L’étang de Berre est un écosystème lagunaire historiquement perturbé par de forts rejets industriels et par des apports importants en eau douce naturels et anthropiques (centrale hydroélectrique EDF). Alors que les politiques de réhabilitation initiées depuis 1994 commencent à enregistrer leurs premiers succès, l'introduction et la prolifération de Mnemiopsis leidyi en 2005 pourraient limiter leur efficacité. L’originalité de cette étude est d’associer océanographie et sociologie afin d’estimer l’impact de M. leidyi sur le fonctionnement de ce socio-écosystème. Nous avons pu montrer que la population de M. leidyi est capable de se maintenir sur une large gamme de températures (3°C-28°C) et de salinités (10-30), pour une quantité de carbone disponible > 3 µgC L-1, la température étant un facteur déterminant dans la dynamique de la population. L’absence Mnemiopsis au cours d’évènements froids et sa réapparition plusieurs mois après laissent penser soit à l’existence d’une zone refuge qui a été déterminée (étang de Vaine) favorable au maintien des cténaires. Les fortes proliférations de M. leidyi affectent principalement la pêche professionnelle (fort colmatage des filets, mutilation des prises, dégradation accélérée du matériel, augmentation de la pénibilité) induisant une perte économique annuelle estimée à 50 %. Dans le cadre interdisciplinaire, la compréhension des interactions biologiques et anthropiques a permis de montrer que Mnemiopsis présentait une entrave à la mise en œuvre des efforts de réhabilitation. / The Berre Lagoon is an ecosystem historically disturbed by strong industrial discharges and significant freshwaters inputs from both natural and anthropogenic (EDF hydroelectric power station) origins. While rehabilitation policies initiated in 1994 are already showing some success, the introduction and proliferation of Mnemiopsis leidyi since 2005 could limit their effectiveness. The originality of this study is to associate oceanography and sociology in order to estimate the impact of M. leidyi on the functioning of this socio-ecosystem. We were able to show that the population of M. leidyi is maintained within a large range of temperatures (3 °C-28 °C) and salinities (10-30), with a quantity of carbon available ~ 3 mg C L-1 or more, temperature being a determining factor in population dynamics. The absence of this ctenophore on during cold events and its recurrence several months later suggests either the existence of an external source or the presence of a refuge zone that has been determined (Vaine lagoon) favourable to the maintenance of the ctenophores. The strong proliferation of M. leidyi in the Berre lagoon mainly affects professional fishermen. The clogging of nets, the mutilation of catches, the accelerated degradation of the material and the increase in the strenuousness induce an annual economic loss estimated at 50 %. Here in our interdisciplinary framework, the understanding of the biological and the anthropogenic interactions has shown that Mnemiopsis is tempering with the implementation of the rehabilitation efforts.

Esta tese apresenta uma reflexão filosófica sobre a retomada epistemológica representada pela Produção Partilhada do Conhecimento. Ao contrário do saber universitário, marcado pelo uso da razão metódica originada no Iluminismo no século XVII, que distingue sujeito de objeto, a Produção Partilhada do Conhecimento busca a interatividade entre estatutos epistemológicos distintos, onde sujeitos tornam-se ao mesmo tempo objetos. A partir da análise do encontro entre os saberes da oralidade em culturas tradicionais, e o saber racional metódico da ciência universitária, a passagem da oralidade à escrita no processo de colonização das Américas e o uso da hipermídia no século XXI, o trabalho apresenta contribuições de Hans-Georg Gadamer, Jürgen Habermas e Paul Ricoeur quanto à necessidade de uma hermenêutica que estabeleça o entendimento entre culturas distintas, e enfim demonstra como a hipermídia representa um intermeio adequado pelo qual esta hermenêutica se expressa, ilustrando com exemplos de casos como o do pesquisador Caio Lazaneo junto a comunidades indígenas, e o trabalho dos pesquisadores do Instituto Socioambiental junto às comunidades quilombolas do Vale do Ribeira. / This thesis presents a philosophical reflection on the epistemological recovery represented by the Shared Production of Knowledge. Contrary to university knowledge, marked by the use of methodical reason originated in the Enlightenment in the seventeenth century, which distinguishes subject from object, the Shared Production of Knowledge seeks the interactivity between distinct epistemological statutes, where subjects become objects at the same time. Based on the analysis of the meeting between oral knowledge in traditional cultures and the methodical rational knowledge of university science, the transition from orality to writing in the colonization process of the Americas and the use of hypermedia in the 21st century, the work presents contributions of Hans-Georg Gadamer, Jürgen Habermas and Paul Ricoeur on the need for a hermeneutic that establishes the understanding between distinct cultures, and finally demonstrates how hypermedia represents one intermedia by which this hermeneutic is expressed, illustrating with examples of cases like the researcher Caio Lazaneo with indigenous communities, and the work of researchers from the Socioambiental Institute with the quilombolas (descendants of enslaved Africans) communities of the Vale do Ribeira.

La science et la pratique contemporaines en matière de gestion durable des ressources naturelles vivantes doivent prendre en compte la complexité des systèmes socio-écologiques et tirer profit des récentes avancées théoriques et appliquées réalisées dans diverses disciplines. Cela peut notamment être effectué en intégrant cette connaissance approfondie dans la gestion et la prise de décision par le biais de cadres intégratifs et opérationnels. Sur la base de cas d'études contrastés, mais complémentaires (pêche lagonaire récifale à Moorea, en Polynésie française; pêche benthique artisanale au Chili; et systèmes alimentaires globaux), et en s'appuyant sur le développement récent des sciences socio-écologiques, nous avons étendu l'utilisation du concept de vulnérabilité socio-écologique pour (1) cartographier les interdépendances entre l’Homme et la nature dans le contexte des interactions pêcheur-ressource, (2) intégrer la dimension temporelle, (3) tenir compte de multiples facteurs de changement et de (4) leur impact sur diverses entités du système considéré. Ce travail interdisciplinaire a servi de fondement à la représentation des liens clés dans les systèmes socio-écologiques, à la compréhension des sources sous-jacentes de non-durabilité et à l'établissement d'un ensemble de mesures de gestion ciblées et contextuelles. Cette thèse fournit une nouvelle perspective sur les liens entre l'homme et la nature et possède un certain nombre d'implications pratiques pour les gestionnaires, les planificateurs de la conservation et les décideurs qui cherchent à intégrer une perspective socio-écologique pour aborder les problèmes de gestion des ressources. / Contemporary sustainability science and practice must embrace the complexity of social-ecological systems and capitalize on the lessons learned from the recent theoretical and applied advances made in various disciplines. This can be accomplished in particular by incorporating this extensive knowledge into management and decision making through integrative and operational frameworks. Based on contrasting but complementary case studies (coral reef fishery in Moorea, French Polynesia; artisanal benthic fishery in Chile and global food systems), and drawing from the recent development in social-ecological science, we extended the use of the social-ecological vulnerability framework by (1) mapping human-nature dependencies in the context of resource-user interactions, (2) integrating the temporal dimension, (3) accounting for multiple drivers of change and (4) their impact on diverse entities of the system considered. This interdisciplinary work provided the foundation to represent key linkages in social-ecological systems, understand the underlying sources of unsustainability, and address these through a set of targeted and context-grounded management interventions and policy actions. This thesis provides a new perspective on human-nature linkages and has a number practical implications for managers, conservation planners, and policy-makers that seek to incorporate a social-ecological perspective to tackle sustainability issues from local to global scales.

The subject of physical education is viewed as being in a crisis, since the pace given for it in the schedule of classes for the compulsary school has been reduced with introduction of the most recent curriculum, Lpo 94. Researchers believe that collaboration would strengthen the position of the subject and of the in the physical education teachers in school and lead to a solution of the crisis. The purpose of this dissertation is to describe, analyze, and understand against this background experiences reported by physical education teachers of collaboration between the subject of physical education and other subjects in the compulsary school in order to be able to discuss the question as to whether collaboration can strengthen the position of the subject of physical education in the school and be asolution to what is called a crisis of the subject of physical education. The approach to the research includes a number of constituent studies, where an interview study of 30 teachers in the subject of physical education constitutes the main body of the dissertation. Basil Bernstein's concept of classification defines whether collaboration between subjects and teachers occurs or not. The concept of integrated code has defined the prevailing development in the school that includes collaboration among both subjects and teachers. The result shows that collaboration is not a general solution to the crisis in the subject of physical education. One type of collaboration can make more difficult another type of collaboration. Six different categories of collaboration in working groups involving physical education teachers have been defined. The different categories emerge as a result of the culture of the school, and the professional identity of the physical education teacher at the individual schools. Most teachers in the study work under the collection code. A group of teachers of several subjects are on their way toward integrated code but the subject of physical education is not part of the collaboration in any of the categories. Collaboration in itself has no great significance according to the results for the position of the subject of physical education in the schools as the subject mainly works under collection code. And even if the physical education teachers who collaborate in working groups have a strong position, it is rather an expression of the fact that they participate in the prevailing development in the school, where collaboration is one part, than collaboration by itself. The question is also whether there is a crisis during development in the schools toward integrated code. The physical education teachers need to discuss the content of the integrated code and its application to teaching in order to avoid future crises.

Governments across the world rationalize interdisciplinarity as an effective strategy for answering complex problems of social importance, drawing on large investments of resources to technical and biomedical sectors. I have identified this rationale as part of specific discursive relations and subsequently troubled its dominance through an exploration of how it has been authorized, and how faculty and administrators negotiate subjectification in engineering and medicine where this discourse dominates. Neo-liberal approaches to knowledge-production are deconstructed and analyzed. An archive was assembled of key texts pertaining to interdisciplinarity including documents produced by the OECD, the Canadian federal and Ontario provincial governments, the University of Toronto (UofT), academics and the popular press. A Foucauldian discourse analysis of these texts provided a specific historical context for interviews conducted with 20 faculty and administrators identified as interdisciplinary knowledge-makers. Subsequently, a situated analysis of how discourse is embodied and experienced was developed and applied to the whole archive. Four inter-related concepts were identified as making-up the popular discourse of interdisciplinarity: diversify-collaborate-innovate-integrate. According to this narrative, knowledge-makers are expected to diversify through collaboration in order to innovate and produce knowledge that is useful and marketable. From the discovery of insulin to the establishment of the MaRS discovery district, knowledge-making examples from UofT are analyzed to identify the social relations that make the idea possible that researchers should address problems of ‘relevance’. I argue that interdisciplined subjects are ‘facilitated’ to fulfill this popular narrative by management approaches that capitalize on intrinsic notions of ‘making-a-difference’. Concurrently, different narratives of interdisciplinarity are embodied and promoted as individuals negotiate ontological and epistemological issues in their daily practice. This research contributes to the refinement of Foucauldian discourse analysis, and informs scholarship on the effects of neoliberal approaches to knowledge-making and the professionalization projects of engineering and medicine.

Governments across the world rationalize interdisciplinarity as an effective strategy for answering complex problems of social importance, drawing on large investments of resources to technical and biomedical sectors. I have identified this rationale as part of specific discursive relations and subsequently troubled its dominance through an exploration of how it has been authorized, and how faculty and administrators negotiate subjectification in engineering and medicine where this discourse dominates. Neo-liberal approaches to knowledge-production are deconstructed and analyzed. An archive was assembled of key texts pertaining to interdisciplinarity including documents produced by the OECD, the Canadian federal and Ontario provincial governments, the University of Toronto (UofT), academics and the popular press. A Foucauldian discourse analysis of these texts provided a specific historical context for interviews conducted with 20 faculty and administrators identified as interdisciplinary knowledge-makers. Subsequently, a situated analysis of how discourse is embodied and experienced was developed and applied to the whole archive. Four inter-related concepts were identified as making-up the popular discourse of interdisciplinarity: diversify-collaborate-innovate-integrate. According to this narrative, knowledge-makers are expected to diversify through collaboration in order to innovate and produce knowledge that is useful and marketable. From the discovery of insulin to the establishment of the MaRS discovery district, knowledge-making examples from UofT are analyzed to identify the social relations that make the idea possible that researchers should address problems of ‘relevance’. I argue that interdisciplined subjects are ‘facilitated’ to fulfill this popular narrative by management approaches that capitalize on intrinsic notions of ‘making-a-difference’. Concurrently, different narratives of interdisciplinarity are embodied and promoted as individuals negotiate ontological and epistemological issues in their daily practice. This research contributes to the refinement of Foucauldian discourse analysis, and informs scholarship on the effects of neoliberal approaches to knowledge-making and the professionalization projects of engineering and medicine.

Drawing upon the research on gender in science (especially gender and publication and patent productivity), social network studies, and social studies of interdisciplinary research and nanotechnology, this dissertation develops and tests a series of hypotheses to advance the understanding of the gender difference in patenting in the U.S. Ridgeways theory of gender frame (Ridgeway, 2009, 2007; Ridgeway&England, 2004) is very powerful in explaining gender inequity at both micro- and macro-levels, and thus constitutes the foundation of this study. After laying out the theoretical foundation, I set out to focus on collaboration as one of critical mechanisms accounting for the gender difference in patenting. While social network scholars maintain that social capital resides in network structure and claim different structures provide different benefits (Borgatti, Jones,&Everett, 1998), I conceive of diversity as the most important structural feature of collaboration networks to predict patenting performance, and accordingly develop the concept boundary-spanning collaboration to refer to collaboration networks containing relationships to diverse others. Then, I rely on social studies of gender, network, and desired outcomes as well as research on interdisciplinary fields in general and nanotechnology in particular to propose several hypotheses regarding how gender would differ on boundary-spanning collaboration and how the differences matter the gender gap in patenting in the context of nanotechnology. Two sets of analyses, performed on large-scale patent data and individual-level survey data, generate novel and important findings. These results enhance our understanding of the distinct context of nanotechnology, especially with regard to collaboration and gender representation, and the interrelationships of gender, boundary-spanning collaboration, and patenting involvement in this context. In brief, there are three major findings. First, while nanotechnology and patenting activities present new areas for gendered studies in science, the influential gender stereotypes always predict the detection of a gender gap. Second, collaboration networks, especially those featured with diversity, are relevant to the gender gap in patenting nanotechnology in a complicated way, but the operationalization of diversity is the key to comprehend the complexity. Third, the returns from collaborative relationships are generally gendered, but the gender gap in returns varies upon the context where a relationship takes place. Relating these findings to previous research, I highlight the theoretical and methodological contributions of this study, point out its limitations for future research development, and draw pertinent policy implications.

Technological innovations in the field of information and communication have transformed the nature of the spatial realm. The spatial realm has been engaged with the virtual realm, where a new approach has been mandatory for a possible and productive interrelation between the two. On the other hand, new technologies have affected architectural drafting, representation, construction and most significantly architectural design to generate remarkable conveniences and unnoticed interfaces for architects. New technologies offer a common arithmetical medium where a new augmented relationship between sciences and architectural design is enabled. All these transformations prepared the basis for a redefinition and reevaluation of the surrounding realm that is referred to as the context of architectural design. The recurrence of contextualist and de-contextualist debates and attitudes show that context is dealt with as a multi-layered concept in architecture. Within all above mentioned transformations, the issue of contextualism in architecture is reopened up where the definition of context is seen to be in a process of constant renovation, inheriting the complexities new technologies and design methods based on interdisciplinarity have brought. This thesis looks into this transformating status of the concept of context and argues for its productivity in architectural design.

This is an ALISE juried paper presented on Thursday, January 13, 2005 in Session 5.3, LIS Course Content & Instructional Issues (Juried Papers), of the 2005 ALISE Conference, Boston, MA. The goal of this study was to gain an understanding of the literature used in generalist search education in LIS programs.

This paper reports on part of a study of academic researchers' use of Internet information and communication technologies (IICTs) to support information-seeking activities. The goal of this research is to gain insight into disciplinary and cultural differences of information seeking in the Internet Era. The project is ongoing to include more participants from different cultures.