The rapid growth of the microelectronics industry in the last decades made it possible to produce structures in the sub-micrometer scale on silicon chips and to reach an integration scale under 100 nm. Decreasing the size and increasing the complexity of these structures make a control of quality and defects investigation more difficult. During a long time ultrasound devices are being used for nondestructive investigation of materials, like ultrasound microscopes, scanning photo-acoustic microscopes or scanning electron-acoustic microscopes, where acoustic waves are generated by acoustic transducers, focused laser or electron beams, respectively. The aim of this work is to investigate more precisely the acoustic wave generation by pulsed and periodically modulated ion beams in different solid materials depending on the beam parameters and to demonstrate the possibility to apply an intensity modulated focused ion beam (FIB) for acoustic emission and for nondestructive investigation of the internal structure of materials on a microscopic scale. The combination of a FIB and an ultrasound microscope in one device can provide the opportunity of nondestructive investigation, production and modification of micro- and nanostructures simultaneously. The FIB spot size in modern systems is comparable with that of a focused electron beam and the penetration depth of ions with energy of 20-60 keV is lower than 100 nm. This makes it possible to reach a sub-micrometer resolution of a scanning ion acoustic microscope. On the other hand side a FIB with energy of 20-60 keV is a good tool which can be used for the fabrication of nanostructures using ion milling, implantation or ion beam assisted deposition techniques. The bulk ultrasound emission in a solid was investigated using a pulsed high energy ion beam focused on aluminum, copper, iron and silicon samples. Oxygen, silicon and gold ion beams were applied in charge states from 1+ to 4+ with the pulse duration of 0.5 - 4 µs and an energy of 1.5 - 10 MeV. Intensity of the detected acoustic waves shows a linear dependence on the energy of the incident ions, on the ion flux as well as on the pulse duration. No influence of the ion charge and ion mass to the emission of acoustic waves was observed. The ion acoustic effect was applied for a nondestructive material inspection using intensity modulated FIB providing by the IMSA-100 FIB system with an accelerating potential of 30-35 kV. The achieved lateral resolution of this scanning ion acoustic microscope is in the micrometer range depending on the sample material and the beam modulation frequency. The resolution can be improved by increasing the frequency. The maximal modulation frequency which was obtained at IMSA-100 is about 2 MHz corresponding to lateral resolution of 4-5 µm on silicon. Using this microscope, some images of integrated microstructures on a silicon chip were obtained using the lock-in technique for filtering of the signal from the noise and increasing of the total imaging time. The possibility to visualize near sub-surface structure was demonstrated. Due to the strong sputtering effect and the long time of irradiation the imaged structures were significantly damaged. Si2+, Ge2+, Ga+ and Au+ ions were used. All these ions are quite heavy and have high sputtering coefficients. Long-time imaging improves the quality of acoustic images, i. e. the signal-to-noise ratio is reduced with the square root from the pixel time, but leads to significant erosion of the imaged structure.

Ce travail se situe à l'intersection de deux champs de la recherche en éducation : les didactiques des sciences et les environnements informatiques pour l'apprentissage humain. Il s'inscrit dans un cadre socio-constructiviste et vise à identifier les conditions pour que des élèves puissent s'engager de manière autonome dans un travail d'investigation lors d'une classe de terrain en sciences de la Terre. <br />Nous développons l'idée que l'apprentissage des sciences s'appuie nécessairement sur la conduite d'une démarche d'investigation c'est-à-dire une démarche qui, dans le cadre de la résolution d'un problème, conduit à mettre en tension un modèle scientifique – considéré comme un outil « pour penser » - et un registre empirique constitué lors d'activités de terrain. Nous montrons également que la question de l'instrumentation est une question centrale et que l'intérêt de l'Environnement Informatique pour l'Apprentissage Humain (EIAH) que nous avons conçu réside dans le fait qu'il peut permettre de médiatiser les interactions, c'est-à-dire d'assister les élèves dans leur démarche d'investigation, et de permettre au professeur d'exercer un certain contrôle sur ce processus. Les environnements informatiques sont alors considérés comme des instruments qui sont construits par les apprenants au cours de leur activité et qui participent à la reconfiguration des processus d'apprentissage.

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att kartlägga arbetsgivarens respektive Försäkringskassans ansvar</p><p>för arbetslivsinriktad rehabilitering, genom lagtext, föreskrifter, domstolspraxis och doktrin. I</p><p>den arbetslivsinriktade rehabiliteringen finns det tre huvudaktörer: arbetsgivaren,</p><p>Försäkringskassan och arbetstagaren. Arbetsgivaren har en rehabiliteringsskyldighet gentemot</p><p>sina anställda, enligt arbetsmiljölagen och lagen om allmän försäkring. I</p><p>rehabiliteringsansvaret ingår sedan 1992 att arbetsgivaren ska genomföra en</p><p>rehabiliteringsutredning när den anställde varit helt eller delvis borta från arbetet under en tid.</p><p>Arbetsgivaren har även ett ansvar för arbetsanpassning av t.ex. arbetsuppgifter, för att på så</p><p>sätt möjliggöra för arbetstagaren att kunna fortsätta sitt arbete trots eventuell nedsatt</p><p>arbetsförmåga.</p><p>Utredningen ska sedan lämnas till Försäkringskassan inom åtta veckor. Utifrån arbetsgivarens</p><p>rehabiliteringsutredning ska Försäkringskassan sedan upprätta en rehabiliteringsplan.</p><p>Ändamålet med planen är att den försäkrade ska få den rehabilitering som behövs för att</p><p>denne ska kunna återgå till arbetet så snabbt som möjligt. I de fall där det finns behov ska</p><p>Försäkringskassan även kalla den försäkrade till ett avstämningsmöte, för att så snart som</p><p>möjligt fånga upp den försäkrades möjlighet att återgå till arbete och vilket behov den</p><p>försäkrades har av stöd i den processen. De olika typer av rehabiliteringsåtgärder som kan bli</p><p>aktuella är främst arbetsträning och utbildning. Även arbetstagaren har ett</p><p>rehabiliteringsansvar som går ut på att arbetstagaren aktivt måste delta i</p><p>rehabiliteringsåtgärderna.</p><p>Ansvars- och rollfördelningen mellan Försäkringskassan och arbetsgivaren är inte helt</p><p>självklar utan det finns en inbakad problematik. Denna problematik tros bero på den</p><p>otydlighet som finns mellan aktörernas ansvarsområden. I betänkandet SOU 2006:107 ger</p><p>utredningen förslag på åtgärder för att tydliggöra lagarna och då också förtydliga ansvars- och</p><p>rollfördelningen mellan aktörerna. Dessa förslag diskuteras vidare i uppsatsens avslutande</p><p>kapitel.</p> / <p>The purpose of this essay is to describe the Swedish legislation and examine court cases</p><p>concerning employers’ and the Social insurance office’s (Försäkringskassan) responsibility</p><p>for rehabilitation of employees. There are three main players in regards to work related</p><p>rehabilitation: the employer, the Social insurance office, and the employee. The employer is</p><p>mainly responsible for work related rehabilitation, which is prescribed in the Work</p><p>Environment Act (Arbetsmiljölagen) and the National Insurance Act (Lagen om allmän</p><p>försäkring). The employer’s responsibilities for work related rehabilitation include, since</p><p>1992, conducting a rehabilitation investigation of the sick employees. The investigation shall</p><p>lay the groundwork for the necessary steps to be taken at the workplace to insure that the</p><p>employee can return to work. The employer also has a responsibility to modify work tasks to</p><p>the individual employee insuring that the employee can continue to work even if the</p><p>employee’s work capacity is reduced due to injury or disease.</p><p>The rehabilitation investigation done by the employer must be turned over to the Social</p><p>insurance office within eight weeks. The Social insurance office then makes a rehabilitation</p><p>plan based on the investigation. The purpose of the plan is to insure the employee receives the</p><p>rehabilitation that he/she needs to be able to return to work as fast as possible. The Social</p><p>insurance office must also meet the employee for a meeting (avstämningsmöte) if deemed</p><p>necessary. The purpose of the meeting is to establish what the employee’s needs are in</p><p>regards to his/her rehabilitation. The two types of rehabilitation methods most commonly used</p><p>are work training and education. The employee also has a responsibility to actively take part</p><p>in the rehabilitation process.</p><p>How one should distribute responsibility and divide roles between the social insurance office</p><p>and the employer is not entirely clear. Currently, there exists a conflict between the different</p><p>players about how to do this due to the lack of clearly established responsibilities and roles as</p><p>pertain to each party. The parliament is trying to create more defined legislation with a new</p><p>report called SOU 2006:107, which they hope will help clarify the individual responsibilities</p><p>of all parties involved. These proposals will be discussed further in the essay’s final chapter.</p>

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 2007. Graduate Programme in Sociology. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-214). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:MR38762

This dissertation describes the isolation of secondary metabolites from natural origins through a series of chromatographic techniques and spectrometric characterization in the effort of drug discovery. The isolated compounds obtained were used as drug leads against tropical diseases, namely malaria and leishmaniasis. While first chapter offers an introduction on the use of a natural product by itself as an effective therapeutic and its role on inspiring the discovery of new drugs, the later chapters will concentrate on isolation and characterization of bioactive natural products from an Antarctic sponge and mangrove endophytic fungi during the dissertation work. The second chapter describes the attempt to develop a new method of solving the absolute configuration of tertiary alcohol using lanthanide chiral shift reagent and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The third chapter describes the isolation of five new steroids, norselic acids A-E, from Crella sp. collected in Antarctica. The structures of the norselic acids were established by NMR and MS techniques. The absolute stereochemistry of norselic acid A was elucidated by SXRD. The antimicrobial and anti-leishmania activities of norselic acid A have been studied. Norselic acid A displays antimicrobial activities against methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), S. aureus, E. faecium, and C. albicans. Norselic acids B-E exhibit mild antimicrobial activities. All norselic acids exhibit strong cytotoxicity against leishmania. The fourth and fifth chapters describe a Medicine for Malaria Venture (MMV) funded malaria bioassay-guided screening program. The chemical investigation of the crude endophytic fungal extracts has led to the isolations of a series of known cytochalasins along with the discovery of a few new compounds, including a new simple carboxylic acid, and several known and novel compounds belonging to the dimeric xanthone family. Majority of the cytochalasins display mild cytotoxicity and outstanding inhibition to chloroquine-resistant reference strain Plasmodium falciparum (W2) with IC50 ranging from 25.8 nM to 2900nM. However, their cytostatic properties hinder them from being a good drug candidate. The dicerandrols display good activity with the lowest IC50=0.63 μM against malaria with low cytotoxicity. The structures of the compounds isolated and the associated anti-malarial activities are reported herein.

Inledning: I den här studien lyfts fem ungdomars röst fram kring hur deras upplevelse av kontakten med socialtjänsten sett ut. En utredning inom socialtjänsten innebär att en yttre kontrollinsats kommer in i ens eget och ens familjs liv vilket kan uppfattas som en förlust av kontroll och integritetskränkande. Att ungdomar befinner sig i en än större beroendeställning jämfört med vuxna gentemot myndigheter är ett faktum. Syftet med undersökningen är att utforska ungdomars upplevelser (12-18 år) efter en barnavårdsutredning. Frågeställning: Hur beskriver ungdomar sina upplevelser efter en barnavårdsutredning? Metod: I denna kvalitativa studie har fem ungdomar intervjuats. Data har sedan transkriberats och analyserats i ljuset av det teoretiska perspektiv som KASAM innebär. Resultat: Samtliga ungdomar i studien berättar om en känsla av maktlöshet och osäkerhet kring sina egna rättigheter och möjligheter att vara delaktiga i utredningsprocessen. De beskriver en bristande tilltro till att eventuella beslut som fattas kan påverkas av dom själva om de uttrycker sina tankar kring behov av hjälp. Samtidigt som en tydlig önskan finns hos ungdomarna om att få hjälp och kunna påverka situationen. Diskussion: Intervjuerna med ungdomarna genomsyras av deras önskan om att få göra sin röst hörd, att få vara med och påverka sin egen livssituation. För att den sociala barnavården i Sverige ska kunna fortsätta att utvecklas och förbättras behöver barn och ungdomars ställning stärkas och ytterligare belysas. / Introduction: In this study the voice of five young people are highlighted regarding their experience being in contact with the social services. An investigation by the social services means that an external control comes into the individuals life and the familys life, which may be perceived as a loss of control and intrusive. That young people are in even greater dependence compared to adults with authorities is a fact. The purpose of the study is to explore the experiences of young people (12-18 years) after a child protection investigation. Question: How does young people describe their experiences after a child protection investigation? Method: In this qualitative study, five young people were interviewed. Data is transcribed and analyzed in the light of the theoretical perspective that SOC means. Result: All the young people in the study talks about a feeling of powerlessness and uncertainty about their rights and opportunities to be involved in the investigation process. They describe a lack of confidence that decisions can be influenced by themselves if they express their thoughts about the need for help. They have a clear desire to get help and be able to influence the situation. Discussion: The interviews with the youths are permeated by their desire to make their voice heard, to be involved and influence their own situation. For social services for children in Sweden to be able to continue evolve and improve, children and young peoples position needs to be strengthened and further illuminated.

published_or_final_version / Computer Science / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

D. Tech. Policing / The first legislation on accident reporting in South Africa was promulgated in 1913 in an ordinance of Transvaal, one of the four provinces of South Africa at the time. Since then several amendments have been made to legislation on accident reporting, but accident reporting has continued to be time consuming and unnecessarily complicated. It seems that technology is not yet utilised to its full potential. Therefore this study investigates ways in which an online application (app) for accident reporting could be designed and implemented. The development and implementation of a simpler and modern app for online accident reporting could successfully address the problem of unavailable statistics for minor damage-only accidents. By amending the National Road Traffic Act, 1996 (Act 93 of 1996) to accommodate more cost-effective online accident reporting through eAccident, the time spent on compiling the current accident reports could be minimised and costly human resources could be utilised more effectively in core police functions such as law enforcement.

Thesis (MTech. degree in Traffic Safety Management)--Tshwane University of Technology, 2008. / This research explored ways in which the process of road traffic accident reporting in the Johannesburg metropole could be enhanced. The specific objectives were to systematically examine the process of road traffic accident reporting and to focus on an analysis of (1) the time it takes the relevant authorities to complete the various activities involved in reporting road traffic accidents; (2) the quality of completed road traffic accident reports; and (3) the general experiences of drivers involved in road traffic accidents regarding the system of road traffic accident reporting and information retrieval in the Johannesburg metropole; to draft guidelines for strengthening the process of road traffic accident reporting in the research area, based on the mentioned analysis; and to provide pointers for future research. The study adopted a systems perspective on road traffic accident reporting and took cognisance of the wider road traffic safety management and transportation context in South Africa. The findings underlined that (1) the time taken to report road traffic accidents in the Johannesburg metropole tended to be unacceptably long; and that (2) accident reports tended to be inaccurate and/or incomplete. Based on the findings and the conceptual premises of the study, the researcher developed an accident-reporting management model.

Nuclear logging-while-drilling (LWD) measurements acquired in high-angle and horizontal (HA/HZ) wells are influenced by tool, geometrical, and petrophysical effects. Reliable interpretation of petrophysical and geometrical properties from LWD measurements acquired in thinly-bedded formations requires that gamma ray, density, photoelectric (PEF), and neutron measurements be quantitatively integrated with explicit consideration of their effective volume of investigation (EVOI). One of the effects of different tool EVOIs is false gas density-neutron crossovers across thinly-bedded formations. Also, in the presence of tool eccentricity, azimuthally-varying standoff gives rise to an azimuthally-varying effective depth of investigation (EDOI), which introduces errors in the inference of formation dip. Conventional Monte Carlo simulations of nuclear measurements are computationally expensive in reproducing multi-sector LWD responses in HA/HZ wells. Using linear iterative refinement of pre-calculated flux sensitivity functions (FSFs), we introduce a fast method for numerical simulation of LWD nuclear images in the presence of tool eccentricity along any well trajectory. Our investigation of measurement responses from FSFs motivates techniques to explicitly consider the EVOI of LWD nuclear measurements. Simple radial DOI and standoff corrections suffice for interpretation of gamma-gamma images but are inadequate for neutron responses due to larger EVOI and azimuthal aperture. We introduce a new azimuthal deconvolution method of neutron images to improve bed-boundary detection. Neutron DOI varies significantly with porosity, whereby we correct neutron images for penetration length due to changes of porosity along the well trajectory. In addition, we implement a new method of separate linear iterative refinement on neutron thermal group responses to improve the resolution of neutron images across heterogeneous and thinly-bedded formations. The method reduces shoulder-bed effects and false neutron-density gas crossovers. We corroborate these techniques with rigorous Monte Carlo simulations in vertical and deviated wells. A field example of application conclusively indicates that numerical simulation of LWD nuclear measurements is necessary for reliable estimation of petrophysical properties. / text