Forskning har visat att arbetssökandes motivation till att söka arbete påverkar deras hälsa och sociala liv. Tre motivationsteorier som utvecklats inom området och som ligger till grund i studien är Förväntning- och värdeteorin, Målsättningsteorin och Självbestämmandeteorin. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur positivt psykologiskt kapital, inskrivningstid på arbetsförmedling samt tillgång till jobbcoach eller inte inverkar på arbetssökandes inre motivation. En enkätstudie genomfördes där 154 arbetssökande, 83 män och 70 kvinnor deltog. De fick ta ställning till 50 påståenden gällande tron på den egna förmågan, hopp, hantering av motgång och inre motivation. Resultatet visade att den främsta variabeln som förklarar inre motivation hos arbetssökande är hopp, som innebär hopp om framtiden. Det visade sig att tiden som individen är arbetssökande och tillgång till jobbcoach, inte hade någon betydelse för inre motivationen. Slutsatsen är att trots att det råder lågkonjunktur så finns hopp om framtiden. Key words: length of unemployment, hope, intrinsic motivation

Mathematical model, which depicts on macroscopic scale the physical phenomena occurring during the decomposition of gas hydrate, was set up and applied to the spherical methane hydrate pellet decomposing into ice. Initially, porous hydrate pellet is at uniform temperature and pressure within hydrate stable region. The pressure starts to decrease at t=0 with a fixed rate down to the final pressure and is kept constant afterwards. The bounding surface of pellet is heated by convection. Governing equations are based on the conservation principles, the phase equilibrium relation, equation of gas state and phase change kinetics. The single-domain approach and volume average formulation are employed to take into account transient change of local pressure, volumetric liberation of latent enthalpy, and convective heat and mass transfer accompanied by the decomposed gas flow through hydrate/ice solid matrix. The algorithm called “enthalpy method” is extended to deal with non-equilibrium phase change and utilized to determine local phase volume fractions. Predicted results suggest that the present numerical implementation is capable of predicting essential features of heat and mass transfer during non-equilibrium decomposition of hydrate pellet.

Magistro darbe yra suformuluotos pagrindinės vidinės motyvacijos pasireiškimo dirbančiųjų ir bedarbių tarpe problemos, išskirta per didelio dėmesio skyrimo išorinei motyvacijai problematika, išanalizuoti ir susisteminti įvairių užsienio autorių teoriniai ir praktiniai vidinės motyvacijos tyrimai ir pateikti jų prieštaringi vidinės motyvacijos vertinimai, pateikiant vidinės motyvacijos oponentų požiūrį. Baigiamajame darbe atskleista iki šiol nenagrinėta vidinės motyvacijos problematika Lietuvos darbo rinkoje, atskleistos problemos, dėl kurių Lietuvos įmonių darbuotojai mažai yra motyvuojami iš vidaus. Atlikta analizė yra grindžiama jau atliktais moksliniais tyrimais, bet taip pat pristato ir naujus būdus suvokti vidinės motyvacijos reikšmę šiuolaikinėje darbo rinkoje. Atskleista vidinės motyvacijos problematika gali būti naudinga atveriant naujus mokslinių tyrimų būdus darbo psichologijos srityje. Atlikus tyrimą patvirtinta suformuluota tyrimo hipotezė, kad pagrindinė vidinės motyvacijos trūkumo problema šiuolaikinėje Lietuvos darbo rinkoje – vidinės motyvacijos veiksnių ir darbuotojų poreikių ( pagal A. Maslow) nesuderinamumas. / Master's work is formulated in the basic expression of intrinsic motivation of emplyoed and the unemployed among the problems of over-emphasis on appointing external motivation problems, analyze and codify the various foreign authors' practical and theoretical studies of internal motivation and their conflicting assessments of internal motivation, the inner motivation of opponents approach. At the final work of the disclosure of hitherto unstudied problems of the inner motivation of the Lithuanian labor market, revealing the problems of the Lithuanian corporate staff is based on so poor from the inside. The analysis is based on current research, but also presents new ways to understand the intrinsic motivation for the modern labor market. Disclosed to the inner motivation of the problems may be useful for opening of new research methods work psychology field. The study confirmed the hypothesis formulated in the study that the main problem of the lack of internal motivation of the modern labor market in Lithuania - the internal factors of motivation and the needs of employees (according to A. Maslow) inconsistency.

In response to viral infection, host cells activate various antiviral defence mechanisms to inhibit virus replication. Therefore in order for a virus to replicate efficiently, it must counteract cellular antiviral defence. Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) is a cellular protein involved in intrinsic immunity. It inherently forms nuclear bodies (PML-NBs) that assemble at the site of viral genomes. Proteins related to epigenetic regulation are recruited to PML-NBs, and silence viral gene transcription. This study focuses on the role of two herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) proteins, ICP0 and Us3, in disrupting PML-NBs and counteracting cellular antiviral defence. En passant mutagenesis was used to create recombinant HSV-2 viruses lacking ICP0, Us3, or both ICP0 and Us3. Growth analysis of these recombinants indicates no growth defects for the ICP0Δ virus, while the Us3Δ virus grows to one log lower titres than wild type virus (WT). By contrast, the ICP0Δ virus displays a delay in PML-NB disruption, but the Us3Δ virus is as efficient as WT. However, Us3 is still important for PML-NB disruption, since the ICP0Δ/Us3Δ double mutant exhibits a greater delay than the ICP0Δ single mutant. Although PML is a mediator of the interferon (IFN) response and it was predicted that ICP0 and Us3 interfere with the IFN response through disruption of PML-NBs, my results show that only some HSV-2 Us3Δ clones are hypersensitive to the effects IFN, and others are resistant. Us3 affects more than one cellular pathway, and those cellular pathways are affected by more than one viral protein. I conclude that the activities of multiple viral proteins create a fine balance between activating cellular pathways to promote virus replication, and inhibiting cellular antiviral defence. / Thesis (Master, Microbiology & Immunology) -- Queen's University, 2014-01-23 10:55:16.715

Šio magistro darbo tikslas yra ištirti daugdarų dimensijos atpažinimo daugiamačiuose duomenyse metodus. Darbe buvo išnagrinėti 3 lokalūs dimensijos vertinimo metodai, koreliacinis, artimiausių kaimynų ir didžiausio tikėtinumo, ir su įvairių matmenų duomenimis atlikti tyrimai. Atstumai tarp kaimyninių taškų buvo skaičiuojami dviem būdais: Euklido ir geodeziniu. Atlikus tyrimus buvo padarytos tokios išvados: • Maksimalaus tikėtinumo vertinimo metodas tiksliausiai vertina vidinį matmenų skaičių dirbtiniams duomenims, taip pat realiems duomenims, kai tarp kaimynų skaičiuojami geodeziniai atstumai. • Koreliacinis vertinimo metodas dirbtiniams duomenims, ir realiems duomenims, kai tarp kaimynų skaičiuojami geodeziniai atstumai, vidinį matmenų skaičių nustato gerai, kai tarp kaimynų skaičiuojami Euklido atstumai, vidinį matmenų skaičių nustato labai blogai. • Koreliacinis metodas nėra geras, nes yra sunku parinkti tinkamus parametrus – spindulius. • Artimiausių kaimynų vertinimo metodas vidinį matmenų skaičių nustato gerai tik realiems duomenims, kai tarp kaimynų skaičiuojami geodeziniai atstumai, visais kitais nagrinėjamais atvejais – blogai. • Artimiausių kaimynų metodas vidinį matmenų skaičių nustato blogiausiai iš visų trijų nagrinėjamų metodų. / The objective of this master thesis is to explore different techniques of dataset intrinsic dimensionality estimation. The purpose was to examine three local estimators for intrinsic dimensionality: the correlation dimension estimator, the nearest neighbor dimension estimator, and the maximum likelihood estimator. Data with various intrinsic dimensionalities were examined. The distances between neighboring points were calculated using two metrics: Euclidean and Geodesic. The investigation revealed the following conclusions: • The results by maximum likelihood estimation method were closest to the real intrinsic dimensionality of an artificial data, as well as real data, in cases when distances between neighbors were calculated using Geodesic metrics. • The correlation dimension estimator showed good results for artificial and real data when distances between neighbors were estimated using Geodesic metrics. When distances between neighbors were calculated by Euclidean metrics, the intrinsic dimension estimation results were very bad. • Correlation dimension estimator is not a good method because it is difficult to select proper settings – radiuses. • The nearest neighbor estimation method works well only when determining intrinsic dimension of real data when distances between neighbors are estimated using Geodesic metrics. In all other cases it is almost useless. • The nearest neighbor method is the worst method amongst all.

The paper strives to answer the question what motives encourage high performance sport aerobic athletes and aerobic athletes to seek for better results. The objective of the research is to reveal motivation peculiarities in both groups. Research tasks: 1. reveal the motives of sport aerobic and aerobic athletes (using S. Butt approach, 1991). 2. investigate the level of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation of sport aerobic and aerobic athletes (using Frederick & Ryan approach, 1993). The research was carried out at Kaunas sport clubs in December 2004. The respondents consisted of 39 high performance aerobic female athletes and 43 women attending aerobic workouts. All of the respondents were questioned before or after training. Questionnaires were filled-in in the presence of the investigator. Investigation according to S. Butt approach shows that at psychological motivational level competence is equally important to both groups of the tested (p=0.221). At social motivational level, cooperation for sport aerobic and aerobic athletes is equally important (p=0.157). Aggression, conflict and competition motives are more important to sport aerobic athletes (p<0.0005). So according to S. Butt approach, sport aerobic female athletes have higher extrinsic motivation. Investigation according to Frederick & Ryan approach claims that motives of interest/enjoyment, competence, appearance and fitness credibly differ in both groups of respondents (p<0.0005). According to the results... [to full text]

Motivation är en betydelsefull kompontent för en individs utövande utav studier. Studien utgick ifrån motivationsteorin Self- determination theory. Syftet med studien var att redogöra för relationen mellan högskolestudenters demografiska faktorer och vilken typ av motivation som driver dem till att utöva studier, samt relationen mellan motivationstyperna. Med typ av motivation avses amotivation, inre samt yttre motivation. Studien bestod utav 102 studenter, varav 49 män och 53 kvinnor, från en högskola i mellersta Sverige som fick besvara enkäten The Academic Motivation Scale. Studiens resultat visade bland annat att kvinnliga studenter hade en högre nivå utav yttre motivation än manliga studenter. Resultatet visade inga könsskillnader inom inre motivation och amotivation. Resultatet påvisade även att studenter som hade en högre nivå utav yttre motivation samtidigt hade en högre nivå utav inre motivation. Förslag på framtida forskning inom området är att fokusera på studenter inom andra typer av utbildningar och utbildningsnivåer.

One of the most interesting aspects of human beings is their ability to choose a course of action and strive to achieve it. When participating in therapeutic interventions involving physical activities, people may allocate different amounts of effort, persistence and commitment to succeed in them. The reason for this difference lies in their motivation. The present thesis focuses on the energising of behaviour, that is, the differential effort and motivation that people put into therapeutic activities. Placebo responses are generally explained by the mechanisms of response expectancy, conditioning and motivational concordance. Findings presented in this thesis partially supported motivational concordance, testing for the first time that therapeutic outcome after engagement in intrinsically motivated tasks requiring physical activity was explained both by response expectancy and motivational concordance . The effects of response expectancy, perceptions of effort and intrinsic motivation on therapeutic benefit and mood change were investigated in both laboratory (Studies 1-4) and real-life therapeutic contexts (Study 5). Study 1 showed that effort mediated the effects of expectancy on perceived benefit, and effort predicted both positive and negative affect following the performance of a breathing exercise. Study 2 showed that differences in outcome between guided imagery and meditation were very small, but that non-specific factors play the major role in outcome. Study 3 showed that perceiving a task as difficult enhances effort perceptions, intrinsic motivation and therapeutic outcome. Motivated behaviour predicted therapeutic outcome but not expectancy. Study 4 showed that the provision of success feedback enhances outcome expectancies, motivated behaviour and mood change. Expectancies, motivation and effort predicted positive affect, whereas only effort predicted negative affect. Finally, results from Study 5 suggest that placebo responses may differ in real-life therapeutic interventions according to the strength motivational factors are elicited within the intervention. Both expectancy and motivated behaviour predicted change in positive affect, whereas motivated behaviour predicted change in negative affect and empowerment. Therapeutic outcome and its underlying mechanisms are likely to reflect a mixture of response expectancies and intervening motivational factors.

CIGS thin film solar cells usually include a thin layer of intrinsic zinc oxide (i-ZnO) deposited on a CdS buffer layer by sputtering. However an interest has grown in using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) instead. Hence, the aim of this thesis was to study how well CVD i-ZnO performs on a CdS buffer layer in a CIGS solar cell and how the properties of the layer can be controlled when using a hot-wall CVD reactor with diethylzinc and water as precursors. The process was characterized through depositions on glass substrates and was then successfully implemented in solar cell devices. The main influences of temperature, thickness and precursor flows on resistivity, optical band gap and film structure were mapped out. The analysis methods used included X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), four point probe resistivity measurements, mechanical profilometry and absorption spectrophotometry. In addition, the solar cell devices were characterized using external quantum efficiency (EQE) and current-voltage (IV) measurements. It was found that the CVD process was sensitive to the condition of the CdS surface, which resulted in a large distribution of shunted cells when grown on aged CdS. Unexpected trends in open-circuit voltage and fill factor were found. Both these factors increased when the growth temperature was decreased, resulting in higher conversion efficiencies. Compared to i-ZnO deposited by an in-house baseline sputtering process, the CVD process resulted in cells with higher short-circuit current due to higher EQE in the short-wavelength region. It was shown that the CVD process used is capable of producing solar cell devices whose performances contest those of cells manufactured with sputtered i-ZnO.

Motivation inom skolan är avgörande för elevers lärande. I self- determination theory (SDT) betonas vikten av inre motivation genom autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet. Stöd, höga förväntningar och målsättningar har visats sig ha positiv inverkan på motivation. Syftet med denna undersökning var att studera vad som främjar ungdomars motivation, med utgångspunkt i SDT samt ungdomars och vuxnas perspektiv, utifrån skilda tillvägagångssätt i motivationsarbete. Intervjuer genomfördes med 8 deltagare från en friskola och 8 från en ungdomsverksamhet. Analysen genomfördes i tre steg: gemensamma komponenter, skillnader mellan verksamheterna och i relation till SDT. Resultatet visade på viktiga gemensamma nämnare som individanpassning, lärarstöd samt mål- och utvecklingsfokus. En skillnad som framträdde verksamheterna emellan är huruvida det går att arbeta med höga förväntningar eller om ungdomen bör styra sin process själv. Ett öppet klimat, med stor individanpassning och tillitsfulla relationer, har framkommit vara grundförutsättningar för den inre motivationen.