O objetivo desta dissertação é compreender o processo de estruturação do espaço intra-urbano da área metropolitana de Curitiba, entendendo sua formação, o papel de cada elemento da estrutura intra-urbana centro, subcentros, bairros residenciais segundo classes sociais, áreas industriais e as relações entre eles, os processos socioespaciais mais significativos e os agentes e forças estruturadores do espaço. Para isso, tomou-se por base a abordagem teórico-metodológica desenvolvida por Flávio Villaça para análise da estrutura urbana básica das metrópoles brasileiras. Parte-se da hipótese de que o processo de estruturação do espaço intra-urbano das cidades brasileiras é fruto, fundamentalmente, de determinações de natureza social, econômica e ideológica, historicamente interagindo com o espaço material por meio do mercado imobiliário. O planejamento e mesmo a ação do Estado teria então um papel menor nessa estruturação. Nesse sentido, há um processo de apropriação diferenciada do espaço urbano, em que as melhores localizações e as vantagens espaciais são disputadas pelas classes sociais. Processo que se articula à segregação urbana que, por sua vez, possibilita o controle e o domínio do espaço intra-urbano pelas camadas de alta renda. A pesquisa analisou, em primeiro lugar, como o espaço intra-urbano da área metropolitana de Curitiba se constituiu historicamente, enfatizando a produção das localizações urbanas e sua relação com a acessibilidade e a valorização imobiliária. A partir dessa primeira aproximação foram destacados os processos socioespaciais mais significativos. Dessa forma, foram analisados: (i) o Centro de Curitiba: sua direção de crescimento e expansão, seu processo de verticalização, seu abandono pelas camadas de alta renda, sua popularização e a formação de um centro novo; (ii) os Setores Estruturais (ou eixos estruturais): seu processo de verticalização e sua relação com o espaço intra-urbano; e por fim, (iii) a segregação urbana, que possibilitou articular os elementos expostos ao longo da pesquisa e entendê-los como parte de um mesmo processo. Buscou-se evidenciar ao longo do texto as disputas entre os elementos do espaço intra-urbano e a articulação de interesses entre os agentes sociais, em especial entre as camadas de alta renda, o Estado e o setor imobiliário. / The purpose of this dissertation is to comprehend the intra-urban space structuring process of Curitibas metropolitan area, understanding its formation, the role of each intra-urban structure element center, subcenters, residential neighborhoods according to social classes, industrial areas and the relations among them, the most significant socio-spatial processes and space structuring agents and forces. Therefore, Flávio Villaças theoretical and methodological approach on the analysis of the basic urban structure of Brazilian metropolises was taken as base for this research. It starts from the hypothesis that the intra-urban space structuring process of Brazilian cities is fundamentally the result of determinations of social, economic and ideological nature, historically interacting with the material space through the real estate market. Planning - and even State\'s action - would consequently have a minor role in this structuring. Accordingly, there is a process of differentiated appropriation of the urban space, in which social classes dispute the best locations and spatial advantages. This process is linked to urban segregation, which, in turn, allows control and domination of the intra-urban space by the upper income classes. Firstly, the research analyzed how the intra-urban space of Curitibas metropolitan area was historically constituted, emphasizing the production of urban locations and its relation with accessibility and real-estate appreciation. Based on this first approach, the most significant socio-spatial processes were emphasized. Thus, the following have been analyzed: (i) the center of Curitiba: the direction of its growth and expansion, its verticalization process, its abandonment by the upper income classes, its popularization and formation of a new center; (ii) the Structural Sectors (or structural axes): the verticalization process and relation with the intra-urban space; and finally, (iii) urban segregation, that enabled the connection of the elements exposed along the research and the understanding that they are part of the same process. Along the text, the research sought to demonstrate the disputes among intra-urban space elements and the articulation of interests among social agents, especially the upper income classes, the State and the real estate market.

O objetivo desta dissertação é compreender o processo de estruturação do espaço intra-urbano da área metropolitana de Curitiba, entendendo sua formação, o papel de cada elemento da estrutura intra-urbana centro, subcentros, bairros residenciais segundo classes sociais, áreas industriais e as relações entre eles, os processos socioespaciais mais significativos e os agentes e forças estruturadores do espaço. Para isso, tomou-se por base a abordagem teórico-metodológica desenvolvida por Flávio Villaça para análise da estrutura urbana básica das metrópoles brasileiras. Parte-se da hipótese de que o processo de estruturação do espaço intra-urbano das cidades brasileiras é fruto, fundamentalmente, de determinações de natureza social, econômica e ideológica, historicamente interagindo com o espaço material por meio do mercado imobiliário. O planejamento e mesmo a ação do Estado teria então um papel menor nessa estruturação. Nesse sentido, há um processo de apropriação diferenciada do espaço urbano, em que as melhores localizações e as vantagens espaciais são disputadas pelas classes sociais. Processo que se articula à segregação urbana que, por sua vez, possibilita o controle e o domínio do espaço intra-urbano pelas camadas de alta renda. A pesquisa analisou, em primeiro lugar, como o espaço intra-urbano da área metropolitana de Curitiba se constituiu historicamente, enfatizando a produção das localizações urbanas e sua relação com a acessibilidade e a valorização imobiliária. A partir dessa primeira aproximação foram destacados os processos socioespaciais mais significativos. Dessa forma, foram analisados: (i) o Centro de Curitiba: sua direção de crescimento e expansão, seu processo de verticalização, seu abandono pelas camadas de alta renda, sua popularização e a formação de um centro novo; (ii) os Setores Estruturais (ou eixos estruturais): seu processo de verticalização e sua relação com o espaço intra-urbano; e por fim, (iii) a segregação urbana, que possibilitou articular os elementos expostos ao longo da pesquisa e entendê-los como parte de um mesmo processo. Buscou-se evidenciar ao longo do texto as disputas entre os elementos do espaço intra-urbano e a articulação de interesses entre os agentes sociais, em especial entre as camadas de alta renda, o Estado e o setor imobiliário. / The purpose of this dissertation is to comprehend the intra-urban space structuring process of Curitibas metropolitan area, understanding its formation, the role of each intra-urban structure element center, subcenters, residential neighborhoods according to social classes, industrial areas and the relations among them, the most significant socio-spatial processes and space structuring agents and forces. Therefore, Flávio Villaças theoretical and methodological approach on the analysis of the basic urban structure of Brazilian metropolises was taken as base for this research. It starts from the hypothesis that the intra-urban space structuring process of Brazilian cities is fundamentally the result of determinations of social, economic and ideological nature, historically interacting with the material space through the real estate market. Planning - and even State\'s action - would consequently have a minor role in this structuring. Accordingly, there is a process of differentiated appropriation of the urban space, in which social classes dispute the best locations and spatial advantages. This process is linked to urban segregation, which, in turn, allows control and domination of the intra-urban space by the upper income classes. Firstly, the research analyzed how the intra-urban space of Curitibas metropolitan area was historically constituted, emphasizing the production of urban locations and its relation with accessibility and real-estate appreciation. Based on this first approach, the most significant socio-spatial processes were emphasized. Thus, the following have been analyzed: (i) the center of Curitiba: the direction of its growth and expansion, its verticalization process, its abandonment by the upper income classes, its popularization and formation of a new center; (ii) the Structural Sectors (or structural axes): the verticalization process and relation with the intra-urban space; and finally, (iii) urban segregation, that enabled the connection of the elements exposed along the research and the understanding that they are part of the same process. Along the text, the research sought to demonstrate the disputes among intra-urban space elements and the articulation of interests among social agents, especially the upper income classes, the State and the real estate market.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-19T12:15:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 anaraphaelapereiraepaula.pdf: 2845826 bytes, checksum: c4712860ece93160a2d580e7b922918a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-20T12:26:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 anaraphaelapereiraepaula.pdf: 2845826 bytes, checksum: c4712860ece93160a2d580e7b922918a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-20T12:26:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 anaraphaelapereiraepaula.pdf: 2845826 bytes, checksum: c4712860ece93160a2d580e7b922918a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A estrutura interna das cidades reflete as ações que se realizaram no passado e que estão em curso no presente. As ações do passado deixaram marcas que associadas às transformações da contemporaneidade nos trazem a necessidade de compreensão desse movimento dialético de mudanças e permanências na (re)produção do espaço intraurbano. Com o intuito de estudar a dinâmica que se processa na hierarquização do espaço intraurbano em Juiz de Fora – MG propomos a análise da “expansão” do centro principal da cidade através da descentralização de serviços urbanos e atividades econômicas para outras áreas, fazendo surgir os subcentros. Entendemos que para o estudo da estrutura urbana faz-se necessário compreender a centralidade da cidade na rede urbana se quisermos compreender sua estrutura intraurbana representada pelo binômio centro/subcentro. Dessa forma, nossa proposta consiste em estudar o processo de descentralização na escala de análise intraurbana e sua relação com o surgimento e consolidação de Benfica e de seu papel como "subcentro" exercendo influência sobre uma hinterlândia de mais de 110 mil habitantes. / The internal structure of cities reflects the actions in the past that are in progress in the present. The actions of the past have left marks that associated with transformations of contemporaneity bring us the need of understanding this dialectical movement of changes and continuities in the (re)production of the intra-urban space. In order to study the dynamics that take place in the hierarchy of the intra-urban space in Juiz de Fora - MG we propose the analysis of the "expansion" of the main city center through decentralization of urban services and economic activities to other areas, making the subcentres arise. We understand that for the study of urban structure it is necessary to understand the centrality of the city in the urban chain if we want to understand its intra-urban structure represented by the binomial center/subcentre. Therefore, our proposal is to study the process of decentralization in the scale of intra-urban analysis and its relation to the emergence and consolidation of Benfica and its role as "subcentre" exercising influence over a hinterland of over 110 000 inhabitants.

The thesis investigates the development of short-sea shipping (SSS) in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region by studying the determinants of SSS, the stated choice preference of shippers and freight forwarders and the stated intentions of maritime carriers for SSS. It is purported the introduction of SSS in SADC could reduce socio-environmental problems currently faced such as road damage, road congestion, pollution and transport related accidents. Discrete choice modeling (DCM) is employed as the main methodology to study shipper and carrier behavior. Discrete choice modeling permits the construction of general utility functions incorporating various decision maker characteristics and choice attributes to elicit preference of respondents. The general postulate in DCM is that utility is derived from the properties of things rather than the actual thing per se. A particular benefit of DCM in this study is the elicitation of preference for services and interventions that have not been introduced by SSS. The first step in the study is a theoretical investigation of the potential of SSS in the SADC region. It highlights the policy initiatives, the barriers and enablers related to the development of SSS. The proposed SSS system would have three main roles: to offer an alternative mode of freight transport service between port cities, to serve as the main leg in an intermodal transport network, and to serve feeder services between hub-and-spoke ports. The findings reveal that, SSS has the theoretical potential to work in the SADC region, given the large geographic region, projected freight volumes and customs and trade policies the SADC region is pursuing. The second step in the study involves an a-priori study conducted to develop a general understanding of freight transport in SADC. For this purpose, a uniquely developed online survey was conducted across the SADC region to ascertain in particular: who the decision maker is in terms of freight mode choice; and what the significant attributes that influence freight mode choice are. The results reveal that both the shipper and the freight forwarder are involved in mode choice decisions, however the shipper being the dominant decision maker. Furthermore, the results of the exploded logit model reveal that the top five modal attributes that shippers consider most important are: reliability, transport cost, risk of damage, frequency of service and transit time. These results were subsequently employed to inform the shipper and carrier behavior studies. The third step entails the assessment of shipper behavior, where trip specific mode choice decisions are studied along five intra-urban origin-destination (O-D) paired routes (which would form the study corridors). Three of these corridors considered unimodal SSS, and the two considered intermodal SSS. Unimodal SSS was studied along the following corridors: Cape Town (South Africa)~ Walvis Bay (Namibia), Walvis Bay (Namibia) ~ Luanda (Angola) and Durban (South Africa) ~Beira (Mozambique); and intermodal SSS was studied along the following corridors: Durban (South Africa) ~ Harare (Zimbabwe) and Cape Town (South Africa) ~ Windhoek (Namibia). To develop the choice scenarios, d-efficient stated choice experiments were uniquely developed for each of the corridors with the following key modal attributes systematically varied and analyzed across respondents: service frequency, reliability in terms of arriving on time, expected delay, transport cost and transport time. Subsequently, the following choice models were developed: Binary Logit, Mixed Logit and Integrated Choice and Latent Variable Structure models for the unimodal corridors; and Multinomial Logit, Nested Logit and Cross Nested Logit models for the intermodal corridors. The results highlight that in addition to the modal attributes, mode choice decisions are driven by shipper characteristics and situational characteristics. Moreover, the unimodal SSS study reveals that underlying latent perceptions also influence freight mode choice decisions; while the intermodal SSS study reveal strong correlations in the intermodal SSS alternatives, which requires improved intermodal capability if SSS is to become competitive. The fourth step in the study entail the assessment of maritime carriers preference for SSS given varying levels of maritime conditions that include: dedicated freight volumes, income from freight, port dues discount, terminal handling fees discount and ship registration requirements. The results of an ordered logit model reveal that ship registration provisions and terminal handling charges are the most important to the development of SSS from a carrier side. Moreover, ship registration and maritime cabotage provisions require visitation to boost the participation of carriers in SSS. The last step of the study revisits the modeling results and considers their implications through the estimation of willingness-to-pay and attribute elasticities. The results were then employed to suggest policy actions and interventions to develop SSS.

Este trabalho tentou compreender o envelhecimento populacional da cidade de Santos-SP e o cotidiano da sua população no espaço intra-urbano. Por meio do estudo da formação da estrutura urbana de Santos, de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e de uma reflexão sobre a sociabilidade na aposentadoria, sugerimos que a maioria da população idosa santista, que tem autonomia física e financeira, se faz mais presente em certos espaços da cidade do que em outros, conforme a lógica estrutural que organizou as áreas residenciais e as localizações urbanas na cidade. O estilo de vida engendrado durante os anos em que foram trabalhadores e o ideal cada vez mais socializado de um envelhecimento autônomo faz com que o segredo do bem envelhecer seja cada vez mais se abrir para o mundo de fora de casa. O uso de pontos do espaço intra-urbano por esses idosos como local de permanência e de sociabilidade - não só de rápida passagem marcam-nos como localizações urbanas de idosos, conferindo uma nova identidade à cidade, à velhice e aos próprios idosos. / This work aims to comprehend the populational aging of the city of Santos, in São Paulo, Brazil, and the day-by-day of its aging population in the intra-urban space. By the study of the making of Santoss urban structure and through the analysis of interviews halfstructured, we suggest that the major part of the aged population of Santos with its physical and financial autonomy is more present in some spaces than in others, according to the logic of the urban structure that organized the residential areas and the urban locations in the city. The use of the certain places to stay instead of just a place to pass though marks them and the city itself. We call this marked places as aging urban locations

Este trabalho tentou compreender o envelhecimento populacional da cidade de Santos-SP e o cotidiano da sua população no espaço intra-urbano. Por meio do estudo da formação da estrutura urbana de Santos, de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e de uma reflexão sobre a sociabilidade na aposentadoria, sugerimos que a maioria da população idosa santista, que tem autonomia física e financeira, se faz mais presente em certos espaços da cidade do que em outros, conforme a lógica estrutural que organizou as áreas residenciais e as localizações urbanas na cidade. O estilo de vida engendrado durante os anos em que foram trabalhadores e o ideal cada vez mais socializado de um envelhecimento autônomo faz com que o segredo do bem envelhecer seja cada vez mais se abrir para o mundo de fora de casa. O uso de pontos do espaço intra-urbano por esses idosos como local de permanência e de sociabilidade - não só de rápida passagem marcam-nos como localizações urbanas de idosos, conferindo uma nova identidade à cidade, à velhice e aos próprios idosos. / This work aims to comprehend the populational aging of the city of Santos, in São Paulo, Brazil, and the day-by-day of its aging population in the intra-urban space. By the study of the making of Santoss urban structure and through the analysis of interviews halfstructured, we suggest that the major part of the aged population of Santos with its physical and financial autonomy is more present in some spaces than in others, according to the logic of the urban structure that organized the residential areas and the urban locations in the city. The use of the certain places to stay instead of just a place to pass though marks them and the city itself. We call this marked places as aging urban locations

The p-median problem is often used to locate p service centers by minimizing their distances to a geographically distributed demand (n). The optimal locations are sensitive to geographical context such as road network and demand points especially when they are asymmetrically distributed in the plane. Most studies focus on evaluating performances of the p-median model when p and n vary. To our knowledge this is not a very well-studied problem when the road network is alternated especially when it is applied in a real world context. The aim in this study is to analyze how the optimal location solutions vary, using the p-median model, when the density in the road network is alternated. The investigation is conducted by the means of a case study in a region in Sweden with an asymmetrically distributed population (15,000 weighted demand points), Dalecarlia. To locate 5 to 50 service centers we use the national transport administrations official road network (NVDB). The road network consists of 1.5 million nodes. To find the optimal location we start with 500 candidate nodes in the network and increase the number of candidate nodes in steps up to 67,000. To find the optimal solution we use a simulated annealing algorithm with adaptive tuning of the temperature. The results show that there is a limited improvement in the optimal solutions when nodes in the road network increase and p is low. When p is high the improvements are larger. The results also show that choice of the best network depends on p. The larger p the larger density of the network is needed.

Submitted by MICHELE DE SOUSA SOUSA (sousa_michele@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-12-19T17:39:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MICHELE DE SOUSA - A Produção da Diferenciação Socioespacial em Mossoró-RN.pdf: 11483596 bytes, checksum: 330e2a4b66c450337045589ad8baddaa (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ALESSANDRA KUBA OSHIRO null (alessandra@fct.unesp.br) on 2017-12-19T19:40:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_m_dr_prud.pdf: 11483596 bytes, checksum: 330e2a4b66c450337045589ad8baddaa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-19T19:40:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sousa_m_dr_prud.pdf: 11483596 bytes, checksum: 330e2a4b66c450337045589ad8baddaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-29 / Esta tese trata do tema da diferenciação socioespacial na cidade de Mossoró-RN, segunda maior cidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, que é analisada a partir da investigação e do estudo da transformação da área urbana, engendrada pelos novos equipamentos voltados para a prática e consumo do lazer, da cultura, do turismo e do entretenimento, bem como da valorização imobiliária seletiva. Busca-se, com base nesses elementos, analisar e compreender a reprodução dessa diferenciação socioespacial. Procura-se compreender a produção desigual do espaço urbano de Mossoró e a própria construção dessa desigualdade, para, então, investigar quais áreas na cidade estão sendo valorizadas (sob vários aspectos) e quais são os agentes que estão “orquestrando” esse processo. É também nossa preocupação avaliar como a diferenciação socioespacial ocorre e se é reproduzida também por meio das práticas espaciais. Percebe-se que a diferenciação socioespacial em Mossoró se revela em seu espaço urbano por processos que foram se mantendo ao longo do tempo e por fatores de âmbito local, nacional ou até global, que se combinaram ao preexistente. Conclui-se, assim, que o processo de produção do espaço urbano de Mossoró dá-se marcado pela diferenciação socioespacial, e que esse processo caracteriza-se por uma combinação de mudanças e permanências. / This thesis deals with the issue of socio-spatial differentiation in the city of Mossoro-RN, the second largest city of Rio Grande do Norte State. It was studied and analyzed the transformation of the urban area engendered by the new equipment designed to leisure practice and consumption, culture, tourism and entertainment, as well as, the selective real estate valuation. The analysis and understandings of reproduction of socio-spatial differentiation was based in these aspects. It was tried to understand the uneven production of urban space of Mossoro and the actual construction of this inequality, to then investigate which areas in the city would be appreciating (in many ways) and who are the agents that were "orchestrating" the process. It was also our concern assess how socio-spatial differentiation occurs and is also reproduced by means of socio-spatial practices. It is noticed that the socio-spatial differentiation in Mossoro is revealed in its urban space, in processes that have remained over time, and local, national or global level factors to combine the existing. Therefore, in conclusion, the process of urban space production in Mossoro was marked by socio-spatial differentiation, and this process was characterized by a combination of changes and stays.

Cette thèse porte sur l’analyse des formes et des acteurs de l’agriculture urbaine interstitielle dans l’environnement urbain fragmenté, défavorisé et ultra-dense de Metro Manila aux Philippines. La recherche est consacrée à la problématique de l’engagement des familles et des habitants dans les différentes formes d’agriculture intra-urbaine et s’inscrit dans le champ de la Géographie Sociale qui se construit sur l’analyse des pratiques idéelles et matérielles des acteurs vis-à-vis de l’espace. L'échelle de l'habitant est saisie dans la dynamique familiale.L’analyse des dynamiques urbaines et des systèmes d’acteurs engagés permet d’introduire une typologie des formes interstitielles de l’agriculture urbaine dans l’espace métropolitain de Manila : une agriculture urbaine émergente hors-sol, portée par des acteurs organisationnels et des agricultures urbaines familiales de plein champ, spontanées et distinguées en fonction de leur inscription résiduelle ou résurgente dans les dynamiques métropolitaines.En postulant la dimension spatiale intrinsèque et oubliée de la notion d’engagement, la thèse propose une définition en situation, comme prisme d’analyse de l’habiter. La démarche fait émerger l’importance à considérer les pratiques, les objectifs et les projets des familles dans leur engagement en agriculture urbaine. La notion de tactique est mobilisée, en référence aux tactiques quotidiennes de détournement et envisage d’aller à l’encontre des déterminismes de la pauvreté et de restituer la capacité d’être acteur en tant que familles vulnérables. L’enjeu est d’identifier les tactiques d’engagement des familles dans l’agriculture urbaine à partir de leurs pratiques complexes de captation de ressources.Dans un contexte plutôt non-formel, où les ressources matérielles sont faibles, l’engagement des familles et des habitants dans l’agriculture urbaine s’appuie, sur la combinaison de tactiques socio-spatiales, économiques et politiques pour accéder à l’espace et aux autres ressources de l’existence. A partir d’une approche diachronique, les tactiques d’engagement en agriculture urbaine sont déclinées dans les parcours de vie au moment de l’installation de la famille en agriculture urbaine et pour vivre de l’agriculture urbaine dans la ville. L’engagement des familles dans l’agriculture urbaine se caractérise par un « mieux vivre » qui améliore leurs situations de pauvreté et leur qualité de vie, mais ne consolide pas leur Droit à la ville.La méthodologie est qualitative et mobilise une batterie d’outils anthropo-géographiques qui reposent sur un aller-retour entre le terrain et les données récoltées. L’enquête de terrain s’amorce par le repérage des usages agricoles de l’espace métropolitain sur vues aériennes et par l’identification de pratiques d’agriculture urbaine dans un corpus bibliographique dédié à Metro Manila. L’observation directe et l’observation participante sont mobilisées en phase exploratoire pour stabiliser les repérages et accéder aux familles en « terrain sensible ». Des entretiens compréhensifs inspirés du récit de vie sont recueillis par passages répétés avec plusieurs membres de la famille. Des entretiens semi-directifs sont conduits avec des acteurs publics et de la société civile. / This thesis analyzes interstitial urban agriculture through its forms and actors, in the fragmented city of Metro Manila in the Philippines, which is characterized by a wide disadvantaged population and an ultra-dense urban environment. The research problem is to understand the involvement of families and inhabitants in intra-urban agriculture, in the field of Social Geography, which aim is built on analyzing actors’ practices and representations toward the space. The inhabitant scale is seized within the family dynamic.Considering urban dynamics and systems of actors involved allows to introduce a typology of the interstitial forms of urban agriculture in Manila metropolitan area: an emerging aboveground farming carried by “organizational actors” and a spontaneous family open-field urban farming, which is distinguished according to its residual or resurgent position within the metropolitan dynamics.Postulating the intrinsic and forgotten spatial dimension of the notion of involvement, the thesis introduces a situational definition according to dwelling. The approach highlights the importance of considering the families practices, objectives and projects related to their involvement in urban agriculture. The notion of tactics is mobilized referencing to the daily diversionary practices and endeavors to counteract the poverty determinism emphasizing the capacity of being actor as vulnerable families.The challenge is to identify the involvement tactics of family in urban agriculture based on their complex practices to access resources. In a rather non-formal context, where material resources are scarce, the involvement of families and inhabitants in urban agriculture is based on a combination of socio-spatial, economic and political tactics to access the land and other everyday life resources.Using a diachronic approach, involvement tactics of families in urban agriculture are considered within their life pathways pointing both the settlement in urban agriculture as process and the everyday living through urban agriculture in the city. The involvement of families in urban agriculture means a better living, improving both their poverty situations and quality of life, but does not secure their Right to the city.The methodology is qualitative and mobilizes a battery of anthropo-geographic tools relying on round trip between the field and the data collected. The launch of the field survey identifies urban agriculture land use in the metropolitan area on aerial views and urban farming practices quoted in the bibliography. Direct observation and participatory observation are mobilized during the exploratory phase in order to stabilize the detection and to allow the field survey to reach families, living on “sensitive urban areas”. Then, comprehensive interviews inspired from life stories interview method are collected by repeated meeting with the members of the family. Semi-structured interviews are conducted with public and civil society actors.

L’objet de cette thèse est de comprendre l’évolution d’une ville sur toute la durée de son existence. Elle se fonde sur le cas de Noyon, dont l’origine remonte au 1er s. apr. J.-C. La démarche est schématiquement décomposée en trois temps. Il s’agit tout d’abord d’étudier la structure intra-urbaine fonctionnelle et d’en identifier la trajectoire sur 2 000 ans. Puis nous appréhendons la position relative de la ville – saisie d’un point de vue politico-administratif, économique et spatial – par rapport aux autres villes avec lesquelles elle est en interaction. La confrontation de la trajectoire intra-urbaine et de la position relative de la ville permet enfin d’examiner ce qui unit l’histoire d’une ville avec l’histoire des villes avec lesquelles elle fait système. La très longue durée considérée fait émerger deux enjeux majeurs. D’une part, les sociétés étudiées sur 2 000 ans sont très différentes. L’enjeu est donc de les comparer, ce qui implique de questionner la pérennité de la signification des objets spatio-temporels étudiés pour reconstituer leurs trajectoires. D’autre part, cette approche requiert l’étude de données archéologiques, textuelles et iconographiques, qui sont lacunaires et imprécises, en particulier pour l’étude de phénomènes à petite échelle. Un des défis du travail consiste donc à mener une véritable enquête à partir de laquelle on doit cumuler les indices pour tenter de reconstituer d’anciennes réalités spatiales. Tout cela demande finalement d’élaborer de nouvelles approches méthodologiques et d’expliciter les chemins relatifs à la construction des connaissances afin de proposer une étude des villes en système sur le temps long qui soit reproductible. / This doctoral research seeks to understand the evolution of a city along the entire duration of its existence. The research is built upon the case-study of Noyon, a French city founded in the 1st century AD. Our approach can be synthesised in three steps. First of all, we assess the functional intra-urban structure so as to establish the trajectory of the city over 2 000 years. Then, we identify the relative position of the city within the system of cities it interacts with. This position is studied in terms of political, administrative and economic features. Finally, by confronting the intra-urban trajectory and the relative position of the city, we can investigate to what extent the history of a city and the history of the other cities of the system are united. The vastly long term considered raises two main issues. Firstly, the societies studied, over 2 000 years, are highly distinct. Comparing them involves to question the consistency of the definition of spatio-temporal entities, in order to study their trajectories. Secondly, this method requires to work with archaeological, textual and iconographic data, which are sporadic and scarce, especially when studying large scales processes. This turns a large part of our research into an investigation where many clues have to be collected in order to retrace some long-disappeared spatial configurations and facts. All of this requires new methodologies, along with a need to unambiguously delineate the paths relative to knowledge building, in order to offer a reproducible study of cities in systems over the long term.