Submitted by MANUELA VANTINI MARUJO null (manu_marujo@hotmail.com) on 2016-10-31T17:38:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Manuela_Vantini_Marujo.pdf: 4415864 bytes, checksum: 20d22fd7fb0afbf291629edbf5e0d2df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-11-07T19:29:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marujo_mv_dr_jabo.pdf: 4426079 bytes, checksum: 80e83f2ff6abf7023e3749341cfb8392 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-07T19:29:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marujo_mv_dr_jabo.pdf: 4426079 bytes, checksum: 80e83f2ff6abf7023e3749341cfb8392 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-30 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Foram conduzidos três experimentos para avaliar diferentes fontes de fibras purificadas e seus efeitos em dietas, com níveis proteicos reduzidos, sobre o desempenho e a saúde intestinal de leitões recém-desmamados. No experimento I foram caracterizadas quatro fontes de fibras purificadas, quanto à capacidade de retenção de água, volume de intumescimento, microestrutura e viscosidade. No experimento II foram avaliados o desempenho, a incidência de diarreia e o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal de 84 leitões desmamados aos 26 dias de idade. No experimento III foram avaliados o pH, o peso relativo de órgãos do trato gastrointestinal, as concentrações de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta e ácido lático, a morfologia e a microbiologia da mucosa intestinal, os escores de lesão, as células em apoptose e mitose, e a imunidade intestinal de 42 leitões desmamados aos 26 dias de idade. Nos experimentos II e III, os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos completos casualizados, com seis tratamentos: DC: dieta controle sem redução proteica; DR: DC com redução de quatro pontos percentuais da proteína bruta; DF1, DF2, DF3 e DF4: DR com adição de 2,0% de lignocelulose, celulose, pectina e goma guar, respectivamente. A inclusão de goma guar à dieta resultou em piores (P<0,05) ganho diário de peso e conversão alimentar, assim como no maior (P<0,05) tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal comparado à inclusão de celulose, que apresentou o menor. O peso final dos leitões foi menor (P<0,05) com a adição de goma guar em comparação à dieta controle e aquelas contendo pectina e lignocelulose. Os animais alimentados com dieta com celulose apresentaram a menor (P<0,05) contagem de Lactobacillus e a maior (P<0,05) relação altura das vilosidades/profundidade das criptas, não diferindo daquela com lignocelulose, mas das outras dietas avaliadas. No duodeno, o número de células em apoptose foi menor (P<0,05) nos animas que consumiram dieta contendo celulose; o número de células em mitose foi maior (P<0,05) nos leitões consumindo as dietas controle e com pectina e os escores de lesão foram menores (P<0,05) nos animais alimentados com celulose e lignocelulose. Não foram observadas alterações (P>0,05) no jejuno dos leitões. No íleo, o número de células em mitose foi maior (P<0,05) nos animais alimentados com vi as dietas controle, com redução proteica e com pectina e os escores de lesão foram menores (P<0,05) nos leitões que consumiram a dieta contendo celulose. Conclui-se que as fibras solúveis, principalmente a goma guar, apresentam maior capacidade de retenção de água, volume de intumescimento e viscosidade em relação às insolúveis. A redução no nível proteico não influencia o desempenho e a saúde intestinal dos animais. A inclusão de goma guar à dieta proporciona prejuízos ao desempenho dos animais e maior tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal. A inclusão de fibras purificadas insolúveis, especialmente a celulose, à dieta com nível proteico reduzido, proporciona benefícios à morfologia do epitélio intestinal de leitões, como melhor relação altura das vilosidades/profundidade das criptas, menores escores de lesão intestinal e apoptose. / Three trials were conducted to evaluate different purified fibers sources and their effects in diets with reduced protein level on performance and intestinal health of weanling pigs. In trial I were characterized four purified fiber sources as to the water retention capacity, swelling volume, microstructure and viscosity. Performance, incidence of diarrhea and gastrointestinal transit of time of 84 piglets weaned at 26 days of age were evaluated in trial II. In trial III were evaluated pH, the relative organs weight of the gastrointestinal tract, concentrations of fatty acid short chain and lactic acid, the morphology and microbiology of the intestinal mucosa, the lesion scores, the apoptosis and mitotic cells and the intestinal immunity of 42 piglets weaned 26 days old. In both experiments, the animals were distributed in a randomized complete block design, with six treatments: CD: control diet without protein reduction; RD: CD with a reduction of four percent of crude protein; DF1, DF2, DF3 and DF4: RD with addition of 2.0% of lignocellulose, cellulose, pectin and guar gum, respectively. The inclusion of guar gum in the diet resulted in worse (P<0.05) daily gain and feed conversion, as well as the largest (P<0.05) gastrointestinal transit time compared to the inclusion of cellulose, which had the lowest. The final weight of the piglets was lower (P<0.05) with the addition of guar gum compared to the control diet, pectin and lignocellulose. The animals fed cellulose have the lowest (P<0.05) Lactobacillus count and the best (P<0.05) ratio of villus height and crypt depth, not differing from lignocellulose, but with the other evaluated diets. In the duodenum the number of cells in apoptosis was lower (P<0.05) in the animals fed diet with cellulose, the number of cells in mitosis was bigger (P<0.05) with control diet and pectin and the lesion scores were lower (P<0.05) in the animals fed diets with cellulose and lignocellulose. No alterations (P>0.05) were observed in the jejunum of the piglets. In the ileum, the number of cells in mitosis was bigger (P<0.05) in the animals fed control diet, reduced protein diet and pectin and the lesion scores were lower (P<0.05) for those fed cellulose. In conclusion the soluble fibers, especially guar gum, have higher water holding capacity, swelling and viscosity. The reduced level of crude protein do not influence the performance and the intestinal health of the animals. The inclusion of guar in the diet provide the worse results for performance parameters and increased gastrointestinal transit time. The inclusion of purified insoluble fibers, especially cellulose, to the diets with reduced protein level, provide benefits for the morphology of the intestinal epithelium of the piglets, such as better villus height and crypt depth ratio, lower intestinal lesion scores lower and apoptosis.

Resumo: O objetivo foi o de avaliar diferentes fontes de fibras com diferentes níveis de proteína bruta sobre o desempenho, qualidade dos ovos, biodisponibilidade do nitrogênio, morfometria intestinal e viabilidade econômica. Foram utilizadas 392 poedeiras comerciais com 48 semanas de idade, de linhagem Isa Brown, em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2, mais um testemunha, resultando em sete tratamentos, com sete repetições de oito aves em cada unidade experimental. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por três ingredientes fibrosos (casca de algodão, casca de soja e casca de arroz) com dois níveis de proteína bruta (12% e 16%). As dietas contendo baixo nível de proteína bruta foram suplementadas com aminoácidos sintéticos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a casca de algodão proporcionou a pior conversão alimentar por dúzia de ovos produzidos quando associada ao maior nível de proteína bruta (16%), no entanto observa-se que o nível de 16% de proteína bruta proporcionou maiores valores para as características de consumo de ração, percentagem de postura, peso dos ovos, massa de ovos e melhorou a conversão alimentar por quilo de ovos produzidos, em contrapartida obteve baixa pigmentação da gema quando associada à casca de soja e menores valores para gravidade especifica quando associado com a casca de arroz. Ao nível de 16% de proteína bruta a casca de arroz proporcionou melhor conversão alimentar. A dieta testemunha apresentou maiores valores para massa de ovos, melhor conversão alimentar por quilo e por dúzia de ovos produzidos. As aves alimentadas com dietas formuladas com reduzido nível de proteína bruta (12%) ingeriram menor quantidade de nitrogênio e conseqüentemente excretaram menores valores de nitrogênio, retendo maior quantidade do mesmo. Observou-se que a casca de soja apresentou melhor desenvolvimento das vilosidades e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This worked was carried out to evaluate different sources of fibers by different levels of crude protein on performance, egg quality, nitrogen biovailability, intestinal morphology and viability in laying hens. Total 392 birds with 48 weeks of age from a commercial semi-heavy laying hens (Isa Brown), in a completely randomized design in a factorial arangement 3 x 2 +1 (three ingredients fibers x two levels of crude protein + control diet), in total of seven treatments by seven replicates with eight birds in each experimental unit. The treatments consisted of three dietary fibers (cottonseed hulls, soybean hulls and rice hulls) with two levels of crude protein (12.0% and 16.0%). The results of cottonseed hulls associated with 16% of CP shown the worst feed conversion per dozen eggs produced, however the 16% of CP had higher values for feed intake, laying percentage, egg weight, egg mass and improved feed per pound of eggs, however obtained lower yolk color by soybean hulls and lower values for specific gravity by rice hulls. At the level of 16% CP in rice hulls provided better feed conversion. The control diet had higher values for egg mass, feed conversion per kg and per dozen eggs produced. The birds fed 12% of CP reduce the nitrogen excreted. In the intestinal morphology was observed in soybean hulls diets had a better development of villous and crypt depth, also the level of 16% of CP increased the villus height and crypt depth of all segments analyzed (duodenum, jejunum and ileum). In the duodenum, the control diet provided greater development of villus height and crypt depth compared to diets containing fiber. However, the jejunum was observed to further develop the depth of crypts in birds fed fibrous diets. In the Ileum, the dietary diets promoted the development of crypt depth and increase in villus height when compared by control diet. Birds fed diets with reduced CP decrease ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Otto Mack Junqueira / Coorientador: Silvana Martinez Baraldi Artoni / Banca: Jorge de Lucas Júnior / Banca: Lúcio Francelino Araújo / Mestre

Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar diferentes aditivos sobre o desempenho, digestibilidade ileal, características de carcaça e morfometria intestinal. A adição da combinação enzimática (fitase + complexo amilase, protease e xilanase) em dietas com os níveis nutricionais reduzidos promoveu incrementos positivos no desempenho, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia digestível das aves. A suplementação de betaína natural promoveu resultados positivos nas aves submetidas ao estresse por calor no final da criação. Não houve efeito para rendimento de carcaça/partes, no entanto, na morfometria intestinal, foi observada maior altura de vilos para aves suplementadas com betaína natural de acordo com o programa brasileiro aos 25 dias de idade. A adição de diferentes fontes comerciais de mananoligossacarídeos (MOS) em dietas de frangos de corte mostrou índices de conversão alimentar similares das aves com antibiótico. Além disso, houve melhora na profundidade de cripta no jejuno e incremento da altura de vilos na região do íleo, somente para as aves alimentadas com a fonte de MOS 2. As fontes comerciais de mananoligossacarídeos mostraram potencial para serem usadas como aditivos alternativos aos promotores de crescimento nas dietas de frangos de corte. Foram efetuados 3 ensaios para a avaliação de probióticos e óleos essenciais em dietas de frangos de corte. No 1º ensaio, as aves alimentadas com óleo essencial 300 ppm apresentaram melhores resultados de CA e GP, já no 2º ensaio as aves alimentadas com probiótico BC-30 apresentaram menor CR. No 3º ensaio, onde as aves foram inoculadas após os 14 dias, o grupo não medicado e não infectado apresentaram melhor desempenho em relação às aves não medicadas e infectadas. A adição de probióticos e óleos essenciais apresentaram melhora no desempenho das aves. As informações obtidas neste estudo sob os efeitos dos ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The studies were conducted to evaluated different additives on the performance, nutrients digestibility, carcass/parts yield and intestinal morphology. The supplementation of phytase and amylase, protease and xylanase in diets with reductions of nutrients promoved increase on the performance and nutrients digestibility (dry matter, protein, digestible energy). Supplementation of betaine promoted positive birds submitted to heat stress at 1 to 45 days of age. There was not effect of carcass/parts yield. Already in intestinal morphology, showed the increase height of villus at brasilian program in 25 days of age. Different commercial source of MOS were evaluated in broilers diets. Dietary inclusions of MOS-1 and antibiotic promoted significant positive effects on feed conversion and PEF compared to the control group. The sources of MOS improved depth of crypt in jejunum, but just the birds fed MOS 2 had an increase in height of villis in ileum. MOS could be used as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters for broilers. Three assays were done to evaluate the effect of probiotic and essential oil on broiler performance. During the first experiment broilers fed essential oil 300ppm showed better body weight and feed convertion ration. In the second experiment, the birds fed probiotic BC-30 diets showed lower feed intake. The third experiment after infection broilers from Unmedicated Uninfected control showed the best live performance. Treatments supplemented with either probiotics or essential oils improved live performance. Those results may be help to make a decision on the choice of alternative to growth promoter in broiler chicken nutrition / Orientador: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Coorientador: Edgar Orlando Oviedo-Rondon / Banca: Antônio Claúdio Furlan / Banca: Flávio Alves Longo / Banca: Euclides Braga Malheiros / Banca: Elisabeth Gonzales / Doutor

Resumo: Com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos das inclusões de celulose purificada, casca de soja e polpa cítrica, como fontes de fibra nas dietas para leitões desmamados, foram realizados 4 ensaios. No ensaio I determinou-se as digestibilidades dos nutrientes e da energia das fontes de fibra e no II, as digestibilidades das dietas contendo esses ingredientes, utilizando-se o método de coleta total de fezes. No ensaio III avaliou-se o desempenho, o tempo de trânsito, a incidência de diarréia e a imunidade humoral e no IV, as características morfofisiológicas e microbiológicas do sistema digestório. As dietas experimentais utilizadas nos ensaios II, III e IV foram: DC - dieta controle - composta principalmente por milho, farelo de soja e fonte de lactose; CEL - dieta composta principalmente por milho, farelo de soja, fonte de lactose e 1,5% de celulose purificada; CS - dieta composta principalmente por milho, farelo de soja, fonte de lactose e 3% de casca de soja e PC - dieta composta principalmente por milho, farelo de soja, fonte de lactose e 9% de polpa cítrica. Utilizou-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados, para controlar diferenças no peso inicial. Com base nos resultados do ensaio I, verifica-se que a polpa cítrica apresenta melhor valor nutricional, e que as fontes de fibra podem ser utilizadas com o objetivo de modular a microbiota intestinal. Nos ensaios II e III, observa-se que as inclusões de celulose purificada, casca de soja e polpa cítrica, como fontes de fibra nas dietas de leitões desmamados, nä° afetam a digestibilidade da maioria dos nutrientes e da energia, o desempenho e o tempo de trânsito das dietas no trato gastrintestinal. Entretanto, a utilização de celulose purificada promove efeito benéfico no controle da diarréia e melhora alguns parâmetros imunológicos. No ensaio IV, nota-se que a adição de fontes de fibras solúveis, como casca de soja e ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: A total of 4 assays were conducted to evaluate the effect of purified cellulose, soybean hulls and citrus pulp as fiber sources in diets for weaned pigs. In assay 1 it was determined the nutrient and energy digestibilities for each source of fiber. At assay 2 it was determined the digestibilities of diets added by fibrous ingredients using total feces collection method. In assay 3 It was evaluated the performance, transit time, diarrhea incidence and humoral immunity and in assay 4 the morphophysiological and microbiological characteristics of digestive tract. The experimental diets used in the assays 2, 3 and 4 were: DC - control diet, based on corn, soybean meal and lactose source; CEL - diet based on corn, soybean meal, lactose source and 1,5% of purified cellulose; CS - diet based on corn, soybean meal, lactose source and 3% of soybean hulls; PC - diet based on corn, soybean meal, lactose source and 9% of citrus pulp. It was used a randomized block a design according to control the differences of body weight of piglets. The results of assay I citrus pulp has higher nutritional values and than those fiber sources can be used to modulate intestinal microbiota. According to results of assays II and III, purified cellulose, soybean hulls and citrus pulp as fiber sources in diets for weaned pigs do not affect nutrients and energy digestibility, performance and gastrointestinal transit time. The use of purified cellulose can reduce diarrhea incidence and promotes better results in some immunological parameters. According to assay IV, the result indicates that soluble fiber sources, as soybean hulls and citrus pulp, promote a modification on morphophysiology and microbiology of tract, suggesting an adaptation on digestive system of weaned pigs by the presence of the fiber in diets / Orientador: Maria Cristina Thomaz / Coorientador: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Jacinta Diva Ferrugem Gomes / Banca: Fábio Enrique Lemos Budiño / Banca: Nilva Kazue Sakomura / Banca: Otto Mack Junqueira / Doutor

Este estudo teve por objetivos avaliar diferentes níveis de suplementação de ?-ácidos do lúpulo como aditivos de rações para frangos de corte sobre o desempenho e a manutenção do equilíbrio da microbiota intestinal após desafio com Eimeria. No experimento 1, foram alojados 1440 pintos de corte da linhagem Cobb 500, no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade, com 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: controle negativo, ração sem antimicrobiano; controle positivo, ração com 30 mg/kg de bacitracina de zinco e rações com 30, 60, 120 ou 240 mg/kg de ?-ácidos do lúpulo, compondo 4 tratamentos adicionais. Os ?-ácidos foram microencapsulados com 30%de extrato. As rações foram formuladas à base de milho e farelo de soja, com inclusão de 5% de farelo de trigo e 5% de farinha de penas e vísceras. Aos 7 dias de idade todas as aves foram vacinadas contra coccidiose. As aves e as rações foram pesadas semanalmente para cálculo de desempenho. No experimento 2, foram alojados 1440 pintos de corte da linhagem Ross 308, no período de 1 a 42 dias de idade, com 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições. Os tratamentos foram: controle negativo, dieta basal; controle positivo, ração com 30 mg/kg de bacitracina de zinco; controle negativo mais desafio; controle positivo mais desafio; controle negativo suplementado com 30 mg/kg de ?-ácidos mais desafio; controle negativo suplementado com 240 mg/kg de ?-ácidos mais desafio. As rações foram formuladas à base de milho e farelo de soja com inclusão de 5% de farinha de penas e vísceras. Aos 14 dias de idade, as aves dos tratamentos 3, 4, 5 e 6 foram desafiadas, via oral, com 2x105 e 5x104 oocistos de Eimeria acervulina e E. tenella, respectivamente. As aves e as rações foram pesadas semanalmente para obtenção dos dados de desempenho. Aos 21 e 35 dias de idade das aves, coletou-se o conteúdo do intestino delgado e cecos das aves para análise da microbiota intestinal, com auxílio de técnicas moleculares. No experimento 1, aos 21 dias de idade as aves os tratamentos com 30 ou 60 mg/kg de ?-ácidos apresentaram desempenho semelhante às do controle positivo. Aos 42 dias houve melhora na conversão alimentar das aves recebendo 30 e 240 mg/kg de ?-ácidos ou antimicrobiano. No segundo experimento, a coccidiose causou significativa redução no desempenho das aves e nenhum dos aditivos utilizados foi capaz de reverter esta situação. Houve aumento de bactérias do gênero Clostridium no intestino delgado aos 21 dias, em consequência do desafio, entretanto, o maior nível de ?-ácidos reduziu esta população. Aos 35 dias de idade a infecção de coccidiose não alterou a comunidade bacteriana do intestino delgado, mas nos cecos houve aumento do gênero Bacteroides.Os ?-ácidos possuem potencial para serem utilizados nas dietas de frangos de corte em situações de baixo desafio, e podem auxiliar no controle da proliferação de Clostridium, embora ineficazes contra a Eimeria. / The objective was to evaluate increasing level of hops ?-acids in the feed on performance of broiler chickens. A pen trial using 1440 one-day old chickens, from 1 to 42 days, with 6 treatments and 6 replicates was conducted (Experiment 1). The experimental treatments were: negative control, basal diet; positive control, basal diet supplemented with zinc bacitracin, 30 mg/kg; and basal diet supplemented with 30, 60, 120 or 240 mg/kg of hops ?-acids, for 4 additional treatments. The corn soybean meal basal diet was formulated with inclusion of 5% poultry by-product meal and 5% wheat bran. At 7 days of age all birds were vaccinated against coccidiosis. The chickens and the feed were weighted weekly to calculate the performance. In the second experiment, the objective was to evaluate the supplementation of hops ?-acids on performance and the balance of intestinal microbiota of broilers, following challenge with Eimeria acervulina and E. tenella. A pen trial using 1440 one-day-old chickens, from 1 to 42 days, with 6 treatments and 6 replicates was conducted. The experimental treatments were: negative control, basal diet; positive control, basal diet supplemented witn zinc bacitracin, 30 mg/kg; negative controle + challenge; Positive control + challenge; negative control supplemented with 30 mg/kg of hops ?-acids + challenge; negative control supplemented with 240 mg/kg of hops ?-acids + challenge. The corn soybean meal basal diet was formulated with inclusion of 5% poultry byproduct meal. At 14 days of age, the birds in treatments 3, 4, 5 and 6 were challenged with 2x105 and 5x104 oocists of Eimeria acervulina and E. tenella, respectively. The chickens and the feed were weighted weekly to calculate the performance. At 21 and 35 days of age, the small intestine and ceca content was collected to analyze the intestinal microbiota, using molecular techniques. In the first experiment, at 21 days of age the treatment with 30 or 60 mg/kg of ?-acids had the same performance of chickens in positive control. At 42 days, the treatments containing 30 or 240 mg/kg of ?-acids and positive control had improved feed conversion. In the second experiment, there was worse performance in broilers chickens challenged with coccidiosis and the additives were not able to oppose this situation. There was increase in the Clostridium population in the small intestine at 21 days, due to challenge, however, the highest level of ?-acids decreasead this genus. At 35 days, the coccidiosis did not alter the bacterial community in the small intestine, although the ceca had higher level of Bacteroides. The hops ?-acids have the potential to be used in the diets of broiler chickens, under low level of challenge, and to proliferation of Clostridium, although ineffective against Eimeria.

Pulses (i.e. beans, lentils, and chickpeas) are enriched in plant-based proteins and non-digestible carbohydrates (e.g. fibre) that may beneficially impact intestinal and metabolic health. The objectives of this thesis were to determine if i) consumption of diet supplemented with kidney beans would improve biomarkers of intestinal and metabolic health, ii) dark-colored beans would provide additional health benefits compared to light-colored beans, and iii) background diet composition would impact the health effects of kidney bean consumption. Study 1: 5-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice were fed either a basal diet (BD; 20% casein, wt/wt), or isocaloric diets supplemented with 15% cooked white kidney beans or dark red kidney beans for 9 weeks (n=12/group); Study 2: 5-week-old male C57Bl/6 mice were fed either a high-fat diet (HF; 60% kcals from fat) or HF diet supplemented with 15% cooked white kidney beans or dark red kidney beans. In both studies, consumption of diets supplemented with beans improved microbiota community structure and activity, as indicated by increased abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria (Prevotella and S24-7) and intestinal SCFA concentrations, with dark kidney beans inducing the greatest effects. Furthermore, biomarkers of colonic inflammation, barrier integrity, and metabolic health were beneficially impacted by kidney bean consumption, however, the effects were greater in mice consuming low-fat vs. high-fat diets. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrated that while kidney bean consumption led to improvements in intestinal and metabolic health, the results were influenced by seed coat color and the nutrient composition of the background diet.

No description available.

Currently aquaculture is the largest growing food sector in the world, however, its future growth is limited by its heavy reliance on fishmeal (FM). Overfishing of wild marine fish stocks used for FM is putting too much pressure on the stocks, making FM unsustainable as a dominant protein source as aquaculture continues to grow. Plant proteins (PP) are an ideal alternative to FM because of their wide availability and relatively low cost. Soybean meal (SBM) is the most commonly used PP in aquaculture, but its inclusion in feeds is limited due to reduced digestibility and the presence of antinutritional factors ultimately leading to a reduced growth performance of fish that are fed with the SBM-based diet. Therefore, the goal of this thesis was to mitigate the negative effects of PP and improve the growth of fish fed with a PP-based diet, utilizing SBM as our PP in feeds. Three feeding trials were conducted to test the efficacy of 3 approaches towards improving the use of PP in fish. The first trial (Chapter 2), tested the effect of nutritional programming (NP) on the utilization of SBM in zebrafish (Danio rerio). NP is the theory that an organism can be ‘programmed’ to better utilize a dietary component by being exposed to that component in its early life stages. This study also tested the effect of NP through the broodstock by exposing the broodstock to SBM for 4 weeks prior to breeding. In addition, a combination of both programming techniques was also tested. The results found that neither of the programming techniques had a significant effect on the growth performance of the zebrafish. Among the two groups from the programmed broodstock, the group that also received early stage NP had a significantly higher expression of PepT1, a di- and tri- peptide transporter. Also, the dual programmed group had the highest length-to-width ratio of the distal villi among groups that were fed SBM, which signifies an increase in surface area for nutrient absorption in the intestine. The findings from this study suggest that early stage NP may increase the absorption of nutrient from PP-based feeds within the intestine. The second feeding trial (Chapter 3), utilized the supplementation of health-promoting dipeptides to improve the use of SBM-based feeds for zebrafish. The three dipeptides used in this study were alanyl-glutamine, carnosine, and anserine. The five groups in this study consisted of three groups receiving an SBM-based diet with one of the dipeptides supplemented into it, a (-) Control group receiving a non-supplemented SBM-based diet, and a (+) Control group receiving a FM-based diet. Both the alanyl-glutamine and carnosine supplemented groups experienced a significantly higher weight gain compared to the (-) Control group. In addition, the alanyl-glutamine supplemented group had a significantly higher length-to-width ratio of the intestinal villi and, had a numerically higher expression of both nutrient absorption genes measured, PepT1 and fabp2, compared to the (-) Control group. This finding suggests that the supplementation of alanyl-glutamine into SBM-based diets may improve the intestinal absorptive capacity of the fish fed with the SBM. The results from this study also support the use of both alanyl-glutamine and carnosine supplementation as a means of improving the growth performance of fish fed with a SBM-based diet. The third feeding trial (Chapter 4), was conducted on largemouth bass (LMB) (Micropterus salmoides). This study also focused on NP as a means of improving the utilization of dietary SBM, similar to Chapter 2. In this study, live feed was used as a vector to program the larval LMB to SBM. The programmed group in this study received Artemia nauplii that were enriched with a SBM solution, during the larval stage. The bass were then fed with a FM-diet for 7 weeks, before being reintroduced to SBM for the final 6 weeks of the study (PP-Challenge). The programmed LMB experienced a significantly higher weight gain compared to the non-programmed fish also undergoing the PP-Challenge, and achieved a weight gain similar to that of the LMB that were being fed with an FM-diet. In addition, the programmed LMB had significantly longer distal villi and a higher length-to-width ratio of the villi, compared to the non-programmed group. The findings from this study support the use of live feed as a vector for NP and improving the growth performance of a carnivorous aquaculture species fed with a SBM-based diet. The overall findings from these studies suggest that both NP and dipeptide supplementation are feasible means of improving the utilization of SBM in fish. The mechanism behind NP seems to lie in the intestine. In both zebrafish and LMB, NP was found to reduce the inflammatory impact on the intestine and increase the surface area for absorption of the intestinal villi. The supplementation of alanyl-glutamine had similar effects on the intestine as NP and improved the growth performance of zebrafish. The observations from these studies seem to point to mitigating the negative effects of SBM on the intestine as the key to improving the growth performance of fish fed with a SBM-based diet.

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O bem-estar animal pode influenciar o sistema produtivo na avicultura de postura. Sendo assim, o sistema free-range ou \"ao ar livre\" sem o uso de antibióticos surge como uma alternativa aos sistemas confinados. Espera-se que esse sistema torne-se cada vez mais difundido em atenção à demanda do mercado consumidor e bem-estar animal. Neste estudo, são abordados à influência da ambiência nas características qualitativas da cama aviária e ninhos, qualidade do ar, padrões fisiológicos e comportamentais, e avaliação da microbiota intestinal de galinhas poedeiras criadas no sistema free-range sem o uso de antibióticos. O estudo foi conduzido em um galpão comercial de galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Lohmann Brown. O período experimental correspondeu da 18ª a 24ª semanas de idade, para as avaliações relacionadas à ambiência, parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamentais. Para a estimativa da densidade bacteriana intestinal, as aves foram avaliadas durante o período de produção dos ovos, correspondendo à idade de pré-pico de postura (13ª semana), pico de postura (24ª semana) e pós-pico de postura (63ª semana). Água e ração foram fornecidas ad libitum. Constatou-se que as condições climáticas foram favoráveis, ou seja, as aves permanceram dentro da zona de termoneutralidade e na faixa de conforto térmico ideal. Resultados referentes à amônia volatilizada foram satisfatórios, assim como a umidade da cama e ninhos. Não houve incidência de pododermatite e as condições de empenamento das aves permaneceram íntegras nas regiões avaliadas. As avaliações comportamentais das aves demonstrou que as mesmas estavam em totais condições de bem-estar animal, ademais os níveis de corticosterona foram significativamente inferiores. Em relação ao estudo da microbiota intestinal das aves, as análises revelaram diferentes padrões de densidade dos simbiontes em relação às regiões estudas. A população das bactérias benéficas foi significativamente maior em comparação as bactérias patogênicas. Os simbiontes intestinais estudados demonstraram crescimento diferencial ao longo do período estudo. Diante do exposto, podemos reportar que o sistema free-range sem o uso de antibióticos apresentou qualidade de vida às aves poedeiras no que tange o bem-estar animal. / Animal welfare quality may affect egg laying livestock. Thus, the antibiotics-free free-range rearing system (AFFRS) came to light as an alternative to conventional production systems. Furthermore, it is expected AFFRS become more and more widespread as a response to consumer demand and animal welfare rules. In here, we aimed to evaluate the influence of the ambiance on the avian litter and nests, air quality, bird physiology and behavioral patterns, and their intestinal microbiota as well. The study was carried out using Lohmann Brown laying hens breed of the 18th to the 24th weeks-old kept in a commercial shed, and the environmental, physiological and behavioral parameters were evaluated. Additionally, gut microbiota was estimated by using hens of three different egg production cycles. The first cycle was represented by grower hens with 13th weeks of age as their reproductive organs were developing (i.e. early cycle), followed by 24th weeks-old grower hens (high egg production cycle), and 63th weeks-old grower cycle hens (late egg-laying cycle). Water and feed were supplied ad libitum. Data demonstrated birds were in optimal thermal comfort and the volatilized ammonia concentration remained at very low rates, as well as the bed and nest moisture levels. There was no incidence of pododermatitis and the conditions of feathering of the birds remained intact. Animal welfare conditions were optimal as demonstrated through behavioral data and corticosterone levels. Furthermore, gut microbiota densities were different between target symbiont-groups of the same gut region and among different gut segments investigated. Beneficial bacteria densities were significantly higher than pathogenic bacteria and gut symbionts showed differential growth curve throughout the studied period. Thus, our results demonstrated that the AFFRS met the laying hen\'s welfare quality rules and can be considered a good alternative rearing system to the egg production industry.