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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Análise dos parâmetros clínicos periodontais e expressão genética de interferons alfa, gama e genes relacionados em indivíduos portadores de Síndrome de Down com doença periodontal

Tanaka, Marcia Hiromi [UNESP] 12 March 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tanaka_mh_me_arafo.pdf: 647421 bytes, checksum: 7aca1036f8801f2b3143929ea57d6d5c (MD5) / A doença periodontal (DP) em indivíduos com Síndrome de Down (SD) se desenvolve com alta prevalência, precocemente, de modo rápido e generalizado em comparação com indivíduos não-sindrômicos. Foi demonstrado que portadores da SD apresentam resposta imune diminuída em relação aos cromossomicamente normais. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar diferenças nos parâmetros clínicos periodontais e níveis de expressão dos genes Interferon-gama (IFNG), Interferon-gama receptor 1 (IFNGR1), Interferon-gama receptor 2 (IFNGR2), Interferon-alfa (IFNA), Interferon-alfa receptor 1 (IFNAR1), Interferon-alfa receptor 2 (IFNAR2), Janus-quinase 1 (JAK1), Transdutor de sinal e ativador da transcrição 1 (STAT1) e Fator de regulação de interferon 1 (IRF1) em indivíduos com SD que apresentam ou não DP e em indivíduos cromossomicamente normais. Fizeram parte deste estudo 80 indivíduos entre 7 e 57 anos de idade subdivididos em 4 grupos: SD com DP (A); indivíduos com SD sem DP (B); indivíduos não-sindrômicos (Controle) com DP (C) e indivíduos Controle sem DP (D). A expressão gênica foi investigada por meio de quantificação relativa utilizando a técnica da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) em Tempo Real. Para o índice sangramento à sondagem (SS) não houve diferença entre os grupos A e 21 C. A periodontite crônica localizada foi o tipo prevalente tanto entre indivíduos com SD como Controle. Considerando os parâmetros clínicos, não foram encontradas diferenças na periodontite crônica localizada entre os indivíduos com SD e Controle, assim como para a periodontite crônica generalizada. Com relação à análise genética, observou-se que indivíduos dos grupos com SD em relação aos grupos cromossomicamente normais (A+B-C+D) tiveram uma expressão de IFNG semelhante ao observado entre indivíduos do grupo... / Periodontal disease (PD) in individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) has an early, quickly and widespread onset and high prevalence when compared with individuals without the Syndrome. Only poor oral hygiene does not explain the severe periodontal destruction seen in DS patients. It has been shown that DS patients have a weaker immune response than people with normal number of chromosomes. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in periodontal clinical parameters and the expression levels of the genes Interferon-gamma (IFNG), Interferon-gamma receptor 1 (IFNGR1), Interferon-gamma receptor 2 (IFNGR2), interferon-alpha (IFNA), interferon-alpha receptor 1 (IFNAR1), Interferon-alpha receptor 2 (IFNAR2), Janus-kinase 1 (JAK1), Signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 (STAT1) and Interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1) in DS patients with and without periodontal disease in comparison with chromossomically normal individuals. A total of 80 individuals aged 7 to 57 years participated in this study and were divided into 4 groups: DS with PD (A); DS without PD (B); individuals without DS (control) with PD (C) and individuals without DS (control) and without PD (D). A quantitative RT-qPCR was used to investigate gene expression. There was no difference between groups A and C regarding the bleeding on probing 25 (BOP) index. The most prevalent type of periodontitis seen in this study was the localized chronic periodontitis, both in individuals with and without DS. Considering the clinical parameters, localized and generalized chronic periodontitis did not differ between individuals with and without DS. Regarding genetic analysis, individuals of the groups with DS in relation to the groups without DS (A+B-C+D) showed an IFNG expression similar to that seen among the individuals of groups control with PD (C-D). However, individuals... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
22

Influence des facteurs immuno-modulateurs d'origine placentaire sur la différenciation et la maturation des cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes

Harnois, Michaël 02 1900 (has links)
Les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) sont des cellules dendritiques spécialisées, aussi connues sous le nom de cellules productrices d’interféron-α (IFN-α). Les pDC jouent un rôle essentiel dans l’induction de la réponse immunitaire antivirale, en reconnaissant les antigènes viraux via les Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 et 9. Toutefois, les pDC du sang de cordon sont incapables de produire de l’IFN-α en réponse à une stimulation du TLR9, mais leur maturation en cellules présentatrices d’antigènes est normale. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets des facteurs immuno-régulateurs sécrétés par le placenta sur la différenciation et la fonction des pDC. Nous avons analysé l’effet, seules ou en combinaison, de la progestérone (PG), de l'interleukine (IL)-10 et du tumor growth factor (TGF)-β sur la différenciation et la fonction des pDC. Nous démontrons qu’à des niveaux supra-physiologiques ces trois facteurs modulent la différenciation et la production d’IFN-α des pDC. À des niveaux observés dans le sang de cordon, ces facteurs ont peu d’impact sur les pDC lorsque utilisés individuellement. Toutefois lorsque utilisés en combinaison, ils diminuent la production d’IFN-α. Nous avons aussi démontré que la PG, l’IL-10 et le TGF-β n’induisent pas l’expression des micro-ARN 146a et 155 par les pDC. Finalement nous démontrons que les niveaux de ces molécules sont plus élevés dans le sang de cordon que dans le sang d’adulte. Nos résultats révèlent le rôle important des facteurs immuno-régulateurs sécrétés par le placenta sur la fonction des pDC et en conséquence, sur la réponse immunitaire fœtale et néonatale. / Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are specialized dendritic cells, also known as IFN-α producing cells. pDC are key inducers of immune responses following viral infections, by detecting viral antigens through the Toll-like-receptors (TLR) 7 and 9. Although cord blood pDC are unable to produce IFN-α after stimulation, they retain their capacity to mature into antigen presenting cells. To gain insights into the mechanisms of pDC regulation in cord blood, we investigated the effects of immune regulators secreted by the placenta on the differentiation and function of pDC. Using in vitro differentiated pDC, we analyzed the effect of progesterone (PG), IL-10 and TGF-β, separately or in combination, on pDC differentiation and activation. The data revealed that supra-physiological concentrations of these three factors could individually impair pDC differentiation and IFN-α production. Physiological concentrations of PG, IL-10 or TGF-β, individually, had low impact on pDC while in combination they were able to modulate IFN-α production. We also showed that PG, IL-10 or TGF-β failed to induce the expression of micro-RNA 146a and 155 in pDC. Lastly, our results indicated that PG, IL-10 and TGF-β were present at high levels in cord blood as compared to adult blood. These results, therefore, shed new light on the synergy of immune regulators secreted by the placenta and their impact on foetal and neonatal immune responses.
23

Aplicações da eletroforese capilar na análise do biomarcadir alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida, no controle de qualidade do biofármaco interferon alfa 2a e na avaliação da estabilidade enantiosseletiva do fármaco isradipina / Applications of capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of biomarker alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, in the quality control of the biodrugs interferon alpha 2a, and enantioselective stability evaluation of drug isradipine

Aguiar, Fernando Armani 08 August 2013 (has links)
A eletroforese é uma técnica de separação que se baseia na migração diferencial de compostos iônicos em tubo capilar semicondutor, preenchido com solução eletrolítica, sob a influência de campo elétrico. Na introdução desta tese, princípios, métodos e diferentes tipos de técnicas de eletromigração em capilar foram discutidos. No primeiro capítulo são mostrados os resultados de otimização e validação de um método eletroforético para a determinação das glicoformas da ?1-Glicoproteína Ácida, um biomarcador. A otimização das condições eletroforéticas usando eletrólito de corrida constituído por tricina (10 mmol L-1), cloreto de sódio (10 mmol L-1), acetato de sódio (10 mmol L-1), ureia (7 mol L-1) e putrescina (3,9 mmol L-1), pH de 4,5, tensão de 30 kV, e temperatura de análise de 35 °C levou à resolução mínima de aproximadamente 1,5 entre as oito glicoformas encontradas. Todas as análises foram realizadas em um capilar de sílica fundida não revestido internamente, diâmetro interno de 50 µm e comprimento efetivo de 50,0 centímetros. Após a otimização, o método foi validado, em que a linearidade foi obtida no intervalo de 0,125 a 2,5 mg mL-1 (r >= 0,993). O coeficiente de variação (%) e erros relativos (%) obtidos nos estudos de precisão e exatidão, respectivamente, intra e inter-dias foram inferiores a 15 %. Após a validação o método foi aplicado para a análise da ?1-AGP em amostras de plasma de pacientes com sepse, o qual demonstrou uma variabilidade na concentração da glicoformas. No segundo capítulo, um método simples, rápido e econômico por eletroforese capilar, foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação de Interferon alfa-2a, um biofármaco, em formulação farmacêutica. Após otimização, os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando solução tampão tetraborato de sódio 30 mmol L-1, e pH 8,50, com 50 mmol L-1 de dodecil sulfato de sódio. A tensão aplicada foi de 25 kV e a injeção da amostra foi realizada no modo hidrodinâmico. Todas as análises foram realizadas em capilar de sílica fundida não revestido internamente, diâmetro interno de 75 µm e comprimento efetivo de 50,0 centímetros. Sob estas condições, a análise foi realizada em menos de 10 min. A linearidade foi obtida no intervalo de 0,41-1,54 MUI mL-1 (r >= 0,997). O coeficiente de variação (%) e erros relativos (%) obtidos nos estudos de precisão e exatidão, respectivamente, intra e inter-dias foram inferiores a 5 %. Após a validação o método foi aplicado no controle de qualidade de formulações farmacêuticas contendo o Interferon alfa-2a. No terceiro capítulo, um método enantiosseletivo simples por eletroforese capilar usando ciclodrextrina como seletor quiral foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação dos enantiômeros da isradipina, um bloqueador de canal de cálcio, em formulação farmacêutica. Além disso, foi realizado estudo de estabilidade dos enantiômeros da isradipina submetidos à oxidação, hidrólise (ácida e alcalina) e fotólise. A resolução completa dos enantiômeros da isradipina foi obtida em menos de 7 minutos utilizando solução tampão borato de sódio 15 mmol L-1 e pH 9,3 e sulfobutil éter-?-ciclodextrina (2,5 %, m/v) como seletor quiral. A tensão aplicada foi de 30 kV, e a injeção da amostra foi realizada no modo hidrodinâmico. Todas as análises foram efetuadas em capilar de sílica fundida não revestido internamente e diâmetro interno de 50 µm e comprimento efetivo de 50 centímetros. A linearidade foi obtida no intervalo de 25 - 150 µg mL-1 para ambos enantiômeros (r >= 0,998). O coeficiente de variação (%) e erros relativos (%) obtidos nos estudos de precisão e exatidão, respectivamente, intra e inter-dias foram inferiores a 5 %. Após o método ter sido validado, este foi aplicado na análise de formulações farmacêuticas contendo os enantiômeros da isradipina. Nos estudos de estabilidade foi observada degradação dos enantiômeros em todas as condições avaliadas. Assim, de acordo com os resultados obtidos após o desenvolvimento dos três métodos, pode ser concluido que a eletroforese capilar é uma poderosa técnica de separação com aplicações na investigação, desenvolvimento, controle de qualidade e estudos de estabilidade de produtos farmacêuticos. Além disso, a eletroforese capilar é uma técnica complementar à cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, que oferece vantagens como simplicidade, rapidez, baixo custo e consumo de solventes e reagentes e diferentes mecanismos de seletividade, podendo ser aplicada em diferentes tipos de amostras. / Electrophoresis is a separation technique that is based on the differential migration of charged compounds in a semi-conductive medium under the influence of an electric field. In the introduction of this thesis, principles, methods, and different types of electromigrations techniques in capillary were discussed. In the first chapter shows the results of optimization and validation of a electrophoretic method for determining the glycoforms of ?1-AGP. The running buffer after optimization consisted of Tricine (10 mmol L-1), sodium chloride (10 mmol L-1), sodium acetate (10 mmol L-1), urea (7 mol L-1) and putrescine (3.9 mmol L-1), pH 4.5, voltage (30 kV), temperature and analysis (35 ° C) led to resolution of at least of 1.5 among the eight glycoforms found. All analyses were carried out in a fused-silica uncoated capillary with an id of 50 ?m and effective length of 50.0 cm. After optimization method was validated in which the linearity was obtained in the range to 0.125 to 2.5 mg mL-1 (r >= 0.993). The coefficient of variation (%) and relative errors (%) obtained in the studies of precision and accuracy, respectively (intra-day and inter-day) were less than 15 %. After method validation, the analysis of ?1-AGP in plasma of septic patients was performed, which showed variability in the concentration of glycoforms. In the second chapter a simple CE based method was developed and validated for the determination of Interferon alpha-2a in a pharmaceutical formulation. After optimization, the best results were obtained using 30 mmol L-1 tetraborate buffer at pH 8.50 with 50 mmol L-1 of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The applied voltage was 25 kV, and the sample injection was performed in the hydrodynamic mode. All analyses were carried out in a fused-silica uncoated capillary with an id of 75 ?m and effective length of 50.0 cm. Under these conditions, the analysis was achieved in less than 10 min. Linearity was obtained in the range 0.41-1.54 MIU mL-1 (r >= 0.997). The RSD (%) and relative errors (%) obtained in precision and accuracy studies (intra-day and inter-day) were lower than 5 %. Therefore, this method was found to be appropriate for controlling pharmaceutical formulations containing Interferon alpha-2a. In the third chapter a simple enantioselective method based on CE using CD as chiral selector was developed and validated for the determination of isradipine (IRD) enantiomers in a pharmaceutical formulation and for the determination of IRD enantiomers in degradation studies. After optimization, the best results were obtained using 15 mmol L-1 borate buffer at pH 9.3 and sulfobutyl ether-?-cyclodextrin (SBE-?-CD) (2.5 %, w/v) as chiral selector. The applied voltage was 30 kV, and the sample injection was performed in the hydrodynamic mode. All analyses were carried out in a fused-silica uncoated capillary with an internal diameter of 50 ?m and effective length of 50 cm. Under these conditions, a complete separation between IRD enantiomers was achieved in less than 7 min. Linearity was obtained in the range 25 - 150 ?g mL-1 for both enantiomers (r >= 0.998). The RSD (%) and relative errors (%) obtained in precision and accuracy studies (intra-day and inter-day) were lower than 5 %. Therefore, this method was found to be appropriate for controlling pharmaceutical formulations containing IRD enantiomers and the assay was considered stability indicating. The drug was subjected to oxidation, hydrolysis and photolysis. In all stress conditions the drug presented considerable degradation. According to such results, the capillary electrophoresis showed is a powerful separation technique to research and development, quality control, and stability studies of pharmaceuticals. CE offers several advantages over high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a technique commonly used in pharmaceutical analysis. These include simplicity, rapid analysis, automation, different mechanisms for selectivity, and low cost.
24

Trattamenti atti a modulare la risposta infiammatoria della bovina da latte nel periparto per migliorare le condizioni di benessere e le performance / Attempts to Modulate the Inflammatory Response in Periparturient Dairy Cows to Improve their Welfare and Performance

BAKUDILA MBUTA, ANSELME 22 February 2008 (has links)
Il periparto della bovina da latte è caratterizzato da processi infiammatori, che aumentano la vulnerabilità delle vacche alle malattie tipiche peripartali, spesso dovute a patogeni occasionali. In tale periodo, si hanno notevoli variazioni metabolico-fisiologiche, che si evidenziano con la tipica risposta “di fase acuta”, caratterizzata dall’aumento delle proteine positive di fase acuta (es. aptoglobina) e di alcuni specifici metaboliti (es. metaboliti reattivi all’ossigeno) ma anche dalla diminuzione delle proteine negative di fase acuta (es. albumina, colesterolo, PON). In queste prove si è cercato di attenuare e/o modulare tali fatti infiammatori mediante trattamenti specifici caratterizzati dalla somministrazione di: una citochina antinfiammatoria (interferon-alfa) due settimane dal parto per via orale con 1000 UI/Kg (1° prova), 0,5 UI/Kg (2° prova), un antibiotico (tilosina) a circa 10 giorni prima del parto per via intramuscolare, in tre giorni consecutivi ed un farmaco antinfiammatorio (acido acetilsalicilico) nel pre e post parto per via orale con un dosaggio di 30g/d a giorni alterni. L’interferone-alfa ha mostrato un effetto pro-infiammatorio, verosimilmente dovuto alla persistenza della citochina nel rumine (confermata dalla prova in vitro); di qui il ritorno in bocca con il bolo ed una reiterazione dell’effetto, quale fosse un alto dosaggio. La tilosina non ha modificato i processi infiammatori, probabilmente per l’effetto limitato nel tempo degli antibiotici. L’unico trattamento che ha modulato i fatti infiammatori e migliorato talune performance delle bovine trattate è stato quello con l’acido acetilsalicilico. / The transition period in dairy cows is characterized by inflammatory processes, which can contribute to the of their increased susceptibility to periparturient diseases, health disorders and lowered performance. During that phase, dairy cows show metabolic and physiological changes characterized by the rise of positive acute phase proteins (i.e. haptoglobin) and some specific metabolite (i.e. ROS), besides a reduction of negative acute phase proteins (i.e albumin, lipoproteins, PON, etc.). The aim in this study was the attempt to reduce and/or to prevent inflammations, with specific treatment: an antinflammatory cytokine (interferon-alfa) before calving about 1000 UI/Kg/day (1st trial), 0.5 UI/Kg (2st trial) per os, an antibiotic parenterally (tylosin) 10 days before calving and a conventional antinflammatory drug (acetylsalicylic acid), about 30 g/day orally before and after calving. Interferon- increased inflammatory response maybe due to a high-dose, because the cytokine (whom activity site is oral cavity) showed to be persistent in the rumen and renewed the cytokine effect with rumination. The use of an antibiotic (tylosin) did not change the inflammatory status of the dairy cows. The oral administration of Acetylsalicylic acid has otherwise reduced the inflammatory effect and improved the performance of treated dairy cows.
25

Influence des facteurs immuno-modulateurs d'origine placentaire sur la différenciation et la maturation des cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes

Harnois, Michaël 02 1900 (has links)
Les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) sont des cellules dendritiques spécialisées, aussi connues sous le nom de cellules productrices d’interféron-α (IFN-α). Les pDC jouent un rôle essentiel dans l’induction de la réponse immunitaire antivirale, en reconnaissant les antigènes viraux via les Toll-like receptors (TLR) 7 et 9. Toutefois, les pDC du sang de cordon sont incapables de produire de l’IFN-α en réponse à une stimulation du TLR9, mais leur maturation en cellules présentatrices d’antigènes est normale. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets des facteurs immuno-régulateurs sécrétés par le placenta sur la différenciation et la fonction des pDC. Nous avons analysé l’effet, seules ou en combinaison, de la progestérone (PG), de l'interleukine (IL)-10 et du tumor growth factor (TGF)-β sur la différenciation et la fonction des pDC. Nous démontrons qu’à des niveaux supra-physiologiques ces trois facteurs modulent la différenciation et la production d’IFN-α des pDC. À des niveaux observés dans le sang de cordon, ces facteurs ont peu d’impact sur les pDC lorsque utilisés individuellement. Toutefois lorsque utilisés en combinaison, ils diminuent la production d’IFN-α. Nous avons aussi démontré que la PG, l’IL-10 et le TGF-β n’induisent pas l’expression des micro-ARN 146a et 155 par les pDC. Finalement nous démontrons que les niveaux de ces molécules sont plus élevés dans le sang de cordon que dans le sang d’adulte. Nos résultats révèlent le rôle important des facteurs immuno-régulateurs sécrétés par le placenta sur la fonction des pDC et en conséquence, sur la réponse immunitaire fœtale et néonatale. / Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are specialized dendritic cells, also known as IFN-α producing cells. pDC are key inducers of immune responses following viral infections, by detecting viral antigens through the Toll-like-receptors (TLR) 7 and 9. Although cord blood pDC are unable to produce IFN-α after stimulation, they retain their capacity to mature into antigen presenting cells. To gain insights into the mechanisms of pDC regulation in cord blood, we investigated the effects of immune regulators secreted by the placenta on the differentiation and function of pDC. Using in vitro differentiated pDC, we analyzed the effect of progesterone (PG), IL-10 and TGF-β, separately or in combination, on pDC differentiation and activation. The data revealed that supra-physiological concentrations of these three factors could individually impair pDC differentiation and IFN-α production. Physiological concentrations of PG, IL-10 or TGF-β, individually, had low impact on pDC while in combination they were able to modulate IFN-α production. We also showed that PG, IL-10 or TGF-β failed to induce the expression of micro-RNA 146a and 155 in pDC. Lastly, our results indicated that PG, IL-10 and TGF-β were present at high levels in cord blood as compared to adult blood. These results, therefore, shed new light on the synergy of immune regulators secreted by the placenta and their impact on foetal and neonatal immune responses.
26

Aplicações da eletroforese capilar na análise do biomarcadir alfa-1 glicoproteína ácida, no controle de qualidade do biofármaco interferon alfa 2a e na avaliação da estabilidade enantiosseletiva do fármaco isradipina / Applications of capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of biomarker alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, in the quality control of the biodrugs interferon alpha 2a, and enantioselective stability evaluation of drug isradipine

Fernando Armani Aguiar 08 August 2013 (has links)
A eletroforese é uma técnica de separação que se baseia na migração diferencial de compostos iônicos em tubo capilar semicondutor, preenchido com solução eletrolítica, sob a influência de campo elétrico. Na introdução desta tese, princípios, métodos e diferentes tipos de técnicas de eletromigração em capilar foram discutidos. No primeiro capítulo são mostrados os resultados de otimização e validação de um método eletroforético para a determinação das glicoformas da ?1-Glicoproteína Ácida, um biomarcador. A otimização das condições eletroforéticas usando eletrólito de corrida constituído por tricina (10 mmol L-1), cloreto de sódio (10 mmol L-1), acetato de sódio (10 mmol L-1), ureia (7 mol L-1) e putrescina (3,9 mmol L-1), pH de 4,5, tensão de 30 kV, e temperatura de análise de 35 °C levou à resolução mínima de aproximadamente 1,5 entre as oito glicoformas encontradas. Todas as análises foram realizadas em um capilar de sílica fundida não revestido internamente, diâmetro interno de 50 µm e comprimento efetivo de 50,0 centímetros. Após a otimização, o método foi validado, em que a linearidade foi obtida no intervalo de 0,125 a 2,5 mg mL-1 (r >= 0,993). O coeficiente de variação (%) e erros relativos (%) obtidos nos estudos de precisão e exatidão, respectivamente, intra e inter-dias foram inferiores a 15 %. Após a validação o método foi aplicado para a análise da ?1-AGP em amostras de plasma de pacientes com sepse, o qual demonstrou uma variabilidade na concentração da glicoformas. No segundo capítulo, um método simples, rápido e econômico por eletroforese capilar, foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação de Interferon alfa-2a, um biofármaco, em formulação farmacêutica. Após otimização, os melhores resultados foram obtidos utilizando solução tampão tetraborato de sódio 30 mmol L-1, e pH 8,50, com 50 mmol L-1 de dodecil sulfato de sódio. A tensão aplicada foi de 25 kV e a injeção da amostra foi realizada no modo hidrodinâmico. Todas as análises foram realizadas em capilar de sílica fundida não revestido internamente, diâmetro interno de 75 µm e comprimento efetivo de 50,0 centímetros. Sob estas condições, a análise foi realizada em menos de 10 min. A linearidade foi obtida no intervalo de 0,41-1,54 MUI mL-1 (r >= 0,997). O coeficiente de variação (%) e erros relativos (%) obtidos nos estudos de precisão e exatidão, respectivamente, intra e inter-dias foram inferiores a 5 %. Após a validação o método foi aplicado no controle de qualidade de formulações farmacêuticas contendo o Interferon alfa-2a. No terceiro capítulo, um método enantiosseletivo simples por eletroforese capilar usando ciclodrextrina como seletor quiral foi desenvolvido e validado para a determinação dos enantiômeros da isradipina, um bloqueador de canal de cálcio, em formulação farmacêutica. Além disso, foi realizado estudo de estabilidade dos enantiômeros da isradipina submetidos à oxidação, hidrólise (ácida e alcalina) e fotólise. A resolução completa dos enantiômeros da isradipina foi obtida em menos de 7 minutos utilizando solução tampão borato de sódio 15 mmol L-1 e pH 9,3 e sulfobutil éter-?-ciclodextrina (2,5 %, m/v) como seletor quiral. A tensão aplicada foi de 30 kV, e a injeção da amostra foi realizada no modo hidrodinâmico. Todas as análises foram efetuadas em capilar de sílica fundida não revestido internamente e diâmetro interno de 50 µm e comprimento efetivo de 50 centímetros. A linearidade foi obtida no intervalo de 25 - 150 µg mL-1 para ambos enantiômeros (r >= 0,998). O coeficiente de variação (%) e erros relativos (%) obtidos nos estudos de precisão e exatidão, respectivamente, intra e inter-dias foram inferiores a 5 %. Após o método ter sido validado, este foi aplicado na análise de formulações farmacêuticas contendo os enantiômeros da isradipina. Nos estudos de estabilidade foi observada degradação dos enantiômeros em todas as condições avaliadas. Assim, de acordo com os resultados obtidos após o desenvolvimento dos três métodos, pode ser concluido que a eletroforese capilar é uma poderosa técnica de separação com aplicações na investigação, desenvolvimento, controle de qualidade e estudos de estabilidade de produtos farmacêuticos. Além disso, a eletroforese capilar é uma técnica complementar à cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, que oferece vantagens como simplicidade, rapidez, baixo custo e consumo de solventes e reagentes e diferentes mecanismos de seletividade, podendo ser aplicada em diferentes tipos de amostras. / Electrophoresis is a separation technique that is based on the differential migration of charged compounds in a semi-conductive medium under the influence of an electric field. In the introduction of this thesis, principles, methods, and different types of electromigrations techniques in capillary were discussed. In the first chapter shows the results of optimization and validation of a electrophoretic method for determining the glycoforms of ?1-AGP. The running buffer after optimization consisted of Tricine (10 mmol L-1), sodium chloride (10 mmol L-1), sodium acetate (10 mmol L-1), urea (7 mol L-1) and putrescine (3.9 mmol L-1), pH 4.5, voltage (30 kV), temperature and analysis (35 ° C) led to resolution of at least of 1.5 among the eight glycoforms found. All analyses were carried out in a fused-silica uncoated capillary with an id of 50 ?m and effective length of 50.0 cm. After optimization method was validated in which the linearity was obtained in the range to 0.125 to 2.5 mg mL-1 (r >= 0.993). The coefficient of variation (%) and relative errors (%) obtained in the studies of precision and accuracy, respectively (intra-day and inter-day) were less than 15 %. After method validation, the analysis of ?1-AGP in plasma of septic patients was performed, which showed variability in the concentration of glycoforms. In the second chapter a simple CE based method was developed and validated for the determination of Interferon alpha-2a in a pharmaceutical formulation. After optimization, the best results were obtained using 30 mmol L-1 tetraborate buffer at pH 8.50 with 50 mmol L-1 of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The applied voltage was 25 kV, and the sample injection was performed in the hydrodynamic mode. All analyses were carried out in a fused-silica uncoated capillary with an id of 75 ?m and effective length of 50.0 cm. Under these conditions, the analysis was achieved in less than 10 min. Linearity was obtained in the range 0.41-1.54 MIU mL-1 (r >= 0.997). The RSD (%) and relative errors (%) obtained in precision and accuracy studies (intra-day and inter-day) were lower than 5 %. Therefore, this method was found to be appropriate for controlling pharmaceutical formulations containing Interferon alpha-2a. In the third chapter a simple enantioselective method based on CE using CD as chiral selector was developed and validated for the determination of isradipine (IRD) enantiomers in a pharmaceutical formulation and for the determination of IRD enantiomers in degradation studies. After optimization, the best results were obtained using 15 mmol L-1 borate buffer at pH 9.3 and sulfobutyl ether-?-cyclodextrin (SBE-?-CD) (2.5 %, w/v) as chiral selector. The applied voltage was 30 kV, and the sample injection was performed in the hydrodynamic mode. All analyses were carried out in a fused-silica uncoated capillary with an internal diameter of 50 ?m and effective length of 50 cm. Under these conditions, a complete separation between IRD enantiomers was achieved in less than 7 min. Linearity was obtained in the range 25 - 150 ?g mL-1 for both enantiomers (r >= 0.998). The RSD (%) and relative errors (%) obtained in precision and accuracy studies (intra-day and inter-day) were lower than 5 %. Therefore, this method was found to be appropriate for controlling pharmaceutical formulations containing IRD enantiomers and the assay was considered stability indicating. The drug was subjected to oxidation, hydrolysis and photolysis. In all stress conditions the drug presented considerable degradation. According to such results, the capillary electrophoresis showed is a powerful separation technique to research and development, quality control, and stability studies of pharmaceuticals. CE offers several advantages over high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a technique commonly used in pharmaceutical analysis. These include simplicity, rapid analysis, automation, different mechanisms for selectivity, and low cost.
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Chronische Hepatitis C

Berg, Thomas 23 April 2002 (has links)
Die vorliegende Habilitationsschrift befasst sich schwerpunktmäßig vor allem mit der Klinik und Therapie der Hepatitis C. Evaluiert wurden: 1. verschiedene therapeutische Strategien, 2. die Ursachen der "Non-Response" auf eine anti-virale Therapie sowie 3. die klinische Relevanz der neu entdeckten Hepatitis-assoziierten Viren und 4. ihre Bedeutung bei Patienten mit akuter bzw. chronischer Lebererkrankung unklarer Ätiologie sowie bei Patienten vor und nach Lebertransplantation. Ad 1. Aus dem Vergleich verschiedener Therapie-Konzepte wie der Kurzzeit- Kombinationstherapie, Triple-Therapie, Hochdosis-Interferon?-Therapie und der Anwendung antiviraler Substanzen wie Ribavirin und Amantadin ergaben sich neue Erkenntnisse hinsichtlich relevanter prognostischer Parameter für die Therapieresponse. Ad 2. Analysiert wurden die möglichen molekularen Mechanismen der Therapieresponse bzw. Non-Response sowie der Stellenwert von Interaktionen bestimmter HCV-Proteine (NS5A, E2, sogenannte PKR-eIF2a Phosphorylisations-Homologie-Domäne [PePHD]) mit den Interferon? induzierten Effektorproteinen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Anzahl der Mutationen innerhalb des NS5A Proteins einen prognostischen Parameter darstellen hinsichtlich der Response auf eine Interferon?-Therapie. Dagegen spielen Mutationen innerhalb der PePHD-Region keine Rolle. Ad 3. Aus den Untersuchungen zur klinischen Relevanz der neu entdeckten Hepatitis-assoziierten Viren GB Virus-C/Hepatitis G Virus (GBV-C/HGV) und TT-Virus (TTV) ergaben sich keine Hinweise bzgl. eines Einflusses von GBV-C/HGV bzw. TTV-Infektionen auf den Verlauf der chronischen Hepatitis C. Die durchgeführten Verlaufsuntersuchungen bei koinfizierten Patienten sprechen dafür, daß es sich um Interferon-sensitive Viren handelt; jedenfalls beeinflussen sie nicht die IFN?-induzierte Response. Ad 4. Untersucht wurden ferner die Prävalenz, Transmission und Relevanz der GBV-C/HGV und TTV-Infektion im Hinblick auf ihre Hepatitis-induzierenden Eigenschaften. Die Ergebnisse belegen, dass beide Viren parenteral übertragen werden, und dass sie eine hohe Prävalenz bei Patienten mit parenteralen Risikofaktoren besitzen. Eine Hepatitis-induzierende Potenz dieser Viren konnten wir nicht beobachten; bei der Mehrzahl aller chronisch infizierter Personen ließen sich keine Zeichen einer chronischen Hepatitis finden. / The major goal of this thesis is the analysis of the clinical outcome of patients with Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and the response to therapy. Analysed were 1. different types of therapeutic strategies 2. causes responsible for ineffective antiviral therapy (non-response) 3. clinical relevance of the newly discovered hepatitis-associated viruses and 4. the role of these viruses in patients with acute or chronic hepatitis of unknown causes and in those receiving liver grafts. Ad 1. Compared were different therapeutic concepts such as short-term combination therapy, triple-therapy, high dose IFN?-therapy and the use of antiviral substances such as ribavirin and amantadine. It emerged that relevant prognostic parameters can be deduced with respect to the therapeutic response rate. Ad 2. Analysed were possible molecular mechanisms, which may interfere with response or non-response to antiviral therapy. In this respect, we focussed on the interaction of certain HCV-proteins as NS5A, E2, so-called PKR-eIF2a phosphorylisation-homology-domain (PePHD). with the interferon-?-induced effector proteins. There is evidence, that number of mutations within the NS5A proteins are of prognostic relevance with respect to the response to interferon?-therapy. In contrast, mutations within the PePHD-region do not play any role in this respect. Ad 3. We also studied the clinical relevance of the newly discovered viruses GBV-C/HGV and TTV, and found, that they have no impact concerning the course of chronic hepatitis C. These viruses are interferon-sensitive and do not influence the IFNa-response as it could be documented by following the course of co-infected patients. Ad 4. Our studies also focused on the prevalence, transmission and relevance of GBV-C/HGV and TTV infections with respect to their role as hepatitis-inducing agents. We can show that both virus types are parenterally transmitted. There is a high prevalence for both types in patients confronted with risk factors for parenteral factors. From analysis of many patients being chronically infected with these viruses it became quite clear that they lack any important potency to provoke chronic liver disease.
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"Sequenciamento da região NS5A do genoma do vírus da hepatite C, genótipo 3, de pacientes brasileiros com infecção crônica" / Sequencing of NS5A region of HCV genotype 3 in brazilian patienwith chronic disease

Malta, Fernanda de Mello 05 September 2006 (has links)
No presente estudo, foram selecionados 33 pacientes infectados com HCV genótipo 3a, tratados com IFN e Ribavirina, incluindo pacientes cirróticos (C) e não-cirróticos (NC), respondedores (R) e não-respondedores (NR). Foi realizado o seqüenciamento das regiões E2 e NS5A do genoma do HCV. As seqüências geradas foram analisadas quanto a presença de mutações para correlacionarmos com a resposta virológica sustentada ao tratamento e com a presença de cirrose. Na análise estatística as mutações na região E2 não apresentaram diferença significante. As mutações conservadoras encontradas nas regiões NLS e V3 da NS5A apresentaram diferença significante. Estudos funcionais envolvendo a proteína NS5A são necessários para que possamos avaliar o valor preditivo das mutações conservadoras e não-conservadoras encontradas na NS5A / The aim of this study was to analyse the sequences of fragments of E2 and NS5A regions from 33 outpatients infected with HCV genotype 3, including cirrhotic (C) and non-cirrhotic (NC) patients that have responded (R) or not (NR) to treatment. In the E2 region, we did observe few amino acids changes between patients without statistical significance. In the NLS region and in V3 domain, we found conservatives mutations with statistical significance. In conclusion, our results confirm that the ISDR domain is not predictive for treatment success in patients infected with HCV genotype 3. The carboxy-terminal region and especifically V3 domain region showed most of variations. Structure-function studies are required to identify precisely how NS5A and IFN interact
29

Eficácia dos medicamentos imunomoduladores no tratamento da mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espática tropical (HAM/TSP): revisão sistemática / Efficacy of immunomodulating drugs in the treatment of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP): a systematic review

Yamashiro, Juliana 18 February 2014 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: A mielopatia associada ao HTLV-1/paraparesia espástica tropical (HAM/TSP) é a manifestação neurológica mais descrita da infecção pelo HTLV-1. Embora o risco de seu desenvolvimento ao longo da vida do portador dessa retrovirose seja pequeno, 2% a 5%, tal afecção pode causar um importante comprometimento funcional e prejuízo na qualidade de vida. Dadas as exigências atuais por melhores cuidados de saúde, os profissionais de saúde frequentemente empregam diferentes terapêuticas disponíveis para tratar pacientes com HAM/TSP, dentre os quais se destacam as drogas imunomoduladoras, visando reduzir a incapacidade e melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes acometidos. Porém, ainda não há consenso sobre qual seria a melhor intervenção e, quando indicado, qual o melhor imunomodulador para o tratamento da HAM/TSP. MÉTODOS: Com o propósito de buscar-se evidência da eficácia dos medicamentos imunomoduladores no tratamento da HAM/TSP, foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS, Embase e Registro Cochrane de Ensaios Clínicos Controlados. Selecionaram-se estudos relevantes, sem restrição de idioma e publicados até em 31/01/13. Além disso, foi realizada busca manual das referências bibliográficas dos estudos selecionados. RESULTADOS: Três ensaios clínicos randomizados e controlados que preencheram os critérios de inclusão foram analisados: dois deles abordando a eficácia do interferon alfa e um de zidovudina associada à lamivudina. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes que receberam 3,0 milhões de UI de interferon alfa, pela via intramuscular, uma vez por dia, durante 28 dias consecutivos, apresentaram melhora temporária do comprometimento funcional e do distúrbio urinário, quando comparados aos que receberam 0,3 ou 1,0 milhão de UI de interferon alfa, e apresentaram efeitos adversos toleráveis e temporários. A intensidade da melhora e o tempo do benefício dependeram do grau de comprometimento funcional e urinário prévio ao estudo. Os pacientes que receberam 300 mg de zidovudina e 150 mg de lamivudina, pela via oral, duas vezes por dia, durante 24 semanas, não apresentaram melhora significativa do comprometimento funcional, da dor em membros inferiores ou do distúrbio urinário, quando comparados aos pacientes que receberam placebo. A literatura revisada mostrou-se escassa e heterogênea no que se refere às drogas utilizadas e à dosagem, bem como nos desfechos clínicos avaliados. Em função disso, não se realizou metanálise. Conclui-se que não há evidência definitiva de eficácia do uso de imunomoduladores para o tratamento da HAM/TSP / BACKGROUND: HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is the most frequently described neurological manifestation of this retroviral infection. Even through the lifetime risk of HTLV-1 carries developing HAM/TSP is low (2% to 5%) this condition may cause significant disability and compromise quality of life. Given current demands for better health care, health professionals often use different available therapies to treat patients with HAM/TSP, and, particularly, immunomodulating drugs to reduce disability and improve quality of life. However, so far there is no consensus about the best intervention, and, when recommended, the best immunomodulating drug for the treatment of HAM/TSP. METHODS: To establish whether there is evidence of the efficacy of immunomodulating drugs in the treatment of HAM/TSP. We conducted a systematic review of randomized, double-blind, controlled trials, searching MEDLINE, LILACS, EMBASE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. We selected relevant studies published until January 31st, 2013, regardless of language. In addition, a manual search of the references of selected studies was conducted. RESULTS: Three randomized controlled clinical trials that met our inclusion criteria were analyzed: two of them address the efficacy of interferon alfa and another of zidovudine plus lamivudine. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who received 3.0 million IU of interferon alfa, intramuscularly, once a day, for 28 consecutive days, showed temporary improvement of functional impairment and urinary disorder, as compared to those who received 0.3 or 1.0 million IU of interferon alfa, and exhibited with tolerable and temporary side effects. The intensity and duration of improvement depended on the degree of functional impairment and urinary disorder prior to the study. Patients who received 300 mg zidovudine plus 150 mg lamivudine, orally, twice a day, for 24 weeks showed no significant improvement in functional impairment, in lower limbs pain or in urinary disorder when compared to patients who received placebo. The literature we reviewed is scarce and heterogeneous in terms of used drugs and in evaluated clinical outcomes. Therefore, a meta-analysis was not performed. We concluded that there is no definitive evidence of the efficacy of imunnomodulating drugs in the treatment of HAM/TSP
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Autoantibodies and the Type I Interferon System in the Etiopathogenesis of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Blomberg, Stina January 2003 (has links)
<p>In sera remitted for anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) analysis, the supplement of a sensitive anti-SSA/Ro ELISA to the conventional ANA screening by immunofluorescence (IF) revealed that one fourth of the individuals with IF-ANA negative, but SSA/Ro ELISA positive sera, had systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or cutaneous LE. Consequently, adding a sensitive anti-SSA/Ro ELISA to the ANA screening is valuable for the serological detection of ANA negative SLE/LE patients.</p><p>SLE patients often have measurable interferon-alpha (IFN-α) levels in serum, and IFN-α treatment of patients with non-autoimmune diseases can induce SLE. Thus, the type I IFN system seems to be important in SLE and was therefore investigated. Initially, a decreased IFN-α producing capacity, due to a 70-fold reduction in the number of circulating natural IFN-α producing cells (NIPC), was noted in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from SLE patients. SLE-sera contained an endogenous IFN-α inducing factor (SLE-IIF), consisting of IgG and DNA in the form of small immune complexes (300-1000 kD). The SLE-IIF selectively activated NIPC and was more common in sera from patients with active disease compared to individuals with inactive disease. IFN-α producing cells could be detected by immunohistochemistry in both lesional and unaffected skin from SLE patients, and IFN-α gene transcription could be verified by in situ hybridisation in some of the skin biopsies. A reduced number of NIPC, detected by expression of the blood dendritic cell antigen (BDCA)-2, was noted among SLE-PBMC. The IFN-α production triggered by SLE-IIF in SLE-PBMC was inhibited by monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to BDCA-2 and markedly decreased by anti-BDCA-4 mAbs. </p><p>The observations in the present thesis may explain the ongoing IFN-α production in SLE patients, indicate an important role for the activated type I IFN system in the pathogenesis, and suggest that direct targeting of SLE-NIPC may constitute a new therapeutic principle in SLE.</p>

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