Thesis (M.S.S. (Political Sciences)) -- University of Pretoria, 2005.

Position and activities of intelligence services in the Czech Republic (legal aspects) This thesis aims for coherent description of legal aspects of the status and activities of the three intelligence services of the Czech Republic which are Security Information Service, Office for Foreign Relations and Information and Military Intelligence. The thesis is based on legislation effective on January 1, 2016 but it also reflects the historical development of the legislation in this area since early nineties of the 20th century. It also outlines the possibilities of legislation in the future. The thesis is based on publicly available sources especially from legislation, judicial decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic, secondary legislation, literature and scientific articles and web pages of the intelligence services. The thesis is divided into eight main chapters. The introductory chapter is focused on the definition of the most important notions in this area - notably the intelligence service, intelligence information and intelligence cycle. The second chapter describes the development of the intelligence services in the former Czechoslovakia and in the Czech Republic between 1918-1994. The third chapter is devoted to general characteristics of intelligence services of the Czech...

Status and activities of the intelligence services in the Czech Republic (legal aspects) My master's degree thesis attempts to analyse the status and activities of the intelligence services in the Czech Republic. Nowadays the importance of the intelligence services is steadily growing worldwide because of bigger threat of terrorists' attacks and worsening security situation in certain regions in the world. Czech intelligence services must adapt to this situation and that's why I started to investigate particular Czech legislation. I started to examine whether the Czech intelligence services are given necessary powers to fulfil their lawful duties, who governs and coordinates their activities, who controls them etc. All these questions are described and answered in the thesis. The thesis is composed of five chapters, each of them deals with different aspects of the status and activities of the intelligence services. Chapter one is more or less general, subsequent chapters are rather focused on Czech intelligence services. The first chapter is introductory. There are stated a few definitions of an intelligence service. In this chapter I also mentioned possible divisions of intelligence services and basic requirements of national legislation recommended by relevant international organisations and some other...

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / The Greek government unsuccessfully battled leftist terrorist groups from 1975 to 2002. The two most notorious terrorist organizations during this period were the "November 17" group and another group called, the "Revolutionary People's Struggle." In 1975, these organizations began a violent campaign against the United States, NATO personnel, Turkish diplomats, and member of the Greek political and business elite. The government's failure to curtail these groups resulted from the erroneous belief that these terrorists were not a direct threat to Greek's democracy. Fortunately, in June of 2002, with numerous arrests, Greek authorities made substantial progress and apprehended the leaders of the "November 17." This thesis examines the nature and the effects of terrorism by focusing on the ideology and activities of these two specific terrorist groups. This thesis also identifies and analyzes the origins of these organizations, reveals how the terrorist situation was created, and examines the causes that led to the inception of these terrorist organizations. Additionally, this thesis interprets the role of the intelligence services in Greece before and after the demise of the Greek military dictatorship in 1974. It also explores how the intelligent community under the watchful eye of Greece's political leadership helped dislodge these terrorist organizations and helped protect and consolidate the fledging democracy. / Major, Hellenic Air Force

Bien souvent les médias abordent la question de la lutte antiterroriste contre l’islamiste armé après un attentat ou lors des arrestations opérées par la police. Malgré ces interventions médiatisées pour rassurer la population, la véritable clé de la réussite d’une lutte antiterroriste demeure le renseignement au sens large (prévisionnel, offensif, …) en ne le réduisant pas seulement aux arrestations des terroristes ce qui serait réducteur. Cette recherche est d’autant plus nécessaire que le terrorisme islamiste est en perpétuel mutation autant pour échapper à la destruction que pour mener des attaques surprenantes qui déstabilisent les démocraties. Dans ce contexte les services de renseignement ont opéré une véritable métamorphose pour adapter leurs structures et leurs organisations de travail. En dehors de l’aspect fonctionnel et organisationnel le renseignement cherche sa place entre une justice organisée par un code de procédure pénal et une police qui se trouve écartelée entre un monde judiciaire et administratif. À ce carrefour le renseignement devient un sujet épineux entre des mondes qui ont des objectifs parfois inconciliables : arrêter les terroristes ou attendre pour connaître les réseaux. Cet équilibre est déjà bien instable est amplifié par nos décideurs politiques qui méconnaissent ce monde l’ombre et éprouvent une méfiance historique que ne ressentent pas les services alliés. Or cette méfiance a une réelle influence sur la politique antiterroriste puisque les débats portent sur les formes et les missions des services comme sur leur place dans l’architecture institutionnelle. Ce débat se prolonge dans le domaine des relations internationales puisque pour contrer efficacement ce terrorisme islamiste les services français coopèrent avec leurs homologues alliés qui disposent ou utilisent des méthodes qualifiées d’illégales dans l’Hexagone. Ainsi cette thèse mettra en relief les multiples aspects et spécificités du renseignement français pour s’opposer aux islamistes depuis la guerre du Golfe. / Western media usually focus on the issues of counter-terrorism in the aftermath of a terrorist attack or police raids against suspected terrorists. Foreign to such extensive media coverage designed to reassure the general public, real success in the antiterrorist struggle still rests on intelligence in the widest sense (preventive, defensive and offensive)—a quest which cannot be limited to arrests. Intelligence is all the more necessary as Islamist terrorism remains in constant mutation to escape annihilation as well as to preserve a capacity for surprise attacks planned to destabilize democratic states. In this context, French intelligence services have undergone a complete transformation to adapt their structures and operational practices. On top of functional/organizational efficiency requirements, intelligence must find a proper place between the justice system based on a Criminal Procedure Code and police services facing both judicial and administrative constraints. It must try to reconcile sometimes contradictory objectives, e.g. arresting terrorists vs. gaining further knowledge of their networks. This unstable balance is also affected by decision-making politicians with little understanding of this shadowy world and instinctive suspicions towards intelligence, a factor unknown to France’s allies. Historically, this lack of trust often hampers France’s anti-terrorism policies since the remit and means assigned to intelligence within the institutional framework remain controversial. It also impacts the field of international relations since efficient struggle against Islamist terrorism requires French services to cooperate with their allied counterparts using methods considered illegal in France. In accordance with these reference definitions, the intended doctorate thesis will highlight the multiple aspects and specificities of French intelligence in its fight against armed Islamists as it developed since the Gulf War.

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[pt] Os serviços nacionais de inteligência são instituições que, tradicionalmente, têm se fechado ao escrutínio público e cujas atividades são cercadas por certo mistério. Este trabalho investiga a página inicial (home page) na internet de três serviços nacionais de inteligência: o turco, o italiano e o australiano. A análise das páginas discute o discurso institucional dos serviços em duas esferas: a verbal e a visual. A análise verbal focaliza a declaração de missão/lema dessas instituições e a análise visual contempla as imagens e o layout das páginas como um todo. Como suporte teórico para a análise verbal, utiliza-se a gramática funcional de Halliday (1994). Já a análise visual se fundamenta na teoria da multimodalidade de Kress e van Leeuwen (1996). O estudo sugere que, embora a presença dos serviços nacionais de inteligência na internet possa parecer, à primeira vista, uma mudança de postura de relacionamento para com o público em geral, muito pouco é dito acerca de princípios, objetivos específicos ou métodos de atuação pelos quais se pautam essas instituições. / [en] National intelligence services are institutions which have traditionally avoided public scrutiny and whose activities have been clothed in some mistery. This study investigates the home page of three national intelligence services: the Turkish, the Italian and the Australian. The analysis examines two aspects of the institutional discourse of the services: the verbal and the visual. The verbal analysis centers on the institutional mission statement/motto and the visual analysis focuses on images and layout of the pages as a whole. The verbal analysis is based on Halliday's functional grammar (1994) and critical discourse analysis. The verbal analysis draws on Kress and van Leeuwen's theory of multimodality (1996). The results suggest that, although the presence of national intelligence services on the internet may seem to be a step forward toward a more transparent relationship with the general public, very little is actually said about specific principles, objectives and modus operandi these institutions guide themselves.

The American Revolution was a war of movement over great distances. Timely intelligence regarding the strength and location of the enemy was vital to the commanders on both sides. Washington gained his early experience in intelligence gathering in the wilderness during the French and Indian War. By the end of the American Revolution, Washington had become a skilled manager of intelligence. He sent agents behind enemy lines, recruited tory intelligence sources, questioned travelers for information, and initiated numerous espionage missions. Many heroic patriots gathered the intelligence that helped win the War for Independence. Their duties required many of them to pose as one of the enemy, and often incur the hatred of friends and neighbors. Some gave their lives in helping to establish the new American nation. It is possible that without Washington's intelligence service, American independence might not have been won.

(in English): This diploma thesis deals with events related to student protests in 1968 in Mexico during which occurred a violent suppression of demonstrations against a rigid political system controlled by the PRI for several decades. This diploma thesis describes the course of the demonstrations from June to October 1968, using declassified diplomatic notes and intelligence prepared by relevant bureaus of the United States of America operating in Mexico as a source. The well-known and mapped events of student protests in Mexico in 1968 which escalated with the bloodshed in the square in Tlateloclo, Mexico, D.F., where soldiers and policemen interfered with protestors, are examined in the perspective of American diplomats and intelligence officers.

Russia has since the beginning of the Cold War been a security problem and a threat to the Scandinavian countries, this considered by the countries' respective intelligence service, actors that are analysing Russia and the threat to the countries. However, information about Russia as a threat from the intelligence services' own perspective has so far been limited to information related to the Cold War period. This study thus aims to fill the research gap that exists on how intelligence services currently view Russia and contribute to more knowledge about how they view the threat from Russia, through their annual reports concerning the years 2012-2019. These annual reports are published by the intelligence services and describe their focus areas. This thesis uses a qualitative method to study the annual reports. To analyse what emerged from the annual reports, three different analytical frameworks are used: Buzan’s expanded security concept, the regional security complex theory and the balance of threat theory. What has emerged from examining these annual reports is that the threat from Russia has become increasingly complex and that Russia today and in contrast to the Cold War period, operates not only in the traditional military and political sector, but also in the economic and the societal sector. Based on the intelligence services' annual reports, Russia has increased as a threat and affects more regions concerning the security than its own. In order to be able to fully understand Scandinavia's region and security, Russia as a threat to the countries must be included. Sweden has not chosen to respond to the threat from Russia by joining NATO, where both Denmark and Norway are already members. The three Scandinavian countries have responded to the threat from Russia by increasing their focus on the national defence.