Tesis (magíster en derecho económico, inversiones, comercio y arbitraje internacional) Universidad de Chile, Universidad de Heidelberg / In 2010 a malicious computer worm attacked Iranian nuclear facilities in Natanz. It was the first computer worm that caused physical damage, and because of this, Iran had to suspend its nuclear program approximately for two years. The case caused great concern among the international community and raised the issue of protecting the population. This paper will address the issues of cyber war and its relationship with International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law.

The United States has justified targeted operations against suspected terrorists as a legitimate tool in the war against terrorism. In response to international criticism that a November 2002 targeted killing operation in Yemen violated human rights standards, the US asserted that the right to life was suspended during war. While this assertion is prima facie incorrect, many legal experts, scholars and authors agree in principle that a military response to international terrorism -- along with the concomitant dilution of the right to life -- is not only appropriate, but also complies with international law. However, the modern jus ad bellum limit the circumstances in which a state may lawfully resort to armed force. A fulsome understanding of international humanitarian law and the characteristics of groups such as Al Qaeda reveals that international law does not permit states to employ their military forces to responde to the international crime of international terrorism.

The United States has justified targeted operations against suspected terrorists as a legitimate tool in the war against terrorism. In response to international criticism that a November 2002 targeted killing operation in Yemen violated human rights standards, the US asserted that the right to life was suspended during war. While this assertion is prima facie incorrect, many legal experts, scholars and authors agree in principle that a military response to international terrorism -- along with the concomitant dilution of the right to life -- is not only appropriate, but also complies with international law. However, the modern jus ad bellum limit the circumstances in which a state may lawfully resort to armed force. A fulsome understanding of international humanitarian law and the characteristics of groups such as Al Qaeda reveals that international law does not permit states to employ their military forces to responde to the international crime of international terrorism.

This thesis addresses the potential for third parties to apply or make use of International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law to protect civilians caught in the midst of civil war. A case study is presented of El Salvador, where conflict in the 1970s and 1980s took the lives of an estimated 75,000 people and caused immense human suffering. Of particular interest is how organizations under the aegis of the Salvadoran Catholic Church provided data on human rights violations, gathered with credible precision, to the international community. The Canadian public responded to the situation in El Salvador in a markedly different way than the Canadian government, whose pronouncements were at first ill-informed and uncritically pro-American. The question thus arises: do counter-consensus or public-pressure groups exert any influence over a state’s foreign policy and, if so, does this phenomenon contribute to conflict resolution? While there is disagreement over the actual success that public groups and interested parties have over government decision-making, this thesis demonstrates that, in fact, the counter-consensus in Canada did have a discernable impact on foreign policy during the Salvadoran conflict. These actions have potential contributions to make to conflict resolution and the search for a negotiated end to civil strife, which in the case of El Salvador was generated in the first place not by an alleged international communist conspiracy but by crippling geographies of inequality. / Thesis (Master, Geography) -- Queen's University, 2007-09-26 11:52:47.301

Antrasis pasaulinis karas – vienas iš baisiausių karų žmonijos istorijoje. Jis nusinešė daugiau nei 60 milijonų žmonių gyvybių. Pagrindinis tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės tikslas – apsaugoti žmonių gyvybes. Deja, Antrojo pasaulinio karo metu to padaryti nepavyko. Šiame darbe siekiama apžvelgti šio karo metu galiojusias tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės normas, jų spragas, valstybių įsipareigojimų apimtį ir vykdytus pažeidimus bei išsiaiškinti jų priežastis. Taip pat apžvelgiama Antrojo pasaulinio karo įtaka vėlesnei tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės raidai. Pirmoje darbo dalyje apžvelgtos pagrindinės iki Antrojo pasaulinio karo priimtos tarptautinės humanitarinės teisės normos, Tarptautinių diplomatinių konferencijų baigiamieji aktai, siekta išsiaiškinti valstybių ketinimus ir tikslus dėl tarptautinių ginkluotų konfliktų reglamentavimo. Toliau apžvelgiami tarptautiniai konfliktai, autoriaus nuomone, turėję priversti tarptautinę bendriją susimąstyti dėl humanitarinės teisės normų veiksmingumo. Pirmasis pasaulinis karas ir Italijos – Etiopijos karas parodė, kad galiojusias teisės normas būtina tobulinti, nes jos nesugebėjo užtikrinti pagrindinių humanitarinės teisės tikslų – apsaugoti žmonių gyvybių bei padaryti karą humaniškesnį. Antroji šio darbo dalis skirta karo aukų apsaugai. Iš pradžių kalbama apie sužeistųjų ir ligonių apsaugą ginkluoto konflikto metu. Jų padėtį reglamentavo 1929 m. Ženevos konvencija dėl sužeistųjų ir sergančiųjų padėties veikiančiose armijose... [to full text] / The Second World War is one of the most terrible wars in the history of mankind. There were about 60 million direct victims of the war. The main aim of international humanitarian law is to protect lives of human beings. Unfortunately, it failed to do this during the Second World War. In this work it is intended to review the main rules which were in effect during this war, their gaps and imperfections, the obligations of the belligerents and violations committed by them. It is also discussed the impact of the World War Two to the future development of the international humanitarian law.

L’étude comparative des normes du droit islamique et du DIH révèle de nombreux points de convergences aussi bien en ce qui concerne le droit de La Haye que le droit de Genève. De plus, les Etats musulmans membres de l’OCI qui sont tous parties aux conventions de Genève de 1949 et en majorité aux PA de 1977, sont impliqués dans les actions de mise en œuvre du DIH initiées ou dirigées par le CICR, que ces actions relèvent de l’article 1 commun des Conventions de Genève ou du contrôle a priori et/ou a posteriori de la mise en œuvre du DIH. En outre, ces Etats ont adopté des textes favorisant l’application conjointe des droits de l’homme et du DIH tels que la Déclaration du Caire sur les droits de l’homme en Islam de 1990. La contribution des Etats musulmans concerne les mécanismes de mise en œuvre en période de paix et de conflits armés et se matérialise aussi bien par la coopération interétatique qu’à travers celle avec les ONG et notamment le CICR. Bien que le concept de jihad puisse soulever des difficultés, les motifs politiques, davantage que religieux, expliquent certaines réticences des Etats musulmans en matière de mise en œuvre du DIH. / The comparative study of the norms of the Islamic Law and the International Humanitarian Law (IHL) reveals numerous points of convergences with regards to both The Hague Law and Geneva Law, as it can be noticed in the works of the major authors of the Muslim Law of war. Furthermore, the Muslim member States of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, member States of the 1949 four Geneva Conventions or/and the 1977 Additional Protocols, are involved in actions initiated or regulated by ICRC, whether these actions fall under the common Article 1 of the four 1949 Geneva Conventions, or concern the monitoring a priori or a posteriori of the IHL implementation. Besides, many instruments such as the 1990 Declaration of Cairo on Human Rights in Islam have been adopted by the Muslim States, thus favoring the simultaneous implementation of IHL and Human Rights. The contribution of the Muslim States concerns the mechanisms of implementation in periods of peace and armed Conflicts and is realized through both interstate and NGOs cooperation, in particular with ICRC. Although the concept of jihad can raise some difficulties, political motives, more than religious, give explanations for reluctances of the Muslim States as far as the Implementation of IHL is concerned.

1 Abstract Legal Status of Prisoners of War The thesis "Legal Status of Prisoners of War" deals with the issue of war captivity in the context of international humanitarian law (also referred to as "IHL"), or more precisely in the context of the Law of Geneva. In the field of war captivity, both IHL legislation and a number of other international legal branches (e.g. general international law, international criminal law, or international human rights law) are confronted. The thesis pursues two objectives: descriptive and analytical. The descriptive aim is to give a comprehensive overview of the development of the legal regime of war captivity and to familiarize readers with the legal regime of war captivity and the treatment of prisoners of war (also referred to as "POW"), according to the valid sources of international humanitarian law. The analytical aim of the thesis is to find the answer to the research question, who is the combatant, or more precisely who is entitled to the POW status after falling into the enemy's power? The thesis consists of the introduction, which are divided into three parts, and the conclusion. The introduction presents the theme of the thesis, pursued objectives including the research question and outlines the structure of the text itself. The first part of the thesis introduces...

Prohibited means and methods of armed conflicts The goal of this diploma thesis is to analyse more frequent use of Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAV) in armed conflicts under the international humanitarian law. Although the idea to use UAV is not new, there has been a boom of their deployment in last two decades. Technological progress, the transformation of the nature of armed conflicts and the idea of the war on terror are the main reasons why UAVs have become an indispensable tool in war equipment of all the main world's armies. But just like every new technology, also UAVs raise questions about their legality. Therefore, this work aims to assess whether UAVs may represent prohibited mean of warfare or whether their usage is not in contrary to international humanitarian law. The main text of this diploma thesis consists of five main thematic blocks. The first chapter represents an excursion into the history and development of international humanitarian law. It outlines its division into two branches, the Geneva and Haague law. In addition the first part also defines its position within public international law and its interaction with international law of human rights. The second part consists of definitions of basic terms which the norms of international humanitarian law operate with. The first of them...

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / This thesis attempts to assess the role Africa has played to further the humanitarian approach to nuclear weapons disarmament. Particular focus is on the Pelindaba Treaty and whether it has been able to strengthen the call for disarmament based on the humanitarian approach. The findings of this research are that the Pelindaba treaty did contribute indirectly to the strengthening of the humanitarian initiative of nuclear weapons disarmament because the Treaty serves as an important contribution towards the achievement of a world without nuclear weapons, which is the key objective of the humanitarian initiative of nuclear weapons disarmament. In addition, the Pelindaba Treaty has also contributed in strengthening the call for overall nuclear disarmament. This is the case as 53 states signed the treaty to rid the continent of nuclear weapons and any direct threats associated with those weapons. In so doing, it has contributed greatly to disarmament efforts. A nuclear weapons free zone across the continent is a powerful statement about the desire for a nuclear free world. It has provided African states with a foundation for engaging in the humanitarian initiative, as it led to some standardisation of statements/positions. Also, since the inception of the humanitarian approach to disarmament, African states have contributed greatly to the initiative. In terms of numbers, in the three conferences on the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons use that have taken place between 2013 and 2014 (in Oslo, Nayarit and Vienna), it was witnessed that the number of participating African states increased from 34 in the first meeting to 45 in the last meeting. This alone indicates the determination and commitment by these African states to the initiative. Conclusively, this research determined that the Pelindaba Treaty and efforts of African states in general have contributed towards strengthening the call for not only the humanitarian initiative to nuclear weapons disarmament but also to disarmament overall.

Application of the international law of occupation in situations of a long-term occupation Abstract The topic of the master thesis is an analysis of the application of the international law of occupation in a situation of a long-term occupation, i.e. an occupation which spreads over years or decades. The aim of the thesis is to critically assess whether the current legal framework, i.e. the law of occupation as a part of the international humanitarian law, corresponds to the specific conditions of a long-term occupation, with regard to fulfilling the objectives of international humanitarian law and international human rights law, or not. The first part anchors the law of occupation within the legal framework, i.e. within international humanitarian law, introduces the concept of occupation and long-term occupation and outlines the responsibilities of the occupation power under the law of occupation. One chapter focuses specifically on the role of international human rights law in the armed conflicts. The core of the thesis identifies the challenges the international law of occupation is currently facing. The assessment shows that the occupation law does not reflect the specific circumstances and conditions of a long-term occupation, especially with respect to the needs of occupied population, and does not...