ABSTRACT High levels of trauma within the South African society affect the majority of the population either directly or indirectly. In order to assist individuals overcome such traumatic incidents, many companies in South Africa have contracted with Employee Assistance Programme (EAP) Providers to provide counselling to employees. These EAP counsellors are often the first mental health professionals to be exposed to a client’s traumatic story. Consequently, such counsellors may be vulnerable to compassion fatigue (CF). The consequences of EAP counsellors working with traumatised clients have been relatively unexplored. Therefore, this study proposed that EAP trauma counsellors are vulnerable within their scope of work and are an important group of professionals to be further investigated. Furthermore, leading authors in the field of trauma argue that both individual characteristics and environmental factors play a role in the development of CF. However, research into the process by which CF develops is extremely limited. Hence, this study attempted to explore this process through identifying possible core variables such as level of exposure, empathy and affect intensity and exploring their link to CF. The study was based on Figley’s (1995) Trauma Transmission Model, Dutton and Rubinstein’s (1995) Ecological Model and McRitchie’s (2006) Refined Model for Trauma Workers. The data was collected from 60 EAP counsellors, through self report measures. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlations, a stepwise regression, two independent sample t-tests, and analysis of variance. Results revealed that 28.34% of the sample fell within the range for CF. There were significant correlations between Level of Exposure to traumatic material and CF; between levels of empathy and CF and between Affect Intensity and Empathy. There was no significant correlation between Affect Intensity and CF. Furthermore, the stepwise regression indicated that 56% of CF may be explained by a combination of four interacting variables, that is, Level of Exposure, Fantasy, Personal Distress and Perspective Taking.

Thesis advisor: David L. Blustein / This study explored the relationship between community college students' working lives and student engagement. Student engagement has been used as a proxy for student persistence based on its strong association with student persistence and its powerful negative association with school drop-out. Work has been studied extensively as related to student engagement. The existing literature on student engagement and work is contradictory and focuses almost exclusively on adolescent students (i.e., Greenberger & Steinberg, 1986; Mortimer et al., 2002) or four-year college students (i.e., Pascarella & Terenzini, 1991; 2005), leaving a notable gap in the community college student literature. Most community college students work full time while attending school, yet little is known about how students' work lives relate to their student engagement. Utilizing Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Framework (1979), which emphasizes the potential for positive and reciprocal relationships between contexts such as work and school, the present study sought to redress the gap in the literature through exploring how Work Intensity, Gender and Work Quality relate to Student Engagement. Students filled out the Community College Survey of Student Engagement (CCSSE) and a Work Quality survey. Using a sample of (277) students, the results of the data analyses revealed the following findings: (1) students who worked more intense hours did not differ significantly in their student engagement than their peers who worked less intense hours; (2) students who worked in intrinsically rewarding jobs were more engaged in school; (3) contrary to predicted, students who worked in higher stress jobs were more engaged in school and (4) work intensity moderated the relationship between extrinsic rewards at work and student effort. These findings add to the literature on community college student engagement as they are somewhat surprising and differ from what we know about student engagement among adolescent and traditional four-year college populations. Namely, community college students may demonstrate a unique ability to balance their school and work lives despite long hours and at times stressful working conditions. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2010. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology.

O bem-estar animal tem sido foco de discussões referindo-se ao modo como os animais são tratados dentro dos confinamentos. A prática do desgaste dos dentes é realizada no segundo dia de nascimento dos lactentes, buscando reduzir lesões cutâneas nos leitões e no aparelho mamário das matrizes. O incorreto desgaste pode propiciar lesões e enfermidades que deprimem a imunidade e o desenvolvimento do leitão. Questiona-se, no entanto, a possibilidade de manter os dentes íntegros, uma vez que o corte e ou desgaste dos dentes podem aumentar a mortalidade na maternidade, reduzindo a habilidade do leitão em competir pelos tetos e consequentemente ganhar peso. A avaliação da estabilidade das instalações diante da qualidade de vida dos animais confinados tem recebido atenção notória nos últimos anos, surgindo à necessidade de analise do comportamento dos suínos diante dos procedimentos realizados nos primeiros dias de nascimento visando compreender e implantar aqueles que induzam ao menor sofrimento aos suínos contemplando simultaneamente o desempenho e bem-estar animal. Neste estudo foram avaliadas a presença e ausência de lesões nas faces dos leitões e nos tetos das matrizes a partir dos tratamentos de desgaste ou integridade dos dentes dos lactentes na fase de maternidade e a influencia destes tratamentos no comportamento, desempenho zootécnico e bem-estar de leitões e matrizes suínas durante as fases de maternidade, creche e pós-creche. Os dados foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com medidas repetidas no tempo. Utilizou-se o modelo misto com o efeito fixo de tratamento, data, período e suas interações; e o efeito aleatório de lote utilizando o procedimento MIXED do SAS (2008). Foi utilizado o teste de χ2 para avaliar o efeito de tratamento sobre a prevalência de leitões com lesões, escore médio de lesão por leitegada e essa variável foi analisada por meio da análise de medidas repetidas, usando também o PROC MIXED do Statistical Análises Sytem©. Para os tratamentos empregados observou-se a apresentação de comportamentos típicos de animais confinados, no entanto, foram observadas importantes comportamentos relacionados a atividade mais intensa dos animais no momento da disputa pelos tetos nos primeiros dias de nascimento. Em relação ao desempenho notou-se a ausência de efeitos significativos no desempenho de matrizes suínas e leitegadas nos três locais avaliados, quando foi analisado o peso de entrada e saída setor de maternidade, de acordo com os tratamentos empregados. Para o desempenho na fase de creche, os tratamentos não demonstraram diferenças, entretanto, o efeito do local determinou diferenças significativas. Estes resultados sugerem que o procedimento de retirada dos dentes pode ser considerado desnecessário. Novos estudos realizados nesta área são necessários buscando elucidar a necessidade do procedimento de desgaste e prováveis efeitos subsequentes dentro das diferentes fases da criação. / The animal welfare has been focus of discussions referring to the way animals are treated within the confinements. The practice of wear on the teeth is performed on the second day of birth of the piglets, seeking to reduce skin lesions in piglets and breast apparatus of sows. Incorrect wear can provide injuries and diseases that depress immunity and the development of the piglet. Is discussed, however, the possibility of maintaining the integrity teeth once or cutting, and wear of teeth can increase mortality in maternity, reducing the pig's ability to compete for teats and consequently weight gain. Currently, it has been evaluated the stability of the installations on the quality of life of feedlot animals. Thus appear the need to analyze the behavior of the pigs on the procedures performed in the early days of birth in order to understand and implement those that lead to less suffering to pigs simultaneously considering performance and welfare. We evaluated the presence and absence of injuries on the faces of piglets and teats of sows from wear treatments or the integrity of the teeth of infants in the maternity phase and the influence of these treatments on behavior, animal performance and welfare piglets and sows during maternity phases, nursery and post nursery. Experimental design was conducted completely randomized with repeated measurements over time. We used the mixed model with fixed effect of treatment, date, time and their interactions; and the group of random effect using the MIXED procedure of SAS (2008). The χ2 test was used to assess the treatment effect on the prevalence of pigs with lesions, the mean score per litter injury and this variable was analyzed using repeated measures analysis using SAS PROC MIXED. For applied treatments was observed that the presentation of typical behavior of feedlot animals, however, were observed important behaviors related to more intense activity of animals at the time of competition for teats in the early days of birth. Regarding the performance was observed the absence of significant effects on the performance of sows and piglets at the three sites assessed, when we analyzed the input weight and output maternity phase, according to the treatments applied. For the performance in the nursery phase the treatments showed no differences, however, the effect of the local determined significant differences. These results suggest that the teeth of the withdrawal procedure can be considered unnecessary. New researches in this area are needed to elucidate the need to wear procedure and probable subsequent effect within the different phases of creation.

Esta tese analisa o teatro que tem por característica o jogo com o tempo real da matéria cênica não fabulada. Procura-se apresentar a materialidade da cena como fator de afecção por si, pensada tanto historicamente quanto na cena contemporânea e contrastada no tempo da percepção. O trabalho dividese em duas partes: na primeira, analiso os elementos da matéria cênica em seu devir e as relações de afecção que eles estabelecem entre si; na segunda, analiso de que maneira os elementos constitutivos da cena podem ser compostos no tempo, privilegiando uma relação intensiva entre as partes de um espetáculo. Por fim, abordo como o jogo com a matéria cênica não fábulada pode conduzir o espectador à sensação de um tempo em suspensão / This thesis analyses a form of theatre which plays with the actualized time of non fictional theatre elements. It seeks to present the materiality of the theatre as an affection factor by itself, designed both historically and in the contemporary theatrical landscape, and contrasted by the time of its perception. The work is divided into two parts: in the first one, I analyse the elements of theatre in its becomings and the relations of affection they establish among themselves; in the second, I analyse how these elements can be set up in time, favouring an intensive relationship between them in a performing context. Finally, I discuss how playing with non fictional theatre elements could lead the viewer to the feeling of suspended time.

Intensity mapping (IM) is a new observational technique to survey the large-scale structure of matter using emission lines, such as the 21 cm emission line of atomic hydrogen (HI) and the rotational lines of the carbon monoxide molecule (CO). Sensitive radio surveys have the potential to detect the HI power spectrum at low redshifts (z <1) in order to constrain the properties of dark energy and massive neutrinos. Observations of the HI signal will be contaminated by instrumental noise and, more significantly, by astrophysical foregrounds, such as the Galactic synchrotron emission, which is at least four orders of magnitude brighter than the HI signal. In this thesis, we study the ability of the Generalized Needlet Internal Linear Combination (GNILC) method to subtract radio foregrounds and to recover the cosmological HI signal for HI IM experiments. The GNILC method is a new technique that uses both frequency and spatial information to separate the components of the observed data. For simulated radio observations including HI emission, Galactic synchrotron, Galactic free-free, extragalactic point sources and thermal noise, we find that it can reconstruct the HI plus noise power spectrum with 7.0% accuracy for 0.13 <z <0.48 (960 - 1260 MHz) and l <400. In this work, GNILC is also applied to a particular CO IM experiment: the CO Mapping Array Pathfinder (COMAP). In this case, the simulated radio observations include CO emission, Galactic synchrotron, Galactic free-free, Galactic anomalous microwave emission, extragalactic point sources and thermal noise. We find that GNILC can reconstruct the CO plus noise power spectra with 7.3% accuracy for COMAP phase 1 (l <1800) and 6.3% for phase 2 (l <3000). In both cases, we have 2.4 <z <3.4 (26 - 34 GHz). In this work, we also forecast the uncertainties on cosmological parameters for the upcoming HI IM experiments BINGO (BAO from Integrated Neutral Gas Observations) and SKA (Square Kilometre Array) phase-1 dish array operating in auto-correlation mode. For the optimal case of BINGO with no foregrounds, the combination of the HI angular power spectra with Planck results allows w to be measured with a precision of 4%, while the combination of the BAO acoustic scale with Planck gives a precision of 7%. We consider a number of potentially complicating effects, including foregrounds and redshift dependent bias, which increase the uncertainty on w but not dramatically; in all cases the final uncertainty is found to be less than 8% for BINGO. For the combination of SKA-MID in auto-correlation mode (total-power) with Planck, we find that, in ideal conditions, w can be measured with a precision of 4% for the redshift range 0.35 <z <3 (350 - 1050 MHz) and 2% for 0 <z <0.49 (950 - 1421 MHz). Extending the model to include the sum of neutrino masses yields a 95% upper limit of less than 0.30 eV for BINGO and less than 0.12 eV for SKA phase 1, competitive with the current best constraints in the case of BINGO and significantly better in the case of SKA.

Malignant or benign tumors may be ablated with high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). This technique, known as focused ultrasound surgery (FUS), has been actively investigated for decades, but slow to be implemented and difficult to control due to lack of real‐time feedback during ablation. Two methods of imaging and monitoring HIFU lesions during formation were implemented simultaneously, in order to investigate the efficacy of each and to increase confidence in the detection of the lesion. The first, Acousto‐Optic Imaging (AOI) detects the increasing optical absorption and scattering in the lesion. The intensity of a diffuse optical field in illuminated tissue is mapped at the spatial resolution of an ultrasound focal spot, using the acousto‐optic effect. The second, Harmonic Motion Imaging (HMI), detects the changing stiffness in the lesion. The HIFU beam is modulated to force oscillatory motion in the tissue, and the amplitude of this motion, measured by ultrasound pulse‐echo techniques, is influenced by the stiffness. Experiments were performed on store‐bought chicken breast and freshly slaughtered bovine liver. The AOI results correlated with the onset and relative size of forming lesions much better than prior knowledge of the HIFU power and duration. For HMI, a significant artifact was discovered due to acoustic nonlinearity. The artifact was mitigated by adjusting the phase of the HIFU and imaging pulses. A more detailed model of the HMI process than previously published was made using finite element analysis. The model showed that the amplitude of harmonic motion was primarily affected by increases in acoustic attenuation and stiffness as the lesion formed and the interaction of these effects was complex and often counteracted each other. Further biological variability in tissue properties meant that changes in motion were masked by sample‐to‐sample variation. The HMI experiments predicted lesion formation in only about a quarter of the lesions made. In simultaneous AOI/HMI experiments it appeared that AOI was a more robust method for lesion detection. / Bernard M. Gordon Center for Subsurface and Imaging Systems (CenSSIS) via the NSF ERC award number EEC‐9986821.

Orientador: Valdir Gouveia Garcia / Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar, histológicamente e biometricamente, a influência da associação de diferentes comprimentos de onda de lasers em baixa intensidade, sobre o processo de reparo em feridas cutâneas abertas provocadas no dorso de ratos. Foram utilizados 72 ratos, os quais foram divididos em 3 grupos com 24 animais cada, sendo: Grupo I - controle (sem tratamento); Grupo II (tratamento com laser 685 nm) e grupo III (tratamento com laser 685 seguido do laser 780 nm na mesma sessão). O laser foi utilizado de modo contínuo e em contato de forma pontual, ponteiras de 50 mW, durante 80 s, nas feridas do grupo II e 40 s (laser 685 nm ) mais 40 segundos (laser 780 nm) nas do grupo III, totalizando 4 J de energia e densidade energética de 200 J/cm2 em ambos os grupos. O diâmetro das feridas foram medidas em 0 h, 3, 7 e 14 d de pós-operatório e, os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística. Nos intervalos de 3, 7 e 14 d, 8 animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados e as peças foram submetidas a processamento histológico e coradas pela técnica da hematoxilina e eosina e tricrômico de Massom. Concluiu-se: 1) Grupo II e III evidenciaram resultados histológicos mais diferenciados que Grupo I; 2) Grupo III demonstrou reparação mais diferenciada que o Grupo I e o Grupo II; 3) do ponto de vista biométrico, o maior grau de contração foi observado nas feridas do Grupo III, seguido das do grupo II e I, no período de 14 dias. / Abstract: This investigation aimed to study, histologically, the influence of association of different wave-length of low intensity laser on the healing process in cutaneous wound provoked at the dorsum of rats. Seventy-two rats, 3 groups of 24 animals each, were used, namely: Group I - control (without treatment); Group II (treatment with laser of 685 nm) and Group III (treatment with laser of 685 nm associated with laser of 780 nm in the same session). In Group II, the laser was applied continuously with a point of contact of 50 mW during 80 s. In Group III, the laser of 685 nm was applied and, followed with laser of 780 nm for 40 s in each application. A total of 4 J of energy and 200 J/cm2 of energetic density were applied in both groups. The diameter of the wound was measured at baseline, 3, 7 and 14 post-operative days and the results were submitted to statistical analysis. At intervals of 3, 7 and 14 days, 8 animals of each group were sacrificed and the pieces were submitted to histological processing and were stained by hematoxiline and eosine and Massom's tricromic techniques. It was concluded that: 1) Group II and III showed histological results statistically different from Group I; 2) Group III demonstrated a statistically differentiated healing in comparison to Group I and II; 3) at the point of view of biometrics, the greatest degree of contraction was observed in Group III, followed by Group II and I, at the period of 14 days. / Mestre

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência da variabilidade da intensidade e do exercício no treinamento de força nos ganhos de força e área de secção transversa (AST). Quarenta e nove sujeitos destreinados e do sexo masculino foram divididos em cinco grupos: intensidade constante exercício variado (ICEV), intensidade constante exercício constante (ICEC), intensidade variada exercício variado (IVEV), intensidade variada exercício constante (IVEC) e controle (C). Foi realizado treinamento de força para membros inferiores durante doze semanas. A força máxima foi avaliada por meio do teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) no agachamento e a AST do músculo quadríceps femural aferida por ressonância magnética. Todos os grupos obtiveram ganhos significativos em relação à condição pré-treinamento tanto de força máxima quanto de AST (P < 0,05). Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos para ambas variáveis. A inclusão da variação do exercício isoladamente ou combinada com a variação da intensidade no estímulo do treinamento de força parece não trazer benefícios adicionais para o ganho de força e AST. Contudo, a variação da intensidade somente pode não ser a estratégia mais indicada quando o objetivo é gerar força em sujeitos destreinados em um período de doze semanas / The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability of intensity and exercise of the strength training on strength gains and muscle cross-sectional area (CSA). Forty-nine untrained male subjects were divided into five groups: constant exercise-varied intensity (ICEV), constant intensity-constant exercise (ICEC), varied exercise-varied intensity (IVEV), varying intensity- constant exercise (IVECO) and control (C). Strength training for the lower limbs was performed for twelve weeks. The maximal strength was assessed using the squat one repetition maximum test (1RM) and quadriceps femoris muscle CSA measured by MRI. All groups had significant gains both in maximum strength and CSA in relation to the pre-training (P <0.05). There were no significant differences between groups for both variables. On the IVEC group did not differ the maximum strength values from the control group at the post-test (P>0.05). The inclusion of the variation of exercise alone or combined with the variation in the stimulus intensity during a strength training program appears to produce no additional gains in strength and AST. However, the variation of intensity only may not be the best strategy when the objective is to increase strength in untrained subjects in a period of twelve weeks

There is a growing need for the clean generation of electricity in the world, and increased efficiency is one way to achieve cleaner generation. Increased efficiency may be achieved through an improved understanding of the heat flux of participating media in combustion environments. Real-time in-situ optical measurements of gas temperature and concentrations in combustion environments is needed. Optical methods do not disturb the flow characteristics and are not subject to the temperature limitation of current methods. Simpler, less-costly optical measurements than current methods would increase the ability to apply them in more circumstances. This work explores the ability to simultaneously measure gas temperature and H2O concentration via integrated spectral intensity ratios in regions where H2O is the dominant participating gas. This work considered combustion flows with and without fuel and soot particles, and is an extension of work previously performed by Ellis et al. [1]. Five different combustion regimes were used to investigate the robustness of the infrared intensity integral method first presented by Ellis et al. [1]. These included Post-Flame Natural Gas (PFNG), Post-Flame Medium Wood (PFMW), Post-Flame Fine Wood (PFFW), In-Flame Natural Gas (IFNG), and In-Flame Fine Wood (IFFW). Optical spectra were collected as a function of path length for each regime. Methods for processing the spectra to obtain gas temperature, gas concentration, broadband temperature, and broadband emissivity were developed. A one-dimensional spectral intensity model that allowed for specular reflection, and investigated differences between measured and modeled spectral intensities was created. It was concluded that excellent agreement (within 2.5%) was achieved between optical and suction pyrometer gas temperatures as long as 1) the optical probe and cold target used were well-aligned 2) the path length was greater than 0.3 m and 3) the intensity from broadband emitters within the path was smaller than the gas intensity. Shorter path lengths between 0.15 – 0.3 m produced reasonable temperatures with 7 % error while path lengths of 0.05 m or less were as much as 15% in error or the signal would not effectively process. Water vapor concentration was less accurate being at best within 20% (relative) of expected values. The accurate determination of concentration requires first an accurate temperature concentration as well low broadband participation. Some optical concentrations were in error as much as 85%. The 1-D model was compared to the measurement and it was found that the model peaks were sharper and shifted 0.167 cm-1 compared to the measured data. The reason for the shift can be attributed to the uncertainty of the reference laser frequency used in the FTIR. No conclusion was found for the cause of the sharper peaks in the model. The integrated area of bands used to find temperature and concentration matched well between the model and measured spectrum being typically within 3%.

Energy quantities, which are calculated from pressure and particle velocity, yield a great deal of information about acoustic fields. Errors in pressure or particle velocity estimation lead to bias errors the estimation of energy quantities. The bias errors arise from different probe configurations and processing methods. Two processing methods are examined: the traditional method and the recently developed Phase and Amplitude Gradient Estimation (PAGE) method. These two methods are compared to investigate how each estimates pressure and particle velocity and the subsequent bias errors in a plane wave, standing wave, and spherical spreading wave field. Analytical expressions are derived for the energy quantity estimation using ideal one-dimensional probes. A simulation of the field from a baffled circular piston and measurements using ideal two-dimensional probes is computed. Compared to the traditional method, the PAGE method significantly extends the range of frequencies for which the results are accurate. It is found that a probe with a center microphone significantly reduces the estimation error and extends the usable range of frequencies. The PAGE method with unwrapping, perfectly matches the analytical results for plane waves, while the traditional method is only good at wavelengths that are large compared to the probe size. Furthermore, the PAGE method has a constant bias error in spherical wave fields due to the 1/r decrease in pressure. The traditional method has a frequency dependent bias error that is much worse at higher frequencies. Lastly, the PAGE method has the same or worse error for the standing wave. As an application of energy quantities, acoustic intensity is used to develop an equivalent source model for jet noise from an F-22 at military and afterburner engine conditions. An optimization is used to find the best-matching wavepacket model for measured intensity vectors. The results are compared to another intensity method of estimating the source region and source directivity, and the two methods have good agreement.