Apprendre un concept scientifique procède d’un processus de déconstruction-reconstruction. Enseigner signifie aider l’élève dans cette démarche qui lui demande de rejouer, pour lui le parcours d’invention qui a permis l’émergence du concept. C’est justement pour faire face à la crise que traverse l’enseignement scientifique en France et dans le monde et parce que l’on considère que les pratiques pédagogiques habituelles, encore utilisées, en sont pour partie responsables, que la démarche d’investigation est universellement proposée. Procéder par investigation est une méthode qui demande à l’élève de construire son savoir. Elle est présentée comme étant plus efficace pour apprendre. Une réflexion autour de la raison de cette efficacité nous conduit à nous arrêter au niveau de l’étape de formulation d’hypothèse qui semble constituer le pivot de la démarche. Des énoncés d’élèves pour lesquels nous inférons qu’ils sont la traduction de leur représentation montrent qu’il est possible d’explorer leur état de pensée dans une situation d’apprentissage et mieux, de suivre des processus de pensée. Les méthodes élaborées pour cela semblent efficaces puisque nous parvenons à montrer à l’échelle d’une classe que grâce à la formulation d’hypothèses tous les élèves parviennent, à leur rythme, à atteindre le savoir scientifique. Ainsi, nous constatons que l’hypothèse joue un rôle structurant pour le savoir en construction. Elle le façonne à mesure du processus de déconstruction-reconstruction. Ces considérations nous autorisent à penser que l’utilisation de la formulation d’hypothèse contribue à l’efficacité de la démarche par investigation par rapport à une démarche plus classique pour apprendre un savoir scientifique / To learn a scientific concept proceeds of a process of demolition-reconstruction. To teach means helping the pupil in this approach which asks him to replay, for him the route of invention which allowed the emergence of the concept. It is exactly to face the crisis which crosses the scientific education in France and in the world and because we consider that the usual, still used educational practices, are partly responsible for it, that the approach of investigation is universally proposed. To proceed by investigation is a method which asks to the pupil to build his knowledge. She is presented as being more effective to learn. A reflection around the reason of this efficiency leads us to stop at the level of the stage of formulation of hypothesis which seems to constitute the pivot of the approach. Pupils’ statements for which we deduce that they are the translation of their representation show that it is possible to explore their state of thought in a situation of learning and better, to follow processes of thought. The methods developed for it seem effective because we succeed in showing on the scale of a class that thanks to the formulation of hypotheses all the pupils succeed, with their rhythm, in reaching the scientific knowledge. So, we notice that the hypothesis plays a role structuring for the knowledge under construction. She trains it for measure of the process of demolition-reconstruction. These considerations authorize us to think that the use of the formulation of hypothesis contributes to the efficiency of the approach by investigation compared with a more classic approach to learn a scientific knowledge.

Literature Review: Expertise, decision making and situation awareness literature have allowed a better understanding of practitioner performance in Engineering, Healthcare and Sport. Discourse is thin in the domain of Crime Scene Examination, although Hierarchical Tasks Analysis, Distributed Cognition, Team Working and Perception have all received attention in recent years. The use of camera technology to uncover performance has also found footing in diverse professions, notably Firefighting and Social Work. Crime Scene Investigator practice is proposed as being a fertile area of study, to make apparent aspects of the work that are tacit, as well as to ascertain if performance metrics in the sector connect with the tacit knowledge expressed in the role. Methodology: This study explored the differences in searching strategies between expert and novice Crime Scene Examiners (n=12) in a simulated environment, before discussing a longitudinal ethnographic examination of how Volume Crime Scene Investigators (n=4) make sense of their practice. Eye-tracker and head-mounted camera technology was used to capture performance from an own point of view perceptive. Nvivo 9 was utilised to collate and code video data, field notes and interview transcriptions. Results & Discussion: Results from verbal protocol analysis and eye-tracker recordings indicate that expert examiners target fewer objects within the crime scene space however spend longer on the objects being viewed. Field study results report that Volume Crime Scene Investigators engage in sharing tacit knowledge, this impacted on their strategies or perception of obtaining forensic evidence. In addition the analysis of coded data from video and verbal protocol reports found that specific physical aspects of examination practice such as fingerprint powdering were aligned to decision making or analysis processes. For example, commenting on the morphology of the surface being examined. Furthermore examiners engaged in and highlighted aspects of their role they felt were important but were not captured in any metrics. Conclusion: It is proposed this new understanding will be of use to those in developing crime scene investigation practitioners as well as presenting related literature on how expertise in the domain can be recognised, elicited and developed in others. This work also sheds light on the value of sector standards for this field along with what is needed to make them more user- friendly for the developing practitioner.

In March 19, 2004, That day was before the presidential election day, when The presidential campaign was in full swing, the President Chen and the Vice President was shot by a shooter. This criminal act shocked the whole world, and even the opposition parties argued this event had already changed the result of the presidential Election. After the presidential election, the KMT legislators and the PFP legislators are in the majority in The Legislative Yuan, and they passed ¡ythe Act of the Special Commission on the Investigation of the Truth in Respect of the 319 Shooting¡z(hereinafter the ¡§SCITA¡¨) without considering controversial issues. According to the law, the Special Commission on the Investigation of the Truth in Respect of the 319 Shooting (hereinafter the ¡§SCIT¡¨) was set up. December 15, 2004, J.Y. Interpretation NO.585 recognized the ¡¨SCIT¡¨ was the organization responsible for the exercise of investigation, and admitted the ¡¨SCIT¡¨ to be no violation of the Constitution. But the ¡§SCIAT¡¨ provided the power to ¡§SCIT¡¨ for ordering prosecutors and retrial, etc. There was in violation of the Constitution. The Legal Profession¡Bjurists and political scientists had different opinions with the character of ¡§SCIT¡¨¡Aand it also meant that the legislators of KMT and PFP challenged the independence of Taiwan¡¦s prosecutor system. Accordingly, they hoped the character of ¡§SCIT¡¨ can be similar with the¡¨ WARREN COMMISSION¡¨ in America. They even hoped to legislate for establishing the Independent Counsel System. Because they believe the prosecutor system in Taiwan cannot avoid intervention from politics or administrative organizations, so when a prosecutor investigates crimes, he might ignored some kinds of crime involving with high-position administrators. April 12,2004, a part of prosecutors from Shihlin District Prosecutors Office¡BTaoyuan District Prosecutors Office, and etc. They cosigned a public statement. It meant that ¡§Begin the independent prosecutor system, solve the crisis of the 319 truth and the innovation of prosecutor system to win-win situation¡¨. Their suggestion is establishing the independent prosecutor system to investigate some crimes involving with high-position administrators. Those prosecutors asserted that establishing the independent prosecutor System would be better than leading in the Independent Counsel System. And making the prosecutor a categoric judicatory position¡Battorney general substitutes the minister of Ministry of Justice to be the chief of the prosecutor system¡Ball prosecutor personnel matters decided by the prosecutor personnel committee, and etc. These methods will improve the independence of the prosecutor system, and avoid intervention from any illegitimate reasons. For the character of the Independent Counsel in America, it belongs to administration. United States Congress pass a law (Ethics in Government Act of 1978) to assure the Independent Counsel can exercise his power without interference. So the Independent Counsel in America is different from the prosecutor in Taiwan. Some constitutionalists claim that the Independent Counsel was in violation of constitution, and this contention was a key point of many reasons to make the law become void. According to these reasons, what is the difference between the Independent Counsel and the independent prosecutor system? Whether we must lead in the Independent Counsel System to solve the defect of the prosecutor system in Taiwan or not? Whether the power of control (one of the five powers of the government specified in the Constitution of the Republic of China) is analogous to the Independent Counsel System? Above-mentioned questions would be the topics of debate.

During services of the Reformed Churches of South Africa (RCSA), certain psalms and Biblical hymns are used frequently, while others are almost never used. The objective of this study is to determine how the Psalter of 2003 can be used optimally. The model of Zerfass is used for the investigation. The final results of the study are presented in the form of a model that can enrich the optimal use of the Psalter 2003 as means of communication in the liturgy of the RCSA. In Chapters 2 and 3, a basic-theoretical investigation is conducted, with reference to perspectives from Scripture and history. The investigation reveals that music and songs had already played an important role in the church of the Old Testament, and that the Psalms had had a significant influence on the liturgy and the faith. In the New Testament, new hymns are found that supplement those from the Old Testament. The form in which these hymns were composed, was closely connected to the context whence these songs arose. The communication that a hymn effects, is achieved jointly by word and music, in the church of the New Testament and subsequently. Since the Reformation, a degree of separation arose between the songs used in the church and outside, but mutual influences are observed. In Chapters 4 and 5, attention is paid to metatheoretical perspectives, first in communication science, then in hymnology. It is in their singing that the congregation participates in the worship of a church service. Such singing is indeed the basic form of participation, which promotes communication among members of the congregation. In judging a metrical version of a Psalm, attention should especially be paid to the content, style of the text and the melody. In the empirical investigation, qualitative and quantitative methods are used. The investigation proceeds in three phases. In the first phase, information is obtained about the hymns that were sung in a number of congregations in the course of a year. In the second phase, a questionnaire was set and sent to ministers, organists and members of congregations. In the final phase, interviews were conducted with ministers and organists from five congregations. The data show that the hymn occupies an important place in the liturgy. However, the investigation reveals that this point of departure is not fully realised in practice, and some shortcomings are identified. In particular, there is a need for extension of the hymnody, especially by hymns from the New Testament. In Chapter 7, an indication is given of the factors that constrain the optimal use of the Psalter 2003 as means of worship in the church service. The most important problems are: • the incomplete utilisation of the full collection of hymns in the Psalter, • the underuse of the 2001 metrical version, • the repeated use of a small subset of hymns, • problems with the melodies and liturgical usefulness, • limitations in the training of ministers and organists, • resistance to the 2001 metrical version, • a lack of proper programmes to practice the new hymns, and • inadequate support and encouragement by church councils in respect of improving the skills of organists. In view of these problems, a model is proposed, which identifies the relationships among the role players / elements necessary to promote worshipping through singing: • the users of the Psalter 2001, viz. Ministers, organists and members of the congregations, together with the role of the church council, • the Psalter 2003 as hymn book, and • the possible extension of the current corpus of hymns. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Liturgics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

During services of the Reformed Churches of South Africa (RCSA), certain psalms and Biblical hymns are used frequently, while others are almost never used. The objective of this study is to determine how the Psalter of 2003 can be used optimally. The model of Zerfass is used for the investigation. The final results of the study are presented in the form of a model that can enrich the optimal use of the Psalter 2003 as means of communication in the liturgy of the RCSA. In Chapters 2 and 3, a basic-theoretical investigation is conducted, with reference to perspectives from Scripture and history. The investigation reveals that music and songs had already played an important role in the church of the Old Testament, and that the Psalms had had a significant influence on the liturgy and the faith. In the New Testament, new hymns are found that supplement those from the Old Testament. The form in which these hymns were composed, was closely connected to the context whence these songs arose. The communication that a hymn effects, is achieved jointly by word and music, in the church of the New Testament and subsequently. Since the Reformation, a degree of separation arose between the songs used in the church and outside, but mutual influences are observed. In Chapters 4 and 5, attention is paid to metatheoretical perspectives, first in communication science, then in hymnology. It is in their singing that the congregation participates in the worship of a church service. Such singing is indeed the basic form of participation, which promotes communication among members of the congregation. In judging a metrical version of a Psalm, attention should especially be paid to the content, style of the text and the melody. In the empirical investigation, qualitative and quantitative methods are used. The investigation proceeds in three phases. In the first phase, information is obtained about the hymns that were sung in a number of congregations in the course of a year. In the second phase, a questionnaire was set and sent to ministers, organists and members of congregations. In the final phase, interviews were conducted with ministers and organists from five congregations. The data show that the hymn occupies an important place in the liturgy. However, the investigation reveals that this point of departure is not fully realised in practice, and some shortcomings are identified. In particular, there is a need for extension of the hymnody, especially by hymns from the New Testament. In Chapter 7, an indication is given of the factors that constrain the optimal use of the Psalter 2003 as means of worship in the church service. The most important problems are: • the incomplete utilisation of the full collection of hymns in the Psalter, • the underuse of the 2001 metrical version, • the repeated use of a small subset of hymns, • problems with the melodies and liturgical usefulness, • limitations in the training of ministers and organists, • resistance to the 2001 metrical version, • a lack of proper programmes to practice the new hymns, and • inadequate support and encouragement by church councils in respect of improving the skills of organists. In view of these problems, a model is proposed, which identifies the relationships among the role players / elements necessary to promote worshipping through singing: • the users of the Psalter 2001, viz. Ministers, organists and members of the congregations, together with the role of the church council, • the Psalter 2003 as hymn book, and • the possible extension of the current corpus of hymns. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Liturgics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (M.S.W.)--University of Hong Kong, 1993.

Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 125-135). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

This research developed a pro forma document for use in police rape investigations in South Africa. The immediate context for the research is the alarmingly high incidence of rape in South Africa. The rape statistics vary to an extent, largely due to the fact that a large proportion of the rapes that occur in South Africa are not reported to the police. These statistics expose the limited success of the South African Police Services (SAPS) in terms of investigating rape cases in this country, as well as the public perception of the effectiveness of the South African Police Services in this regard as evidenced by the non or under-reporting of rape in South Africa. The pro forma document is an investigative tool designed to standardise and systematise rape investigations by providing set guidelines for obtaining the essential information about each rape case. This is a prerequisite for Tender profiling, which involves predicting the relationship between offence and offender variables. Profiling can only be successful if the investigator obtains all the information about a crime. Hence the pro forma document, as an investigative instrument designed to access essential information about a crime, is a key requirement for the development of informed and accurate profiles of offenders. As a standardised form, the document will allow for systematic and thorough rape investigations in South Africa. The researcher employed the qualitative methodology of action research. This entailed involving the participants in all stages of the research process. The data was collected by means of focus group interviews with detectives from the Serious and Violent Crimes Unit and the Child Protection Unit in Grahamstown. Additional sources of data were various investigative documents that originated from a number of different countries. Analysis of the data followed a number of procedural steps specifically suggested for focus group interview research and involved a process of coding. The codes identified during the analysis provided the foundation for the items that were included in the pro forma document. In keeping with the action research approach, the participants were caned upon to evaluate the progress of the research after the initial data collection and analysis were completed, and a draft version of the pro forma document had been compiled. This feedback provided another source of data which contained suggestions for amendments to the pro forma document which the researcher implemented. The research process was hindered to a certain extent by the unpredictable nature of police work which influenced the data gathering procedure. This could point to a possible limitation of the research. Furthermore, the aim of the research was to develop a pro forma document for use in rape investigations in South Africa. This aim did not encompass marketing the document. Herein lies another possible limitation of the research in that the document has not yet been used and tested in real cases. A discussion of the research process includes issues involved in practically implementing the pro forma document in rape investigations.

With the establishment of the Directorate of Special Operations (Scorpions), the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU), the Special Investigating Unit (SIU) and the Departmental Investigating Unit (DIU), questions were asked as to whether this is a creation of new units of the Police Service. These questions were exaggerated by the fact that the media uses the term "Scorpions" whenever the Scorpions, the AFU, SIU and the DIU perform their functions. South African legislation that governs organised crime does not demarcate activities to be dealt with by the SAPS, AFU, DIU, Scorpions and the SIU. The Constitution of South Africa lays down the objects of the police, but it is silent about the objectives of the Scorpions, AFU, SIU, DIU and other investigative institutions except that it only mentions the creation of a single National Prosecuting Authority (NPA). A literature study was used as the basis for this study. In addition, unstructured interviews and observation were used to gather evidence from the relevant stakeholders. An analysis of the SAPS Detective Service, the Special Investigating Unit (SIU), the Scorpions, the Departmental Investigating Unit (DIU) of the Department of Correctional Services and the Asset Forfeiture Unit (AFU), was done in order to establish the overlapping of functions. Indeed, overlapping was discovered between the Scorpions and the SAPS Detective Service, the AFU and the SIU, as well as between the SAPS and the DIU. In order to make a proper finding, an analysis was done of anti-corruption agencies in Botswana, Nigeria, Malawi and Hong Kong. The findings indicate that the better way of fighting corruption, fraud, economic and financial crimes, is through the establishment of a single agency that will work independently from the police, with a proper jurisdiction. / Criminology and Security Science / D.Litt. et Phil.(Police Science)

The thesis explores the role of academic education in police professionalisation. Due to its high complexity, specialisation and status, detective work is well-suited for illustrating these developments and the practical and symbolic benefits they can bring to the police and policing as a whole. The overall approach of thesis is iterative. Literature from police studies and sociology of professions provides the conceptual and theoretical framework for the empirical data of 24 semi-structured interviews conducted with 14 police national training coordinators and local police trainers. The increasing academisation of police training and the formalisation of the police-academia relationships suggest police professionalisation has reached a tipping point. This is seen in the current investigative skills training in England and Wales, which is characterised by growing centralisation, standardisation, and emphasis on formalising the professional knowledgebase of investigations and policing – a trend which the Professionalising Investigation Programme exemplifies. While the police (including the investigative specialism) can be shown to display many of the qualities of professions, it has lacked the level of instructional abstraction characterising other professions, typically provided by higher education and, crucially, leading to externally recognised qualifications. Developing academic police education is not without its challenges, chief among them the perceived epistemological and cultural divide between the ‘two worlds’ of police and academia. A successful transformation requires careful consideration of the content and format of the arrangements, investment, support, acceptance and engagement from police, academia and government, and a simultaneous change to cultural dispositions (habitus) and internal and external structures (field). This is worth the effort as a number of practical and symbolic benefits of police academic education can be identified. It has the potential to improve the quality of service by deepening police knowledge and understanding and facilitating community-oriented approaches. More importantly, academic education bestows a rich cultural capital, strengthens and legitimises police expertise, market monopoly, and status in the eyes of the public, other professions and the government. It enables the survival of the profession, giving it the tools to prevail in conflicts over competence and the right to define and interpret policing and its social context. In summary, police professionalisation via academic education can be explained in terms of agency and structure both; as a deliberate occupational upgrading spurred by social and economic aspirations and aimed to reconceptualise and relegitimise policing; and as an inevitable reaction to wider changes and a deeper ontological shift taking place in the society.