisa indica que os direitos da propriedade intelectual são importantes ativos em uma lógica de open innovation, pois esta não advoga a extinção da propriedade intelectual, mas a flexibilização de sua exploração. / This dissertation aims to analyze the underlying aspects regarding the emergence of a new paradigm in terms of innovation: open innovation. Given that the study demands conceptualization, it is important to notice that, currently, knowledge is diffused among various sources. Thus, the idea of a vertical and self-sufficient structure of research and development, inherent to the business models based on the previous paradigm (closed innovation) is being substituted by the believe that valuable ideas may come from inside and outside the company. Likewise, innovations resulting from the business activities may find their way to market from internal or external paths. This approach assigns great importance to knowledge exchange and collaborative perspective, and also highlights the advantage of a decrease on costs of research and development. Among the numerous elements of distinction between the two referred paradigms is the role played by intellectual property. Therefore, the aim of this dissertation is the investigation on how intellectual property works in an open innovation oriented logic, that is, if it prevents the knowledge flow between the several agents of technology market, or, instead, if the formal protection of intangible assets enables such exchange. Thereby, the present work seeks to demonstrate that firms involved with open innovation practices address the issue of intellectual property ownership as crucial to the development of their business with great use of formal contractual instruments. It shall be noticed that through a methodology consisting in content analysis all this investigation is conducted taking into account the enterprise as a dynamic concept inside the context of the market as a manifestation of a polyhedral phenomenon which, regarding intellectual property, shall be oriented towards innovation. Thus, the conclusion of the present research indicates that intellectual property rights are important assets when it comes to an open innovation landscape since it does not advocates intellectual propertys extinction, but an easing regarding its profiteering.

Orientador: Professor Dr. Sérgio Amadeu da Silveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Humanas e Sociais, 2016. / O contexto das redes de relacionamento online da contemporaneidade trouxe novas formas de interação entre os indivíduos. Atualmente, o uso de memes, por exemplo, é frequente e inunda as diversas plataformas da internet. Esse trabalho pretende explorar duas vertentes emergidas e inter-relacionadas desta realidade permeada pelo uso das novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação. A primeira proposta consiste em esclarecer a dinâmica e as características dos memes por meio de um levantamento teórico que abrange a utilização do termo desde os tempos que antecedem a internet. Outra problemática abordada nesta pesquisa refere-se às questões que envolvem o direito da propriedade intelectual no contexto da cibercultura. Esse ponto se apresenta como uma relação complexa, visto que, enquanto a internet se permeia pela lógica da liberdade, há indícios de que a propriedade intelectual seja reconhecida por seu caráter regulador. Para corroborar essa discussão, há neste trabalho o intento de debater até que ponto os memes agridem os direitos da propriedade intelectual e, mais ainda, até que ponto a regulação dos direitos autorais é capaz de interferir na criação e incessante propagação desse fenômeno tão representativo da cultura remix no ciberespaço. / The context of online social networks in the contemporaneity brought new forms of interaction between individuals. Currently the use of memes, for example, is frequent and flood lot of Internet platforms. This essay aims to explore two aspects emerged and interrelated in this reality permeated by the use of new information and communication technologies. Thus, the first proposal is to clarify the characteristics and dynamics of memes supported by a theoretic research comprising the use of the term in a period that precedes the internet era. Another problem indexed in this research refers about the issues involving intellectual property rights in the context of cyberculture. This point is presented as a complex relationship because while the internet is permeated by the logic of freedom, intellectual property seems to be recognized by your regulatory character. To support the discussion, this essay also has the purpose to debate which are the limits of disrespect of memes against the rights of intellectual property and even more so, how this regulation of copyright are able to interfere in the creation and relentless spread of this so representative phenomenon of the remix culture in cyberspace.

Magister Legum - LLM (Mercantile and Labour Law) / Traditional knowledge has been around for centuries and has gained over the centuries and adapted to the local culture and environment, traditional knowledge is transmitted orally from generation to generation. It tends to be collectively owned and takes the form of stories, songs, folklore, proverbs, cultural values, beliefs, rituals, community laws, local language, and agricultural practices, including the development of plant species and animal breeds. The Swakopmund Protocol has been one of the legislations that has been put in place to protect Traditional knowledge and has to be reviewed. With Traditional communities playing a huge role at the in the Namibian communities, the aim of the protocol is to protect them by establishing its effectiveness. The mini thesis aims to study the intellectual property system in Namibia as a system of protection which is inadequate for protecting Traditional knowledge, and as a result there is a huge need for Namibia to develop its national sui generis system for protecting TK. There are so many gaps existing in Namibia with regards to the existing intellectual property laws that need to be filled with all the results from the research this mini this will provide, it could provide the direction the country needs to go in. The research focuses on the effectiveness of the Swakopmund Protocol that was implemented in 2010. Questions in the paper to be answered are such as what the protocol has achieved in the time that it has been in place, but more importantly how effective the Protocol is in protecting TK within the country and ways forward to protecting TK and making the protection as efficient as possible to extending necessary protection for TK and allow the next generations of people to have access to such knowledge. The mini thesis will be a desk-based research focusing on the Swakopmund Protocol. There is today a growing appreciation of the value of traditional knowledge. This knowledge is valuable not only to those who depend on it in their daily lives, but to modern industry and agriculture as well. Many widely used products, such as plantbased medicines, health products and cosmetics, are derived from traditional knowledge. Other valuable products based on traditional knowledge include agricultural and non-wood forest products as well as handicraft.

Competition law aspects of technical standardization, use and protection of intellectual property rights Abstract The thesis deals with mutual relationship between intellectual property law and competition law in the context of technical standardization - i.e. process which gives rise to a significant number of potential conflicts between the two legal areas. It is analysed, in the context of technical standardization, in what way are subjective rights of intellectual property right owners limited by competition law regulation. It falls within the ambit of this thesis to evaluate whether respective legal framework fulfils necessary requirements on legal certainty and whether it is applied in the same manner to each undertaking, or if there are any discrepancies as to the application of the legal framework dependent on the kind of the undertaking. This thesis particularly concerns with competition law aspects of standardization in information and communication technology sector and selected issues related to use or protection of intellectual property rights in connection to article 101 and 102 TFEU. First chapter explains what the term technical standard entails, introduces de facto and de jure standards, describes the process of their creation and analyses potential effects of this process on the...

The thesis takes as its central object and problematic the contentious status of domain names in global and domestic legal systems. It considers the manner in which advances in technology have blurred the legal rights between domain names and the existing laws of trademark, contract, copyright and property. As it stands, domain names are presented as a secondary right attached to other legal rights such as trademark or contract law, rather than as a new form, or species, of intellectual property. And yet, domain names represent a valuable, distinct and scarce commodity, which, in so far as they are capable of exclusive and excludable use, control and “ownership”, exhibit regularities common to forms of property. This thesis seeks to justify the application of legal frameworks with respect to domain name registration and use to prepare the way for a discussion of the highly qualified recognition of domain names as legal property in United States courts and, to some extent, by arbitral tribunals acting under the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers ICANN mandated Uniform Dispute Resolution Mechanism. By means of a detailed exploration of the legal and practical challenges accompanying the meteoric rise of Internet technology and commerce, the thesis intends to clarify the fundamental reasons for some of the current controversies. The thesis proceeds, in a first step, to identify several “gaps” in the current framework of domain name regulation, drawing the readers’ attention to the, arguably, flawed treatment of the legal issue surrounding domain name use, control and ownership by courts and tribunals against the background of the accelerating monetisation and commoditisation of domain names. In capsule, this thesis aims to conduct a review into existing scholarship and case law on trademarks and domain names, in addition to contract and property law. It focuses on the associated legal frameworks for each, supported by cases that demonstrate their legal standing as a newly emergent property-based right. Moreover, the thesis sets these reflections against a broader discussion of doctrinal developments in the area of trademark law, the emerging role of ICANN as a custodian of the technical domain name allocation functions; the origins and theory behind the concept of property as distinct from the law of contract and, finally, the relevance of property rights to the legal standing of domain names. The thesis concludes by arguing that domain names should be treated as expressions of contract and property law, and that the relationship between domain names and trademark law be critically assessed and not confused. Further, it is argued that courts should take account of this duality towards the development of a revised framework for the regulation and adjudication of domain name assignment and use. A movement in this direction would stabilise expectations around the rights owed to, and by, domain name “owners”, alleviating the uncertainty that remains as to their status under law, while reducing the scope for dispute. By taking these issues one by one, this thesis aspires to make a small but important critical contribution to the intellectual and political debate on the future development and enforcement of domain name law.

O trabalho objetivou identificar o papel do Estado no melhoramento de plantas cultivadas, diante de uma nova era tecnológica e institucional, caracterizada pelos avanços da biotecnologia e pelos rearranjos das relações entre as organizações públicas e privadas e pela construção de uma nova moldura legal no campo da propriedade intelectual. Apoiando-se na teoria institucional, buscou-se lançar um olhar sobre o setor de melhoramento de plantas, analisando-se dados sobre a pesquisa e a comercialização de cultivares por instituições públicas e privadas, identificando o comportamento de cada instituição, relativo à adoção de práticas e mecanismos do campo do direito de propriedade intelectual e a respectiva participação no desenvolvimento dos cultivares preponderantes na agricultura brasileira. Verificou-se que, em contraste com o que aparentemente ocorre em algumas nações desenvolvidas, onde predomina um processo de privatização do setor, no Brasil segue firme a importância das instituições públicas. Um dos fatores limitantes ao crescimento da participação das instituições privadas no desenvolvimento e comercialização de novos cultivares no Brasil pode ser encontrado na dificuldade de assegurar aos obtentores os direitos previstos nas leis vigentes, relativas aos novos cultivares. / The work objectified to identify the role of the public institutions in the improvement of farming plants, ahead of a new technological and institutional era, characterized for the advances of the biotechnology and the rearrangements of the relations between the public and private organizations and for the construction of a new legal frame in the field of the intellectual property. Supporting itself in the institutional theory, one searched to launch a look on the sector of plant breeding, analyzing themselves given on the research and the commercialization to cultivate for public and private institutions, identifying to the behavior of each institution, relative to the adoption of practical and mechanisms of the field of the intellectual property and the respective participation in the development of cultivar them preponderant in Brazilian agriculture. It was verified that, in contrast with what apparently it occurs in some developed nations, where predominates a process of privatization of the sector, in Brazil it follows firm the importance of the public institutions. One of the restrictive factors to the growth of the participation of the private institutions in the development and commercialization of new cultivars in Brazil it can be found in the difficulty to assure to the owner the rights foreseen in the law to the news cultivars.

abstract: The ease of programmability in Software-Defined Networking (SDN) makes it a great platform for implementation of various initiatives that involve application deployment, dynamic topology changes, and decentralized network management in a multi-tenant data center environment. However, implementing security solutions in such an environment is fraught with policy conflicts and consistency issues with the hardness of this problem being affected by the distribution scheme for the SDN controllers. In this dissertation, a formalism for flow rule conflicts in SDN environments is introduced. This formalism is realized in Brew, a security policy analysis framework implemented on an OpenDaylight SDN controller. Brew has comprehensive conflict detection and resolution modules to ensure that no two flow rules in a distributed SDN-based cloud environment have conflicts at any layer; thereby assuring consistent conflict-free security policy implementation and preventing information leakage. Techniques for global prioritization of flow rules in a decentralized environment are presented, using which all SDN flow rule conflicts are recognized and classified. Strategies for unassisted resolution of these conflicts are also detailed. Alternately, if administrator input is desired to resolve conflicts, a novel visualization scheme is implemented to help the administrators view the conflicts in an aesthetic manner. The correctness, feasibility and scalability of the Brew proof-of-concept prototype is demonstrated. Flow rule conflict avoidance using a buddy address space management technique is studied as an alternate to conflict detection and resolution in highly dynamic cloud systems attempting to implement an SDN-based Moving Target Defense (MTD) countermeasures. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Computer Science 2017

The aim of the thesis is to analyse suitability of trademarks and designs for protection of products’ appearance, name its advantages and disadvantages and identify and discuss conditions that must be fulfilled for an appearance of a product to be protected by each of the two mentioned types of protection. The thesis further aims to ascertain whether it is, in general, more difficult to obtain a trademark or a design protection of products bearing in mind difficulties that may arise during the registration process. The thesis focuses mainly on the European Union trademarks and Community designs.   Further, the scope of protection conferred by both instruments is analysed and evaluated and it should be determined which type of protection confers a wider protection on its owner. The thesis also aims to respond a question “which of the analysed intellectual property law instruments is more suitable and favourable for protecting an appearance of products.” Therefore, based on this thesis, users of trademarks and designs should be able to decide which of these two types of protection they should use in order to protect their products or products of their clients.

Big Data is an interesting, developing and to some extent, vague area in respect of law. The actual value of Big Data is in its flow, not its sources. There are different options discussed which are considered as the tool to dictate ownership for Big Data, like, Copyright, Trade Secrets, Patent, Database Protection etc. However, there are also some ideas to come up with a new type of intellectual property right to deal with this. Among other available intellectual property rights, database, apparently, provides the most obvious protection for Big Data. In addition to it, laws regarding Big Data needs to be in conformity with privacy law, competition law, contract law etc. The research primarily concerns with big data database, and to identify the impact of big data, it includes some aspects of business practice. From a broader perspective, the research analyses the scope of third parties’ rights to match with the financial aspects of big data database. This research aims to identify how to balance different interests in using big data. There is no point to deny the need to control big data and simultaneously, privacy should be respected as well. It is therefore important who can access to these data and how far their right to access can be stretched. This access right extended to third parties is valuable as it is a must to ensure free flow of data which is a prerequisite for building the new data economy. In regard to methodology, the thesis is based on analytical approach where existing sources are being explained in the context of recent scenario.