Doctor Legum - LLD / This thesis deals with a very important issue in South African society, i.e. the provision of financial and non-cash support to older persons. Older persons in South Africa can be described as a sizeable but vulnerable group requiring specific protection. Section 27 of the South African Constitution of 1996 obliges the state to take reasonable legislative and other measures within available resources to progressively realise the right of access to social security. Hence, the steps taken by the state to promote older persons’ right of access to social security and to protect their right to dignity need to be evaluated. The legislative framework for the provision of financial and non-cash support to older persons currently is fragmented into various statutes dealing with retirement income, state grants to older persons and care and support services for older persons. Therefore, the current legislation lacks an integrated approach to the provision of support and care to older persons, as well as a central principle on which to base future legislation concerning older persons. One such principle that could potentially be adopted is intergenerational solidarity, which can be described as the solidarity between the active working-age population, as one generation, from which benefits flow to older persons as the other. This thesis evaluates whether intergenerational solidarity should form the basis of South African legislation on the provision of retirement income and the provision of care and support to older persons, and if so, whether it in fact does. If the answer to the latter is in the negative, the thesis further examines whether the current process to reform the retirement income system and related legislation in South Africa would be a suitable platform to introduce the concept of intergenerational solidarity to legislation concerning older persons. / South Africa

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5777.pdf: 2633134 bytes, checksum: a8fd748751cf0d16a942c6e743026f07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-04 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Recent demographic changes such as decreasing fertility rates and increasing life expectancy have favored intergenerational families. In this social context we use concepts from Social Skills Psychology, which focuses on the study of social interactions and interpersonal relationships. Social Skills (SS) are social behaviors that enable Social Compentence. There are different classes of SS: Assertiveness, Conversation and social resourcefulness, Emotional expressiveness, Empathy, Self-control. Interpersonal relationships have also been studied under the theoretical model of Intergenerational Solidarity (IS), which includes six dimensions: (1) Affectual (feelings and evaluations), (2) Associative (frequency and type of contact), (3) Consensual (agreement in opinions and values), (4) Functional (support), (5) Normative (expectations about obligations and norms) and (6) Structural (opportunity for interaction, due to geographical proximity) , and usually studied in association with conflict. Given that these two theoretical fields involve the interpersonal context of human development, it is possible to assume an interface between them. More specifically, social skills may be an antecedent condition favoring intergenerational solidarity. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to evaluate a possible interface between SS and IS, as well as relationship quality (RQ) among older parents and their adult children. The sample was composed of 69 parent-children dyads, ages 60 to 85 years for parents and between 25 to 50 years for the adult children. The dyads were separated according to the gender of the participants, yielding four types of dyads: Mothers and daughters (n = 17), Mothers and sons (n = 18), Fathers and daughters (n = 17), Fathers and sons (n = 18). Instruments were: IHSI - Del - Prette, IHS-Del-Prette, Scale of Intergenerational Solidarity, WHOQOL-OLD and Criterion Brazil. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed. Initially, an analysis was performed by judges: experts evaluated the possible semantic relations between items of the IS and SS. Subsequently, correlational analyses were performed for SS, IS, sociodemographic variables and Relationship Quality. In these analyses we found evidence of association among these variables. From this evidence, models were developed through structural equation models for dyadic analysis using the Actor -Partner Interdependence Model with two predictors (at a significance level of p < 0.05, with effect size - D Cohen equal to 0.15 and the statistical power of 0.80). SS classes were found to be predictors of dimensions of IS and Conflict in intra and intergenerational analyses. We discuss the implications of these findings for research, evaluation, intervention, training of health professionals, public policies and social programs. / As mudanças demográficas das últimas décadas (aumento na expectativa de vida, ingresso de mulheres no mercado de trabalho, casamentos tardios, divórcios) estão favorecendo a convivência entre diferentes gerações de uma mesma família. Nesse contexto situa-se a Solidariedade Intergeracional (SI), conceito oriundo da Sociologia. Este constructo foi elaborado a partir de evidências empíricas de estudos longitudinais e é composto por seis dimensões: (1) afetiva (sentimentos e avaliações), (2) conflituosa (percepções sobre tensão e divergências), (3) consensual, (concordância em opiniões e valores), (4) funcional (apoio), (5) normativa (expectativas sobre obrigações e normas) e (6) estrutural, (oportunidade de interação, refletindo a proximidade geográfica). Paralelamente, a Psicologia das Habilidades Sociais estuda as interações sociais sob a perspectiva das Habilidades Sociais (HS) e, mais especificamente, de suas diferentes classes como por exemplo, Assertividade, Conversação e desenvoltura social, Expressividade emocional. Considerando que esses dois campos teóricos estejam inseridos no contexto interpessoal do desenvolvimento humano, é possível supor uma interface entre eles em que as Habilidades Sociais poderiam ser condições antecedentes e favorecedoras da relacionamentos interpessoais mais positivos e, num sentido mais amplo, de Solidariedade Intergeracional. Adicionalmente, embora estudado em diversos países, o constructo da Solidariedade Intergeracional ainda foi pouco explorado no contexto brasileiro. Deste modo, o objetivo desta Tese foi avaliar uma possível interface entre HS e SI, bem como a qualidade do relacionamento (QR) entre idosos e adultos. Participaram deste estudo 69 díades de pais idosos e de filhos adultos, com idades entre 60 e 85 anos e entre 25 e50 anos, respectivamente. As díades foram organizadas de acordo com o sexo dos participantes, havendo, portanto quatro tipos de díades: Mães e filhas (n = 17), Mães e filhos (n = 18), Pais e filhas (n = 17), Pais e filhos (n = 18). Os intrumentos utilizados foram: IHSI-Del- Prette, IHS-Del-Prette, Escala de Solidariedade Intergeracional, WHOQOL-OLD, Critério Brasil. Foram realizadas análises descritivas e inferenciais. Inicialmente, foram realizadas análises de correlação para variáveis sociodemográficas, HS, SI, QR. Foram encontradas evidências de associação entre estas variáveis em níveis intra e intergeracionais. A partir destas evidências, foram desenvolvidos modelos de modelos de equação estrutural para análises díadicas por meio do Actor-Partner Interdependence Model, com dois preditores (ao nível de significância de p < 0,05, com tamanho de efeito - D de Cohen - igual a 0,15 e poder estatístico de 0,80). As Habilidades de Expressividade emocional parecem influenciar a SI Afetiva, enquanto as HS de Enfrentamento parecem influenciar o Conflito, e as HS de Conversação e Desenvoltura Social parecem influenciar as dimensões de SI Normativa. São discutidas as implicações destes resultados para pesquisa, avaliação, intervenção, formação de profissionais de saúde, formulação de políticas públicas e programas sociais.

Submitted by Alison Vanceto (alison-vanceto@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-11T13:02:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCRpp.pdf: 3849521 bytes, checksum: 3d8a043d6e3436180b6e5cc6a1e316b5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-18T20:18:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCRpp.pdf: 3849521 bytes, checksum: 3d8a043d6e3436180b6e5cc6a1e316b5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-05-18T20:18:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCRpp.pdf: 3849521 bytes, checksum: 3d8a043d6e3436180b6e5cc6a1e316b5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T19:10:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseCRpp.pdf: 3849521 bytes, checksum: 3d8a043d6e3436180b6e5cc6a1e316b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-10-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Social participation, besides being considered one of main goals of rehabilitation, is defined by scientific literature and some specific public policies for the elderly as one of the pillars to active aging. Nevertheless, few studies have investigated the social participation of Brazilian elderly population and its predictors. The objective of this present study was to identify the predictors of variation of the social participation of independent elderly enrolled in Family Health Strategies units in the municipality of Araras/SP. Besides investigating the dimensions of LIFE-H 3.1- Brazil and its reliability; to characterize the profile of the elderly population; to identify associations between socio-demographic, health conditions, perception of intergenerational solidarity and quality of life and to compare levels of social participation amongst elderly subgroups. A total of 175 elderly, registered in 10 Family Health Strategies of all regions of the city have participated in the present study. All data have been collected through identification form, containing social-demographic variables, from health, familiar intergenerational solidarity aspects, among parents and children, perception of quality of life, besides the following standardized instruments: Geriatric Depression Scale, Katz Scale, Mini Mental State Examination, and LIFE-H 3.1-Brasil which evaluates social participation. Data analysis has been descriptive, comparative, correlational e multivariate performed on SPSS v23.0. The evaluation of predictors of social participation was conducted by Linear Regression Analysis, taking into account the dimension of LIFE-H 3.1 previously extracted from Factor Analysis, namely: Personal Care, Community, Recreation and Communication, apart from global evaluation of social participation which involved these four dimensions (LIFE-H Total). The factorial analysis and the internal consistency of the dimensions of LIFE-H 3.1-Brazil confirm the reliability of data and utilization of such instrument in independent elderly. The association among the variables contributed to identify the factors related to health and disease condition of such population, strengthening the influence of contextual factors in this life period. Main results revealed average variations of social participation due to different variables, with special highlight on marital status, schooling, city district where he/she lives, familiar intergenerational solidarity, comorbidities, presence if depressive symptomatology, cognitive ability, physical activities practicing and subjective perception of quality of living, which were confirmed in the correlation study. The variables which acted as predictors of global social participation (LIFE-H Total) were living in specific city districts, physical activities practicing number of diseases, cognitive ability, age, depressive symptomatology, subjective evaluation of quality of life and widowhood, in that order. The variables city district, physical activity practicing, cognitive ability and subjective evaluation of quality of living acted positively, whilst other variables acted negatively in the social participation variation. This study reveals the complexity and multidimensionality of elderly social participation and the influence of personal and environmental determining factors which, mostly, could be modifiable. It is argued that maximization of actions e programs destined mainly to elderly preventive health care along with investments in infrastructure, safety and implementation of services may be of great value to the feasibility of greater social participation of such population. The continuity of these studies is desirable for deeper theoretical and empirical understanding such theme, overall the qualiquantitative and longitudinal nature to the seizure of changes, tendencies and predictors of elderly social participation in different degrees of functionality and health condition. / A participação social, além de ser considerada um dos principais objetivos da reabilitação, é definida pela literatura científica e políticas públicas específicas para a população idosa como um dos pilares para o envelhecimento ativo. Entretanto, poucos estudos têm investigado a participação social da população idosa brasileira e seus preditores. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os preditores da variação da participação social de idosos independentes cadastrados em unidades de Estratégias de Saúde da Família (ESFs) do município de Araras/SP. Além de avaliar as dimensões do LIFE-H 3.1-Brasil e a sua fiabilidade; caracterizar o perfil da população; identificar associações entre as condições sociodemográficas, de saúde, percepção de solidariedade intergeracional e qualidade de vida e comparar níveis de participação social entre subgrupos de idosos. Participaram 175 idosos cadastrados em 10 ESFs de todas as regiões da cidade. Os dados foram coletados por meio de ficha de identificação contendo variáveis sociodemográficas, de saúde, aspectos da solidariedade intergeracional familiar entre pais e filhos e percepção de qualidade de vida, além dos seguintes instrumentos padronizados: Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, Escala de Katz, Mini Exame do Estado Mental e do LIFE-H 3.1-Brasil, que avalia a participação social. A análise dos dados foi descritiva, comparativa, correlacional e multivariada realizada no SPSS v23.0. A avaliação dos preditores da participação social foi conduzida pela Análise de Regressão Linear, considerando, as dimensões do LIFE-H 3.1 extraídas previamente da Análise Fatorial do instrumento, a saber: Cuidados Pessoais, Comunidade, Recreação e Comunicação, além da avaliação global da participação social que envolveu essas quatro dimensões (LIFE-H Total). A análise fatorial e da consistência interna das dimensões do LIFE-H 3.1-Brasil apontam para a fiabilidade dos dados e utilização do instrumento em idosos independentes. A associação entre as variáveis contribuiu para identificar fatores relacionados à condição de saúde e doença dessa população, reforçando a influência de fatores contextuais nessa fase da vida. Os principais resultados revelaram diferenças de médias de participação social em função de diferentes variáveis, com destaque para o estado civil, escolaridade, região da cidade onde mora, solidariedade intergeracional, comorbidades, presença de sintomatologia depressiva, capacidade cognitiva, prática de atividade física e percepção subjetiva de qualidade de vida, que foram confirmadas no estudo de correlação. As variáveis que atuaram como preditores da participação social global (LIFE-H Total) foram viver em determinadas regiões da cidade, prática de atividade física, número de doenças, capacidade cognitiva, idade, sintomatologia depressiva, avaliação subjetiva de qualidade de vida e viuvez, nessa ordem. As variáveis regiões da cidade, prática de atividade física, capacidade cognitiva e avaliação subjetiva de qualidade de vida agiram de forma positiva, enquanto que as outras variáveis atuaram negativamente na variação da participação social. Este estudo revela a complexidade e multidimensionalidade da participação social de idosos e a influência de determinantes pessoais e ambientais, que, em sua maioria, podem ser modificáveis. Discute-se que a maximização de ações e programas destinados ao cuidado, principalmente, de saúde do idoso de forma preventiva e de investimentos no território, como melhorias de infraestrutura, segurança e implementação de serviços podem ser de grande valia para a viabilidade de maior participação social desta população. Indica-se a continuidade de estudos para o aprofundamento teórico e empírico sobre o tema, sobretudo de natureza quali-quantitativa e longitudinais para apreensão das mudanças, tendências e preditores da participação social de idosos de diferentes graus de funcionalidade e condição de saúde.

This thesis deals with the emotional dimension of intergenerational solidarity in elderly care. Caring for an aging family member is a difficult life situations for a caring person but also for the elderly. How they cope with the situation, largely depends on the quality of their relationship. The paper presents the theories related to emotional solidarity in elderly care, mainly the theory of V.L. Bengtson, on which is based the research and presents also contemporary Czech and foreign studies on this topic. Quantitative methods used in the paper are based on data from research of prof. Hynek Jerabek et al. "Family Cohesion 2010" and analyzes the mutual relationship between the one who cares and elderly family member who need help. To find the factors that affect relationships, is used linear regression analysis factors are currently being compared to the situation of home care and for care with help of the institutions. The conclusions of the analysis confirm the assumption that emotional solidarity is most often provided kind of help. Emotional relationships between caring persons and the elderly are characterized by relatively high degree of reciprocity, which increases when they are caring of their own mother, and if they had harmonic emotional relationships with senior in the past. The...

Ce mémoire s’intéresse à la cohabitation intergénérationnelle en immeubles de type plex, en tant que stratégie de solidarité familiale observée à Montréal. Plus précisément, il s’agit de retracer l’histoire de ce mode d’habiter à travers les récits recueillis auprès d’une dizaine de familles québécoises. Les personnes rencontrées ont évoqué les motivations d’un tel projet, ont parlé de son élaboration, de la vie quotidienne dans le plex, de l’avenir de la cohabitation ou, le cas échéant, des motifs d’y mettre fin. La spécificité de la cohabitation intergénérationnelle en plex est de mettre à profit le cadre bâti résidentiel montréalais, composé d’un grand nombre de plex, dans le but plus ou moins explicite de resserrer les liens de la solidarité familiale. La démarche a donc consisté à reconstituer l’histoire d’une dizaine de familles ayant opté pour un tel mode d’habiter à Montréal, ceci à travers le récit d’un membre de la « génération-pivot », dans chacun de ces familles, susceptible de se situer au carrefour des solidarités : entre ses enfants dans la jeune vingtaine et ses parents et ses parents vieillissants. Deux objectifs principaux ont été poursuivis. Il s’agissait dans un premier temps de retracer le processus menant à une telle stratégie de proximité résidentielle et de détailler ensuite le fonctionnement quotidien de la cohabitation intergénérationnelle. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, trois questions ont guidé l’analyse du discours des répondants. Premièrement, quelles sont les motivations de ces familles? Deuxièmement, à quel point les réalités quotidiennes des membres cohabitants se voient-elles dès lors imbriquées? Troisièmement, quels enjeux sont soulevés par ce mode d’habiter? Les résultats mettent de l’avant de nombreux avantages à la cohabitation intergénérationnelle en plex, par exemple l’accès plus aisé à la propriété pour les jeunes générations, des possibilités accrues d’échanges de services concrets ou encore un sentiment de plus grande sécurité. Les enjeux soulevés par ce mode d’habiter sont également explorés et analysés du point de vue de la notion centrale sur laquelle repose ce projet familial et résidentiel, la notion d’indépendance. / This thesis focuses on intergenerational cohabitation in multi-lodging dwellings (duplexes, triplexes and such) in Montreal. Considering the extreme residential proximity involved, this form of habitation is defined as a strategy of family solidarity. More specifically, the motivations, the day-to-day operation and the challenges of this form of living are at the core of the thesis. The specificity of this form of residential strategy concerns its deep interconnection with Montreal’s built form, which contains a high number of “plexes” throughout its territory, which facilitates intergenerational cohabitation. The method consisted of interviewing ten families on their use of this residential strategy. The canvas of the interviews was chronological in order to emphasize the idea of a “project” that is sometimes inherent to intergenerational cohabitation. This way, the different steps leading to this form of habitation have been identified. The two principal objectives were to outline the process leading to intergenerational cohabitation and to highlight the possibilities of solidarity permitted by the day-to-day side of intergenerational cohabitation. Three questions guided the analysis of the participants’ speech. First, what are their motivations? Second, how is their daily routine affected by the extreme residential proximity? Third, what are the challenges of this form of living? The results show many advantages of this way of living, such as a faster access to ownership and a greater sense of security for elders. Although, some disadvantages have also been observed, especially around the independence of the tenants. Independence is the main way individuals express those disadvantages. On one hand, they wish to keep a maximum of their independence, and on the other hand, they are aware of the necessity to limit it to ensure the cohabitation.

Ce mémoire s’intéresse à la cohabitation intergénérationnelle en immeubles de type plex, en tant que stratégie de solidarité familiale observée à Montréal. Plus précisément, il s’agit de retracer l’histoire de ce mode d’habiter à travers les récits recueillis auprès d’une dizaine de familles québécoises. Les personnes rencontrées ont évoqué les motivations d’un tel projet, ont parlé de son élaboration, de la vie quotidienne dans le plex, de l’avenir de la cohabitation ou, le cas échéant, des motifs d’y mettre fin. La spécificité de la cohabitation intergénérationnelle en plex est de mettre à profit le cadre bâti résidentiel montréalais, composé d’un grand nombre de plex, dans le but plus ou moins explicite de resserrer les liens de la solidarité familiale. La démarche a donc consisté à reconstituer l’histoire d’une dizaine de familles ayant opté pour un tel mode d’habiter à Montréal, ceci à travers le récit d’un membre de la « génération-pivot », dans chacun de ces familles, susceptible de se situer au carrefour des solidarités : entre ses enfants dans la jeune vingtaine et ses parents et ses parents vieillissants. Deux objectifs principaux ont été poursuivis. Il s’agissait dans un premier temps de retracer le processus menant à une telle stratégie de proximité résidentielle et de détailler ensuite le fonctionnement quotidien de la cohabitation intergénérationnelle. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, trois questions ont guidé l’analyse du discours des répondants. Premièrement, quelles sont les motivations de ces familles? Deuxièmement, à quel point les réalités quotidiennes des membres cohabitants se voient-elles dès lors imbriquées? Troisièmement, quels enjeux sont soulevés par ce mode d’habiter? Les résultats mettent de l’avant de nombreux avantages à la cohabitation intergénérationnelle en plex, par exemple l’accès plus aisé à la propriété pour les jeunes générations, des possibilités accrues d’échanges de services concrets ou encore un sentiment de plus grande sécurité. Les enjeux soulevés par ce mode d’habiter sont également explorés et analysés du point de vue de la notion centrale sur laquelle repose ce projet familial et résidentiel, la notion d’indépendance. / This thesis focuses on intergenerational cohabitation in multi-lodging dwellings (duplexes, triplexes and such) in Montreal. Considering the extreme residential proximity involved, this form of habitation is defined as a strategy of family solidarity. More specifically, the motivations, the day-to-day operation and the challenges of this form of living are at the core of the thesis. The specificity of this form of residential strategy concerns its deep interconnection with Montreal’s built form, which contains a high number of “plexes” throughout its territory, which facilitates intergenerational cohabitation. The method consisted of interviewing ten families on their use of this residential strategy. The canvas of the interviews was chronological in order to emphasize the idea of a “project” that is sometimes inherent to intergenerational cohabitation. This way, the different steps leading to this form of habitation have been identified. The two principal objectives were to outline the process leading to intergenerational cohabitation and to highlight the possibilities of solidarity permitted by the day-to-day side of intergenerational cohabitation. Three questions guided the analysis of the participants’ speech. First, what are their motivations? Second, how is their daily routine affected by the extreme residential proximity? Third, what are the challenges of this form of living? The results show many advantages of this way of living, such as a faster access to ownership and a greater sense of security for elders. Although, some disadvantages have also been observed, especially around the independence of the tenants. Independence is the main way individuals express those disadvantages. On one hand, they wish to keep a maximum of their independence, and on the other hand, they are aware of the necessity to limit it to ensure the cohabitation.

The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the dynamics of family support and public pension systems, and their impact on late-life happiness in contemporary South Korea. For this, three specific research questions, namely (1) the dynamics of intergenerational solidarity, public pension systems, and happiness; (2) the association between intergenerational solidarity and happiness; and (3) the association between public pension systems and happiness, are analysed by exploiting the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. The analyses show that (1) the structural solidarity of older people is relatively stronger than of middle-aged people; (2) contacting is the key player in associational solidarity in later life; (3) middle-aged people supply more financial aid to their adult children than they receive from them, but the reverse applies to older people. Both middle-aged and older people actively exchange food, household items, and health-care supplies; (4) more older men receive the National Pension Scheme benefit than older women but the reverse is true for the Basic Old-Age Pension benefit; (5) the level of happiness in later life is very high but decreases as people age; (6) the number of adult children, frequency of contact, and amount of financial support are positively associated with the happiness of older people; and (7) the National Pension Scheme is positively associated with the happiness of older men while the Basic Old-Age Pension is negatively associated with the happiness of older people. The results suggest some policy implications for late-life happiness in contemporary South Korea. At the individual level, increased frequency of contact, availability of the children, and the amount of financial support can enhance late-life happiness. At the governmental level, the research suggests that the gendered structure of the National Pension Scheme and means-tested structure of the Basic Old-Age Pension should be reformed.