De fameux arrêts rendus le 10 juillet 2002, par la Chambre sociale de la Cour de cassation, on retient surtout le revirement de jurisprudence concernant les clauses de non-concurrence insérées dans un contrat de travail : pour être valides, ces stipulations doivent désormais remplir différentes conditions cumulatives, dont le versement, au salarié, d’une contrepartie financière. Mais le visa - inédit - du « principe fondamental de libre exercice d’une activité professionnelle » a moins retenu l’attention. Certains ont vu dans cette norme un simple substitut de principes plus classiques (tels les principes de la liberté du travail, de la liberté du commerce et de l’industrie ou de la liberté d’entreprendre), tandis que d’autres ont cru trouver le véritable fondement de ces arrêts novateurs dans l’article 1131 du Code civil requérant que toute obligation ait une cause. La consécration et la sollicitation de ce principe de libre exercice d’une activité professionnelle constituent pourtant un apport majeur de ces décisions et d’une série significative d’arrêts postérieurs. Par référence à cette norme – et sans précision de son assise textuelle – la Cour de cassation a construit le régime des clauses de non-concurrence en droit du travail et conduit une véritable politique jurisprudentielle en la matière. Cette norme a en outre fondé la mise en question de la validité d’autres clauses et d’autres pratiques. Sa promotion en fait un élément singulier du droit positif, capable d’enrichir divers débats et de régir nombre de situations juridiques, au-delà des rapports de travail salarié. Son avènement et ses conquêtes participent aussi de phénomènes plus amples affectant l’ordre juridique français, notamment sa constitutionnalisation. Son actualité comme ses potentialités commandaient de consacrer enfin une étude à cet authentique « principe », de l’identifier précisément et de prendre la mesure de sa portée. / From the well-known court rulings pronounced by the Social Chamber of the Court of cassation on July 10th 2002, the most notorious is the reversal of jurisprudence about non-competition clauses inserted into an employment contract: to be valid, these stipulations now have to satisfy several cumulative conditions, among others the payment, to the employee, of a financial compensation. But the visa – never seen before – of the “fundamental principle of free exercise of a professional activity” didn’t get as much attention. For some people, this norm was just a substitute of more classical principles (as the principles of freedom of work, of freedom of trade and industry, or of freedom of enterprise), while others found the real foundation of these rulings in article 1131 of the Civil Code, that requires that any obligation has a cause. However, this principle of free exercise of a professional activity recognized in these decisions and used in a series of subsequent court rulings is a major contribution.Through this norm – without detailing its textual foundation – the Court of cassation built the non-competition clauses’ rules in labour law and drove a real case law policy. Furthermore, thanks to this norm, the validity of other clauses and other practices was questioned. The promotion of this norm makes it a singular element of positive law, able to improve many discussions and to govern many legal cases, beyond salaried work relationships. Also, its advent and conquests pertain to largest phenomena which affect the French legal order, for example its constitutionalization. Its topicality as well as its potentialities required to devote a study to this authentic “principle”, in order to identify it accurately and to evaluate its impact.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-11-18T16:10:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiane Moura de Aguiar_.pdf: 2107632 bytes, checksum: 40f3cc9776319a8600183b8232d19abb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-18T16:10:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiane Moura de Aguiar_.pdf: 2107632 bytes, checksum: 40f3cc9776319a8600183b8232d19abb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-15 / Nenhuma / O fenômeno da internacionalização do direito possui como um dos seus desafios os Direitos Humanos. Nesse sentido, analisar a dinâmica desse processo múltiplo e repleto de interdependências normativas- que retiram de seu espaço cômodo as categorias estáveis do direito interno e internacional - são a tônica que percorreu a pesquisa. Com efeito, a presente tese aprofundou sua investigação e focou sua atenção no cumprimento das sentenças proferidas pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, revelando os métodos de interação entre a ordem interna e a ordem internacional. Para essa reflexão se esquadrinhou as dinâmicas que levaram no correr do século XX e XXI à internacionalização dos Direitos Humanos, perquirindo seus substratos teóricos e práticos. Da mesma forma, foram analisados os mecanismos de aproximação entre o que é decidido na Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos por meio de suas sentenças e as possibilidades de implementação desses comandos em solo doméstico, apurando processos institucionais que dificultam ou facilitam o reconhecimento e cumprimento dessas sentenças. Nesse sentido, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e jurisprudencial, utilizando de método fenomenológico, avaliou-se que é necessário reconhecer a humanidade no âmago do seu entendimento e não somente quando esta já está violada e solapada de seus direitos. A força de reprovação das normas deve vir conectada com o poder de proteção, firmada de modo positivo a prevenir que ocorram as violações. Assim, cabe aos juristas reconhecer essas mudanças e sedimentar a defesa convencional dos direitos da humanidade. / The internationalization of Law phenomenon has, as one of its challenges, the Human Rights. Therefore, the emphasis that ran through the research was to analyze the dynamics of this multiple process, full with normative interdependencies– that push stable categories of domestic and international law out of the comfort zone. Indeed, this thesis deepened the investigation and focused its attention on the compliance with judgments from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, revealing the methods of interaction between internal and international law. To this reflection, the research searched the dynamics that took to internationalization of Human Rights during the XX and XXI centuries, inquiring its theoretical and practical foundations. Likewise, the research analyzed the mechanisms of approximation between what is decided in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights through its judgments and the possibilities of implementation of these orders in domestic area, checking institutional processes that ease or hinder the acknowledgment and compliance of these judgments. Therefore, through bibliographic, documental and jurisprudential research, using the phenomenological method, it was evaluated that it is necessary to recognize humanity at the core of its understanding, and not only when its rights are already violated and undermined. The reprobation side of norms must be connected to the power of protection, firmed in a positive way to prevent violations to occur. Thus, it is up to jurists to recognize these changes and to consolidate the conventional defense for Human Rights.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:29:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Henrique Araujo Torreira de Mattos.pdf: 860814 bytes, checksum: d2c3a5a7475af847bcea1254556ab017 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-11-17 / The development of integration between the States provided the phenomenon of globalization, which reflects a closest relation between the various economies. The contact with the international trade and the social area creates a major concern about the advancement of global relations. The Global Governance has initiated a process of guidance the international relations among all areas (commercial, economic, technological, environmental, legal, among others). Its is guided over the premises of transparency and credibility, seeking to avoid damage to mankind, environment and internal economies of each State. From the tripod known as economy, social and environmental, emerged the concept of sustainability, which aims to guide State activities, private companies and the human being through the concept of ecodevelopment. This paper intends to develop an analysis for the concept of Corporate Governance, which is its focus through an international perspective of the application of law. Justified by the fact that the stock market is now international, since the business is composed of foreign elements or international relations that go beyond the various jurisdictions. Thus, it is examined the assumptions and formation Sustainability and Global Governance, to establish the evolution of the concept of transparency, solidarity and credibility of the activities arising from international relations between states and individuals, focusing on Corporate Governance to reach the nature and application of law. The main topic is set over the Transnormativity theory of application of law / Com a evolução da integração entre os Estados que proporcionou o fenômeno da globalização, cujo reflexo mais notório foi a proximidade entre as diversas economias, inicialmente pelo contato com o comércio internacional, e posteriormente pela área social, surgiu uma grande preocupação o avanço das relações globais. A partir da Governança Global iniciou-se um processo de direcionamento, no sentido de que as relações internacionais, quaisquer que fossem as áreas (comercial, econômica, tecnológica, ambiental, jurídica, dentre outras), pudessem ser pautadas pela premissa da transparência e credibilidade, buscando evitar prejuízos à humanidade, ao meio ambiente e às economias internas dos Estados. Diante deste tripé econômico, social e ambiental, surgiu o conceito de sustentabilidade, que visa direcionar as atividades estatais, de empresas privadas e do ser humano, definida pelo conceito do ecodesenvolvimento. O estudo evolui sua análise para o conceito de Governança Corporativa, sendo este o foco do trabalho sob uma perspectiva internacional da aplicação do Direito. Justifica-se pelo fato de que o mercado bursátil é atualmente internacional, tendo em vista que os negócios são compostos por elementos de extraneidade, ou seja, relações realizadas entre sujeitos de direito internacional que extrapolam as diversas jurisdições. Para tanto, o presente estudo analisou as premissas formadoras e os conceitos de Governança Global e Sustentabilidade, visando estabelecer a importância da evolução do conceito de transparência, solides e credibilidade das atividades surgidas de relações internacionais entre Estados e particulares, enfocando o conceito de Governança Corporativa, visando chegar à natureza e aplicação da norma. Diante disso, é estabelecido debate advindo teoria transnormativa da aplicação do Direito

L’internationalisation du droit communautaire de l’UE a engendré le développement de nouveaux centres de production juridique en dehors de l’espace juridique européen comme la CAN. Ce processus a stimulé un phénomène de pluralisme juridique mondial à double dimension : on note d’une part la création , à l’échelle régionale, de modèles alternatifs d’intégration ; d’autre part, au niveau national, l’émergence d’une discussion sur l’identité constitutionnelle et administrative des Etats au regard des systèmes juridiques supranationaux. La comparaison jurisprudentielle entre la CJUE et le TJCA montre une expansion du pluralisme juridique en Amérique latine et dans l’Union européenne, tant à l’échelle nationale que régionale ; constitutionnelle qu’administrative. Un tel pluralisme appelle la construction d’une jurisprudence de coordination-harmonisation régionale plutôt qu’une standardisation juridique mondiale telle qu’elle est envisagée par le droit économique de l’OMC, la doctrine du Global Administrative Law ou celle proposant des standards constitutionnels mondiaux. La jurisprudence comparée explique comment le dialogue –«spontané et débridé»- de juges nationaux et régionaux révèle les rapports conflictuels entre le droit économique du marché mondial (OMC) et la protection de l’ordre public à l’échelle régionale. La thèse aborde cette problématique du pluralisme juridique au prisme de la jurisprudence comparée de la CJUE et du TJCA. D’un point de vue constitutionnel tout d’abord, la notion de « savoir-pouvoir du juge » (se substituant à la notion d’activisme des juges) propose de comprendre le juge communautaire en tant que garant du pluralisme juridique national afin d’aborder une nouvelle configuration complexe du pouvoir juridique à l’échelle supranationale. D’un point de vue administratif ensuite, la notion de gouvernabilité régionale (se substituant à la notion de gouvernance mondiale) appelle à un espace d’étatisation juridique des pouvoirs économiques régionaux pour les placer sous le contrôle du droit. Il s’agit d’imaginer un droit public régional capable d’étatiser les pouvoirs régionaux en tant que contre-pouvoirs de régulation du marché face à l’indéfinition juridique de la gouvernance mondiale. / The internationalization of Community Law in the EU has led to the development of new centers of legal production outside the European legal space such as CAN. This process has stimulated a two -dimensional global phenomenon of legal pluralism: on the one hand there is the creation of alternative regional integration models and on the other hand, the emergence of a discussion on national level about the constitutional and administrative identity of States under supranational legal systems. The comparison between different jurisprudences shows an expansion of legal pluralism in Latin America and in the EU, as much as in a national or regional scale than in a constitutional or administrative scale. Such pluralism demands the construction of a regional coordination-harmonization rather than a standardization of the legal world as envisaged by the WTO's economic Law, the doctrine of Global Administrative Law or the constitutional providing of global standards. Comparative jurisprudence explains how the national and regional judges’ “spontaneous and unrestrained” dialogue reveals the conflicting relationship between the beneficial owner of the world market (WTO) and the protection of public order at a regional level. The thesis addresses the problem of pluralism through the comparative analysis of both the ECJ's and the ACJ's jurisprudences. First, from a constitutional point of view, the notion of “power-knowledge of the judge” (replacing the concept of judicial activism) suggests the understanding of the community judge as the protector of the national legal pluralism to address a new complex configuration of legal authority at a supranational level. Secondly, from an administrative point of view, the notion of regional governability (replacing the concept of global governance) demands the judicial nationalization of regional economic powers to place it under the control of law. The aim is to imagine the regional public law capable of nationalizing the regional authorities as counter-powers regulating the market to face the lack of legal definition of the global governance.