Este trabalho pretende identificar as razões pelas quais as empresas de capital estrangeiro integram suas subsidiárias nas atividades de desenvolvimento de seus produtos globais (DPG). A análise foi realizada a partir de três estudos de caso em montadoras de veículos de passeio que possuem subsidiárias no Brasil; foram pesquisadas as unidades brasileiras e as matrizes dessas empresas. Os resultados apontam que a decisão sobre integrar ou não a engenharia brasileira nas atividades de DPG de uma transnacional relaciona-se à estratégia competitiva da corporação para os diferentes segmentos do mercado em que atua, aos atributos que as subsidiárias apresentam e que são considerados relevantes para a estratégia competitiva, ao relacionamento entre matriz e subsidiárias, que permite que tais atributos sejam reconhecidos e legitimados, e a ações de agentes externos à empresa que, se percebidas como contribuidoras para a estratégia competitiva, podem promover a descentralização das atividades de DPG ou, ao contrário, centralizá-las na matriz. O trabalho mostra também que a forma da divisão internacional do trabalho nas atividades de DPG está relacionada às fases do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos e à adoção de políticas de produto tais como o uso de plataformas e derivativos e o projeto modular. / This thesis aims to identify the reasons why transnational companies integrate their subsidiaries in their global product development (GPD) activities, a \"global product\" being defined as \"a product that is developed once to be produced and commercialized in different countries simultaneously\". The analysis has been conducted based on three case studies in car assemblers that have facilities in Brazil: Fiat, Volkswagen and Renault; their Brazilian units have been examined as well as their European headquarters. Literature about the explanations on the adoption of a decentralized GPD process - that is, a process that involves not only the headquarters but also the subsidiaries - affirms that, in general, decentralization occurs aiming to achieve a greater proximity with local markets and/or to search for local technologies which are not present in the headquarters (or the development center). After demonstrating that these reasons, although important ones, are not enough to explain the Brazilian automotive industry\'s case, some other, complementary rationales are proposed to justify the phenomenon of GPD decentralization towards subsidiaries. As a result, we present an explanatory model that affirms that the decision about whether to integrate or not Brazilian engineering in the GPD activities follows a rationale related to the competitive strategy of the corporation to the different market segments in which it competes; in the segments where products demand much adaptation in order to fit local market\'s requirements, decentralizing product development may signify lower costs and development time. Integration also depends on the attributes presented by the subsidiaries, as long as these attributes are considered as relevant ones to the firm\'s competitive strategy: the subsidiary\'s engineering experience, the subsidiary\'s market sensitiveness, the importance of market and the subsidiary\'s volume of production are the main attributes observed in this research. The decentralisation of engineering activities also depends on the relationship between the headquarters and the subsidiaries - which allows the attributes to be recognized and legitimized - and on the actions of external agents (as host and home governments, trade unions, universities and research centers), that may promote decentralization of GPD activities if they are perceived as contributing to the firms\' competitive strategy. Finally, the way labor is internationally divided in the GPD activities is related to the phases of the product development process and to the adoption of some product policies such as the usage of platforms and derivatives and the modular design, this one with a weaker influence.

This thesis aims to evaluate the Turkish Labour Law on the basis of a new approach to legal studies that follow the internal tendency of legal science to resolve its own problem, which is that of convincingly defining the point of contact between norm and fact (form and content), materially connecting the juridical organisation of power with the social structuring of power, while avoiding both formalist and positivist deviations. Against this background, the thesis aims to assess the correlation between the recent changes in the international division of labour and the structural forms, on the axis of which the Turkish legal system functions. This endeavour includes an attempt to view law in its location as a component to a general and persistent process of social regulation that secures general patterns of social domination. This study argues that the role of the collective labour law over the stabilisation of wage relations is increasingly deteriorated by the changing nature of the state and of work, including the new institutionality and the increasing influence of business over labour politics. After the &lsquo / discovery&rsquo / of the importance of the universal principle of the freedom of contract in labour law, the regulatory powers of individual labour law have extended to the realm of capital-labour relations having an impact over the social division of labour and have acquired a relative dominance.

Este trabalho pretende identificar as razões pelas quais as empresas de capital estrangeiro integram suas subsidiárias nas atividades de desenvolvimento de seus produtos globais (DPG). A análise foi realizada a partir de três estudos de caso em montadoras de veículos de passeio que possuem subsidiárias no Brasil; foram pesquisadas as unidades brasileiras e as matrizes dessas empresas. Os resultados apontam que a decisão sobre integrar ou não a engenharia brasileira nas atividades de DPG de uma transnacional relaciona-se à estratégia competitiva da corporação para os diferentes segmentos do mercado em que atua, aos atributos que as subsidiárias apresentam e que são considerados relevantes para a estratégia competitiva, ao relacionamento entre matriz e subsidiárias, que permite que tais atributos sejam reconhecidos e legitimados, e a ações de agentes externos à empresa que, se percebidas como contribuidoras para a estratégia competitiva, podem promover a descentralização das atividades de DPG ou, ao contrário, centralizá-las na matriz. O trabalho mostra também que a forma da divisão internacional do trabalho nas atividades de DPG está relacionada às fases do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos e à adoção de políticas de produto tais como o uso de plataformas e derivativos e o projeto modular. / This thesis aims to identify the reasons why transnational companies integrate their subsidiaries in their global product development (GPD) activities, a \"global product\" being defined as \"a product that is developed once to be produced and commercialized in different countries simultaneously\". The analysis has been conducted based on three case studies in car assemblers that have facilities in Brazil: Fiat, Volkswagen and Renault; their Brazilian units have been examined as well as their European headquarters. Literature about the explanations on the adoption of a decentralized GPD process - that is, a process that involves not only the headquarters but also the subsidiaries - affirms that, in general, decentralization occurs aiming to achieve a greater proximity with local markets and/or to search for local technologies which are not present in the headquarters (or the development center). After demonstrating that these reasons, although important ones, are not enough to explain the Brazilian automotive industry\'s case, some other, complementary rationales are proposed to justify the phenomenon of GPD decentralization towards subsidiaries. As a result, we present an explanatory model that affirms that the decision about whether to integrate or not Brazilian engineering in the GPD activities follows a rationale related to the competitive strategy of the corporation to the different market segments in which it competes; in the segments where products demand much adaptation in order to fit local market\'s requirements, decentralizing product development may signify lower costs and development time. Integration also depends on the attributes presented by the subsidiaries, as long as these attributes are considered as relevant ones to the firm\'s competitive strategy: the subsidiary\'s engineering experience, the subsidiary\'s market sensitiveness, the importance of market and the subsidiary\'s volume of production are the main attributes observed in this research. The decentralisation of engineering activities also depends on the relationship between the headquarters and the subsidiaries - which allows the attributes to be recognized and legitimized - and on the actions of external agents (as host and home governments, trade unions, universities and research centers), that may promote decentralization of GPD activities if they are perceived as contributing to the firms\' competitive strategy. Finally, the way labor is internationally divided in the GPD activities is related to the phases of the product development process and to the adoption of some product policies such as the usage of platforms and derivatives and the modular design, this one with a weaker influence.

Orientador: Ricardo Luiz Coltro Antunes / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Villen_Patricia_D.pdf: 3130406 bytes, checksum: 30536681b8a6c654d7a1bd8f0187817d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O presente estudo tem por objeto o trabalho imigrante no Brasil. A tese demonstra a atual configuração polarizada da imigração no país e as principais tendências manifestadas no trabalho imigrante. Essa perspectiva lança luz sobre os espaços subterrâneos e invisibilizados desse trabalho ¿ ou mesmo longínquos, sobre as águas do mar ¿ simultaneamente apontando as contradições inerentes àqueles eleitos para aparecerem como uma imigração escolhida. Trata-se de um campo de visão que permite discutir as novas bases histórico-sociais da imigração no Brasil, sua alta representatividade de proveniência periférica e as diferentes modalidades de manifestação ¿ via circuito indocumentado, autorização de trabalho para estrangeiros, Mercosul, refúgio, visto humanitário, estudo, casamento, turismo ¿ analisadas em seu conjunto e em sua relação com o trabalho. As dinâmicas relativas à posição periférica do Brasil no mercado mundial e às particularidades de sua formação socioeconômica de base escravista são consideradas para evidenciar o lugar que a força de trabalho do imigrante ocupou nos diferentes momentos históricos do país. Para tanto, duas categorias são adotadas como premissas analíticas do fenômeno da imigração internacional: o trabalho livre e a divisão internacional do trabalho. Ao demonstrar a posição atribuída aos "braços civilizatórios" (trabalhadores imigrantes brancos europeus), problematiza-se o papel historicamente conferido a essa imigração no movimento de modernização dependente do mercado de trabalho brasileiro no passado, bem como a continuidade de suas dinâmicas e efeitos no presente. Essa incursão temporal dialoga com o contexto internacional e oferece elementos para se entender como as modalidades de entrada (imigração documentada e indocumentada) e de trabalho imigrante (com inserção nos estratos altos e naqueles mais precários do mercado de trabalho brasileiro) começam a se manifestar de forma polarizada nos anos 1970 e esse desenho bifurcado da imigração ganha força após a eclosão da crise global (2007). Foram caracterizados os traços gerais dos dois polos da imigração ¿ denominados polo da qualificação-especialização produtiva e polo dos periféricos emergenciais ¿, segundo o ideário, o tratamento legislativo, as vias de entrada no país, os principais setores de inserção no mercado de trabalho brasileiro, a divisão sexual do trabalho, o racismo, as condições de trabalho e de estruturação de vida enfrentadas pelos imigrantes. O estudo mostra como o fato da indocumentação abrange todo o espectro do trabalho imigrante ¿ mesmo aquele com perfil qualificado-especializado ¿, porém atinge sobremaneira os imigrantes representantes do que se denominou periféricos na periferia. A imigração feminina no Brasil também é analisada, bem como o desequilíbrio de gênero nos dois polos da imigração / Abstract: This study analyses the immigrant labour in Brazil. The thesis demonstrates the polarized immigration movements to Brazil and the trends concerning the immigrant labour. This analytical perspective shows the labour that is hidden in underground and invisible spaces - even those far away, over the sea waters -, pointing out the contradictions of the groups elected to appear as a chosen immigration. It allows the discussion of the new historical and social bases of immigration in Brazil, its largest representation from peripheral countries and its different forms - work permits, Mercosul, refugee, humanitarian visa, undocumented circuit, study, marriage, tourism - analysed as a whole and in its relation to labour. The dynamics related to Brazil¿s peripheral position in the world system and the particularities of its social-economic formation on slavery base are considered in order to analyse the place conferred to immigrant labour force during different moments of the country¿s history. Two categories are considered to analyse the international immigration phenomena: free labour and the international division of labour. By demonstrating the position assigned to the "civilizing arms" (European immigrants workers), this study discusses the role of this immigration for the Brazilian labour market¿s "dependent modernization" on the past, as well as its continuous dynamics and effects on the present. This temporal incursion dialogues with the international context and provides elements to understand how the polarized way of entries (documented and undocumented immigration) and immigrant labour (highest and precarious Brazilian labour market strata) emerges in the 1970s and takes force after the beginning of the global crisis (2007). The general characteristics of the two poles of immigration are characterized ¿ productive qualification-specialization pole and emergency-peripherals pole ¿, concerning the ideology, the legal treatment, the entry routes in the country, the main sectors for the insertion in the Brazilian labour Market, the sexual division of labour and and the working conditions faced by immigrants. The researches demonstrate that indocumentation regards all the categories of immigrant labour ¿ even those considered as qualified-specialized ¿, but it touches much more the here named peripherals in the periphery. Women immigration to Brazil are also analysed as well as the gender inequalities in the two poles / Doutorado / Sociologia / Doutora em Sociologia

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