Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis is concerned with the role of the United States investment insurance agency, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), in enforcing property and contract rights on behalf of United States (U.S.) infrastructure investors, pursuant to the deregulation of infrastructure markets across the developing world. Drawing on evidence from two recent high profile breach of regulatory contract disputes between OPIC insured U.S. energy companies and Indonesia and India respectively, the thesis finds that while legalized modes of dispute settlement have proliferated, the ‘rules of the game’— their efficacy in delimiting outcomes—emerge as a function of state power and interests, as states undertake to enforce or resist legal obligations. Second, and contrary to the image of U.S. foreign economic policy-makers as beholden to corporate interests, the thesis finds that the agency’s transformation from ‘aid to trade’ as underpinned the expansion of U.S. infrastructure investors to the developing world during the 1990s was driven by state officials consistent with evolving conceptions of U.S. national interests, central to which was the desire to expand markets for U.S. foreign investors and capital goods exporters. In this regard, the transformation of developing country infrastructure markets and the shift in the modes of resolving investor-state expropriation disputes as but one element of economic globalization and the ‘legalization’ of dispute settlement respectively are revealed as a function of U.S. material interests and power at the point of enforcement. The thesis contends, however, that the changes observed reflect not only U.S. power and interests but a specifically American conception of private property and contract rights so as to reveal OPIC investment insurance as a conduit for the diffusion of shifting property norms concerning regulatory taking (expropriation) from the United States to the world economy at large.

Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis is concerned with the role of the United States investment insurance agency, the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), in enforcing property and contract rights on behalf of United States (U.S.) infrastructure investors, pursuant to the deregulation of infrastructure markets across the developing world. Drawing on evidence from two recent high profile breach of regulatory contract disputes between OPIC insured U.S. energy companies and Indonesia and India respectively, the thesis finds that while legalized modes of dispute settlement have proliferated, the ‘rules of the game’— their efficacy in delimiting outcomes—emerge as a function of state power and interests, as states undertake to enforce or resist legal obligations. Second, and contrary to the image of U.S. foreign economic policy-makers as beholden to corporate interests, the thesis finds that the agency’s transformation from ‘aid to trade’ as underpinned the expansion of U.S. infrastructure investors to the developing world during the 1990s was driven by state officials consistent with evolving conceptions of U.S. national interests, central to which was the desire to expand markets for U.S. foreign investors and capital goods exporters. In this regard, the transformation of developing country infrastructure markets and the shift in the modes of resolving investor-state expropriation disputes as but one element of economic globalization and the ‘legalization’ of dispute settlement respectively are revealed as a function of U.S. material interests and power at the point of enforcement. The thesis contends, however, that the changes observed reflect not only U.S. power and interests but a specifically American conception of private property and contract rights so as to reveal OPIC investment insurance as a conduit for the diffusion of shifting property norms concerning regulatory taking (expropriation) from the United States to the world economy at large.

The main aim of this diploma thesis is to focus on the protection consumers in insurance sector. The thesis gives us an approximation on development and attitude to protection of consumers in accordance with the development of conditions for the function of insurance in market economy after year 1989. Subsequently, the thesis focuses on the research of legislative conditions, the charge of market control and the special level of financial agents. Eventually, at last but not at least the thesis focuses on financial literacy of consumer himself. The theme of the proper research is an evaluation of the proposal transparency's field. Particularly, this research contains products of investment capital insurance, here is shown proficiency of financial consultants, given information and stumbling blocks that are connected with complex solution. Conclusion deals with the interpretation of entire evaluation based on acquired information.

台灣人口結構老化的趨勢，老人漸漸變成另一種社會不受重視的邊緣人。近年來，由於科技神速發展，職場人員替換週期愈來愈短，許多仍健壯的授薪階級，在智慧與經驗方面雖臻成熟，卻不得不被迫從職場上退下來。最近兩三年來，全球資本主義整體化的併購行為以及中國大陸整體市場崛起連帶引響台灣產業經濟蕭條，更是快速增加了淘汰職場的人數，對於大部分需要依賴勞保及公司退休金制度的勞工階層而言，退休金嚴重不足的情況，更是令人焦慮沮喪。 主管機關為因應社會變遷趨勢，於2000年陸續起開放利率變動型年金與變額年金保險商品於市場銷售，為老年化人口之財務規劃打開另一扇門，年金商品以及投資型保險之觀念架構，為國內消費者提供了多元化保險商品的選擇，化解保險公司利差損的營運壓力，提供創新營運的契機，同時也為壽險從業人員開闢了專業的「全方位金融理財顧問」生涯規劃。 由於投資型保險商品具備保戶可自行執行帳戶價值投資策略之特性，對消費者而言帳戶價值相對於傳統壽險有更大的想像空間，年金型商品由初期著重於銀行定存利率連結概念之利率變動型年金發展至變額年金，兩類商品不約而同的取代了傳統壽險及儲蓄險，對於壽險公司長期經營而言也具有消弭了利差損的風險之營運價值，使得短短的6年之間(2000年-2006年) 傳統壽險，意外險，醫療險之首年度保費佔有率逐年降至40%(中華民國人壽保險公會保費速報 2006.07)。 而不論是投資型保險或年金型保險，在市場之行銷活動均強調資產累積與退休規劃，而在台灣市場兩類主力銷售商品亦存在重疊特質，如變動不保證利率之帳戶價值，帳戶價值提領之彈性，長期運用的理財工具，可單筆大額資金購買亦可分期繳納等特質，使得商品設計多樣化，行政費用收取方式各有不同，行銷訴求則是推陳出新，對消費者而言更不易辨析商品之費用、價格、功能之間所存在價值差異，本研究希望對變額壽險與變額年金兩種商品從消費者需求、商品特性價格與費用等三方面分析此兩種商品在退休規劃之優劣比較。

The diploma thesis focuses on life insurance and comparison of life investment insurance by company ČSOB Pojišťovna, a. s., a Member of ČSOB Holding with offerings of competitive insurance products from selected commercial insurance companies. The aim of this diploma thesis is to improve the design parameters of the compared life investment insurance by company ČSOB Pojišťovna, a. s., a Member of ČSOB Holding.