Esta tese investiga o fenômeno das perguntas polares do Português do Libolo - PLB, em que discuto na perspectiva da Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros em sua versão conhecida como Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY, 1995, 2005 e 2008, e versões subsequentes), aspectos da derivação sintática de respostas afirmativas a perguntas polares, em sentenças do PLB. A análise dos dados do PLB mostrou que respostas afirmativas a perguntas polares no PLB distribuem-se, preferencialmente, em respostas verbais e respostas com a partícula sim, que podem ser entendidas como instanciadoras de um traço de polaridade lexicalizado pelo verbo, quando o elemento verbal é núcleo de fase em que é licenciada a elipse de VP e pela partícula sim, na fase CP. O enfoque teórico é a Teoria de derivação por fases, do Programa Minimalista. / This thesis concerns the phenomenon of the Polar Interrogatives (PI) in Portuguese spoken in Libolo (PLB), discussing throughout the Principles and Parameters theory in its version known as the Minimalist Program (as set by Chomsky (1995) and following works) issues on the derivation of the syntactic structure of affirmative responses of PI sentences in PLB. The analysis of PLB data showed that affirmative answers to polar questions in PLB are distributed, preferably, in verbal responses and responses with the \"yes\" particle. The affirmative responses of PI sentences in PLB can be understood as instanciers of a polarity feature which is lexicalized by the verb, when the verbal form is the head of the phase that licenses VP ellipses and the yes particle, when the phase is CP. The theoretical approach is the Phase Theory of the Minimalist Program.

Esta tese investiga o fenômeno das perguntas polares do Português do Libolo - PLB, em que discuto na perspectiva da Teoria de Princípios e Parâmetros em sua versão conhecida como Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY, 1995, 2005 e 2008, e versões subsequentes), aspectos da derivação sintática de respostas afirmativas a perguntas polares, em sentenças do PLB. A análise dos dados do PLB mostrou que respostas afirmativas a perguntas polares no PLB distribuem-se, preferencialmente, em respostas verbais e respostas com a partícula sim, que podem ser entendidas como instanciadoras de um traço de polaridade lexicalizado pelo verbo, quando o elemento verbal é núcleo de fase em que é licenciada a elipse de VP e pela partícula sim, na fase CP. O enfoque teórico é a Teoria de derivação por fases, do Programa Minimalista. / This thesis concerns the phenomenon of the Polar Interrogatives (PI) in Portuguese spoken in Libolo (PLB), discussing throughout the Principles and Parameters theory in its version known as the Minimalist Program (as set by Chomsky (1995) and following works) issues on the derivation of the syntactic structure of affirmative responses of PI sentences in PLB. The analysis of PLB data showed that affirmative answers to polar questions in PLB are distributed, preferably, in verbal responses and responses with the \"yes\" particle. The affirmative responses of PI sentences in PLB can be understood as instanciers of a polarity feature which is lexicalized by the verb, when the verbal form is the head of the phase that licenses VP ellipses and the yes particle, when the phase is CP. The theoretical approach is the Phase Theory of the Minimalist Program.

This thesis explores how question FORCE (Rizzi 1997) is represented and licensed in Korean polar alternative questions (Korean PAQs). The syntactic properties of polar alternative questions have not been fully discussed in the literature; this work seeks to address that gap. The thesis has two main components. First, I provide an initial detailed investigation into the syntactic structure of Korean polar alternative questions (Korean PAQs), also called A-not-A questions, such as ciwu-nun ca-ni an ca-ni? ‘Is Jiwoo sleeping or not?’ I argue that Korean PAQs consist syntactically of a single clause. In this respect, Korean PAQs are distinct from both alternative questions and polar questions. The second goal of this thesis is to account for the asymmetric behaviour of complementizers in main clauses and embedded clauses. Variant complementizers occur in main clauses in Korean PAQs, while neutralized ci is the only complementizer which is licensed to appear in embedded clauses. Furthermore, Korean PAQs are incompatible with constituent questions in main clauses, but compatible with them in embedded clauses. This asymmetry is explained by appealing to the notion of a unique illocutionary question force in main clauses. In main clauses, the syntactic constituent ForceP cannot carry more than one kind of illocutionary question force: it bears either constituent question force or polar alternative question force, but not both. In contrast, since embedded clauses contain non-question (non-answer-requiring) complementizers, separate question forms do not conflict with each other in this location. Based on a wide range of empirical data from Korean, this thesis proposes to distinguish Force (‘question’) complementizers in the main clauses from Type (‘interrogative’) complementizers in embedded clauses. The novel data from Korean polar alternative questions require a major rethinking of the received view on the analysis of complementizers as expressed in Rizzi (1997). My analysis shows that the pragmatic categories of illocutionary force are highly significant for syntactic analysis in ways that have not been treated consistently in theoretical discussions of questions, in particular as regards the very distinct roles of main and embedded ‘questions’. / Graduate

Abstract This thesis reports on an empirical study of the forms and functions of two interrelated syntactic constructions, tag questions and negative yes/no interrogatives, in naturally occurring American English conversations. More specifically, the thesis focuses on examining the ways in which these interrogative constructions are involved in the intersubjective and interactional construction of stance. This involves describing the linguistic and interactional practices through which speakers index and negotiate their evaluative, affective or epistemic position or point of view towards some matter in the local context. The data used in the study comprise naturally occurring face-to-face and telephone interactions the majority of which take place between family and friends. The data are drawn from the first three published parts of the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English.The study is based on the methodological and theoretical principles of interactional linguistics and conversation analysis. The first part of the study provides an examination of the linguistic and grammatical patterning of the chosen constructions in a database of naturally occurring interactions in English. This serves first of all as a study of the general linguistic patterning of utterances with negation or reversed word order in interaction. At the same time, however, the grammatical and semantic categories of person, verb type and tense are employed for establishing the high frequency of linguistic and semantic material that index the current speaker's affective, evaluative and/or epistemic position towards the issue at hand. The second part of the study expands the focus from individual utterances to the surrounding interactional context in which the interrogative constructions are located, and makes use of the conversation analytic methodology. I examine how discourse participants use negative yes/no interrogatives and tag questions as a resource for carrying out different actions such as requesting for confirmation, challenging, disagreeing and assessing, and the ways in which interrogative speakers convey their epistemic, affective or evaluative stances in so doing. In this section of the study the research proceeds through detailed analyses of interaction, and an examination of those sequential environments in which the interrogative constructions are found.

This study examines the representation of syntactic variation in Multicultural French in a corpus of 38 “banlieue films”. Many studies have been carried out so far on the lexis and phonology of the “français des banlieues” (termed here Multicultural French) but not on the syntax. According to some linguists (Conein et Gadet, 2000 ; Liogier 2002), this could be due to the fact that “français des banlieues” is not different from traditional “Popular French” in terms of its grammar and syntax. The variationist and pragmatic approaches are used to examine three variables : the use of comment as an exclamative marker instead of more traditional markers (chapter 4), the variation in the use of WH-questions (chapters 5, 6, 7) and the use of qu’est-ce que “what” instead of pourquoi “why” in some types of rhetorical questions used to express a challenge or a criticism (chapters 8, 9). The main results of the study are that: the structure [QkSV] has declined since the 1990s, the [SVQ] structure can be used for rhetorical questions, the qu’est-ce que rhetorical question expresses a strong face threatening act and is more direct than a rhetorical question in pourquoi which can be ambiguous. The representation of Multicultural French spoken in these films shows an increase in the use of some syntactic features compared to traditional Popular French. However, this observation cannot allow us to claim that they are two distinct varieties in terms of their syntax.

A afasiologia linguística, enquanto ramo da Linguística, contribui para a verificação dos pressupostos da Teoria Gerativa e para a classificação e descrição das particularidades linguísticas características dos diferentes tipos de afasias. Neste contexto, os problemas com a produção de estruturas complexas, como é o caso das interrogativas, têm sido tema de muitos estudos em diversas línguas. Entretanto, os benefícios que tais pesquisas podem oferecer no sentido de melhorar o cotidiano dos sujeitos de pesquisa raramente são abordados. Com o intuito de atuar sobre esta lacuna, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral fornecer um roteiro de pesquisa com sugestões de intervenção de base linguística no tratamento fonoaudiológico de um indivíduo afásico, proporcionando, desta forma, melhora do cotidiano do afásico em seu ambiente familiar. A hipótese que orienta este trabalho é a de que a aplicação de um roteiro de pesquisa linguística descentralizado e desverticalizado sobre o tratamento da afasia pode proporcionar melhorias no cotidiano familiar do paciente acometido pelo déficit. Para desenvolver o roteiro em questão, foram escolhidas as interrogativas-QU como tópico linguístico. O roteiro, todavia, foi desenvolvido para que qualquer outro tópico linguístico, identificado como problemático e passível de tratamento específico, seja aplicável ao esquema. Como objetivo subsidiário, pretende-se desenvolver um modelo de pesquisa que busque contribuir para a aplicação do princípio da indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão. A metodologia consiste na utilização de um estudo de caso com testes avaliativos, treinamento de sentenças e entrevistas. O sujeito selecionado para o estudo é um afásico agramático. Há, ainda, a colaboração de membros de sua família e da equipe de fonoaudiologia do Centro de Recuperação do Paciente Afásico (CRPA) da Universidade Veiga de Almeida (UVA). Os resultados coletados nos testes e nas entrevistas apontam para melhora no processamento linguístico de interrogativas-QU, tanto no que se refere à organização dos sintagmas nas sentenças, quanto à seleção de itens lexicais adequados (elementos-QU). Resultados também apontam para melhoras no cotidiano do afásico no que se refere à redução da ansiedade perante erros, presença de mais opções comunicativas e aumento da capacidade de comunicação independente. Através dos resultados, constata-se a viabilidade de aplicação do roteiro proposto para futura aplicação por profissionais envolvidos com o tratamento e o estudo das afasias / Linguistic aphasiology has contributed to the verification of the Generative Theory assumptions and to the classification and description of linguistic features that characterize different types of aphasia. In this context, the problems with the production of complex structures, such as interrogatives, have been the research topic of many studies in several languages. Nevertheless, the benefits that such researches can offer to improve the daily lives of research patients are rarely addressed. In order to fill in this gap, the general aim here is to provide a research guide with language intervention suggestions for the speech therapy of an aphasic individual, by providing, through it, the improvement of his everyday household life. The working hypothesis is that by applying a linguistic research guide decentralized and non-vertical about the treatment of aphasia, it is possible to provide the improvement needed in the everyday household life of the patient with this deficit. To develop this research guide, the wh-questions are chosen as the language topic of this research. Despite this choice, the guide is developed with the possibility of being adapted to any other linguistic topic, which had been identified as problematic and susceptible to specific treatment. As a subsidiary goal, it is intended to develop a research model that seeks to contribute to the implementation of the principle of the indivisibility of teaching, research and extension one of the legal guiding principles of Brazilian universities. The methodology consists in using a case study with assessment tests, sentence training and interviews. The patient selected for the study is an aphasic with agrammatism. There is also the collaboration of members of his family and the staff of Centro de Recuperação do Paciente Afásico (CRPA a speech therapy center) in Universidade Veiga de Almeida (UVA). The results collected in tests and interviews point to an improvement in linguistic processing skills of wh-questions, regarding to the organization of phrases in the sentences and also to the selection of appropriate lexical items (wh-words). In addition, the results point to the progress in the patients daily life concerning the reduction of anxiety about his errors, the use of more options in communication and the increase of his independent communication skills. It is noted, due to the results, the feasibility of applying the proposed guide for future implementation by professionals involved in the treatment and the study of aphasia

A afasiologia linguística, enquanto ramo da Linguística, contribui para a verificação dos pressupostos da Teoria Gerativa e para a classificação e descrição das particularidades linguísticas características dos diferentes tipos de afasias. Neste contexto, os problemas com a produção de estruturas complexas, como é o caso das interrogativas, têm sido tema de muitos estudos em diversas línguas. Entretanto, os benefícios que tais pesquisas podem oferecer no sentido de melhorar o cotidiano dos sujeitos de pesquisa raramente são abordados. Com o intuito de atuar sobre esta lacuna, a presente dissertação tem como objetivo geral fornecer um roteiro de pesquisa com sugestões de intervenção de base linguística no tratamento fonoaudiológico de um indivíduo afásico, proporcionando, desta forma, melhora do cotidiano do afásico em seu ambiente familiar. A hipótese que orienta este trabalho é a de que a aplicação de um roteiro de pesquisa linguística descentralizado e desverticalizado sobre o tratamento da afasia pode proporcionar melhorias no cotidiano familiar do paciente acometido pelo déficit. Para desenvolver o roteiro em questão, foram escolhidas as interrogativas-QU como tópico linguístico. O roteiro, todavia, foi desenvolvido para que qualquer outro tópico linguístico, identificado como problemático e passível de tratamento específico, seja aplicável ao esquema. Como objetivo subsidiário, pretende-se desenvolver um modelo de pesquisa que busque contribuir para a aplicação do princípio da indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão. A metodologia consiste na utilização de um estudo de caso com testes avaliativos, treinamento de sentenças e entrevistas. O sujeito selecionado para o estudo é um afásico agramático. Há, ainda, a colaboração de membros de sua família e da equipe de fonoaudiologia do Centro de Recuperação do Paciente Afásico (CRPA) da Universidade Veiga de Almeida (UVA). Os resultados coletados nos testes e nas entrevistas apontam para melhora no processamento linguístico de interrogativas-QU, tanto no que se refere à organização dos sintagmas nas sentenças, quanto à seleção de itens lexicais adequados (elementos-QU). Resultados também apontam para melhoras no cotidiano do afásico no que se refere à redução da ansiedade perante erros, presença de mais opções comunicativas e aumento da capacidade de comunicação independente. Através dos resultados, constata-se a viabilidade de aplicação do roteiro proposto para futura aplicação por profissionais envolvidos com o tratamento e o estudo das afasias / Linguistic aphasiology has contributed to the verification of the Generative Theory assumptions and to the classification and description of linguistic features that characterize different types of aphasia. In this context, the problems with the production of complex structures, such as interrogatives, have been the research topic of many studies in several languages. Nevertheless, the benefits that such researches can offer to improve the daily lives of research patients are rarely addressed. In order to fill in this gap, the general aim here is to provide a research guide with language intervention suggestions for the speech therapy of an aphasic individual, by providing, through it, the improvement of his everyday household life. The working hypothesis is that by applying a linguistic research guide decentralized and non-vertical about the treatment of aphasia, it is possible to provide the improvement needed in the everyday household life of the patient with this deficit. To develop this research guide, the wh-questions are chosen as the language topic of this research. Despite this choice, the guide is developed with the possibility of being adapted to any other linguistic topic, which had been identified as problematic and susceptible to specific treatment. As a subsidiary goal, it is intended to develop a research model that seeks to contribute to the implementation of the principle of the indivisibility of teaching, research and extension one of the legal guiding principles of Brazilian universities. The methodology consists in using a case study with assessment tests, sentence training and interviews. The patient selected for the study is an aphasic with agrammatism. There is also the collaboration of members of his family and the staff of Centro de Recuperação do Paciente Afásico (CRPA a speech therapy center) in Universidade Veiga de Almeida (UVA). The results collected in tests and interviews point to an improvement in linguistic processing skills of wh-questions, regarding to the organization of phrases in the sentences and also to the selection of appropriate lexical items (wh-words). In addition, the results point to the progress in the patients daily life concerning the reduction of anxiety about his errors, the use of more options in communication and the increase of his independent communication skills. It is noted, due to the results, the feasibility of applying the proposed guide for future implementation by professionals involved in the treatment and the study of aphasia

La présente thèse s’inscrit dans le projet FNS Sinergia 136230 “SMS communication in Switzerland: Facets of Linguistic Variation in a Multilingual Country”. Ella a pour but d’étudier la variabilité formelle des questions dans le Corpus suisse de SMS en français, en montrant comment l’analyse des données en provenance des interactions informelles autres que l’oral spontané – telles que messagerie instantanée, SMS, WhatsApp, etc. – peut nous permettre d’élargir les horizons et de porter un nouveau regard sur les phénomènes de la variation syntaxique. En effet, le français est réputé pour la variété importante de structures interrogatives : trois variantes pour la question totale (Tu vas au cours ?, Vas-tu au cours ?, Est-ce que tu vas au cours ?), et au moins six ou huit pour la question partielle (Tu vas où ?, Où tu vas ?, Où vas-tu ?, Où va ton frère ?, Où est-ce que tu vas ?, Qui va au cours ?, Où c’est que tu vas ?, C’est où que tu vas ?). Cette thèse vise, en conséquence, à comprendre comment les scripteurs de messages sont amenés à choisir entre les différentes variantes à disposition. L’hypothèse que nous faisons dans cette thèse est fonctionnaliste : elle postule que sous la pression de différents types de contraintes, aussi bien linguistiques que non linguistiques, le scripteur choisit telle variante qui lui permet de parvenir au mieux à ses fins communicatives. Afin d’identifier les différents types de contraintes ou de facteurs susceptibles d’avoir une incidence sur le choix des variantes, nous appliquons un modèle d’analyse multidimensionnel qui s’intéresse simultanément aux paramètres grammaticaux, interactionnels et sociolinguistiques. / This thesis is part of the project FNS Sinergia 136230 "SMS communication in Switzerland: Facets of Linguistic Variation in a Multilingual Country". The aim of the thesis is to provide analysis of the variety of French interrogative structures in the Swiss SMS Corpus. It also attempts to show how the data originating from spontaneous electronic interaction (instant messaging, texting, WhatsApp, etc.) allows us to broaden the scope and to take a new look at the phenomena of syntactic variation. The French language is known for the wide variety of interrogative structures: 3 variants for yes/no questions (Tu vas au cours ?, Vas-tu au cours ?, Est-ce que tu vas au cours ?), and at least six or eight variants for wh- questions (Tu vas où ?, Où tu vas ?, Où vas-tu ?, Où va ton frère ?, Où est-ce que tu vas ?, Qui va au cours ?, Où c’est que tu vas ?, C’est où que tu vas ?). Therefore, our goal is to understand how SMS writers make the choice between available French interrogative structures. The hypothesis of this study is functionalist: it postulates that under the pressure of various linguistic and non-linguistic constraints, the SMS writer chooses that variant which allows him to best achieve given communicative goals. In order to identify different types of constraints or factors that may influence the choice of variants, a multidimensional analysis model is applied which focuses simultaneously on grammatical, interactional and sociolinguistic parameters.

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