acase@tulane.edu / Let G be a reductive group, B be a Borel subgroup, and let K be a symmetric subgroup of G. The study of B orbits in a symmetric variety G/K or, equivalently, the study of K orbits in a flag variety G/B has importance in the study of Harish-Chandra modules; it comes with many interesting Schubert calculus problems. Although this subject is very well studied, it still has many open problems from combinatorial point of view. The most basic question that we want to be able to answer is that how many B orbits there are in G/K. In this thesis, we study the enumeration problem of Borel orbits in the case of classical symmetric varieties. We give explicit formulas for the numbers of Borel orbits on symmetric varieties for each case and determine the generating functions of these numbers. We also explore relations to lattice path enumeration for some cases. In type A, we realize that Borel orbits are parameterized by the lattice paths in a pxq grid moving by only horizontal, vertical and diagonal steps weighted by an appropriate statistic. We provide extended results for type C as well. We also present various t-analogues of the rank generating function for the inclusion poset of Borel orbit closures in type A. / 1 / Ozlem Ugurlu

Este trabalho propõe direcionar o estudo de involuções para dois ramos de pesquisa dentro da teoria das Singularidades e de Sistemas Dinâmicos. Mais precisamente, tratamos sua interligação com diagramas divergentes de dobras e seu aparecimento nos sistemas dinâmicos discretos reversíveis. No primeiro, tratamos da importante relação entre a classificação de diagramas divergentes de dobras, digamos de s dobras, e a classificação de s-uplas de involuções associadas a estes diagramas. No segundo contexto, o estudo se volta para a questão sobre condições para a linearização simultânea de uma classe de pares de involuções e a obtenção de formas normais desses pares / This work proposes to address the study of involutions for two branches of research into the theory of Singularities and Dynamical Systems. More precisely, we treat its interconnection with divergent diagrams of folds and their appearance in discrete reversible dynamical systems. First, we treat the important relationship between the classification of divergent diagrams of folds, say s folds, and the classification of s-tuples of involutions associated with these diagrams. In the second context, the study turns to the question of conditions for simultaneous linearization of a class of pairs of involutions and the deduction of the normal forms of these pairs

Este trabalho propõe direcionar o estudo de involuções para dois ramos de pesquisa dentro da teoria das Singularidades e de Sistemas Dinâmicos. Mais precisamente, tratamos sua interligação com diagramas divergentes de dobras e seu aparecimento nos sistemas dinâmicos discretos reversíveis. No primeiro, tratamos da importante relação entre a classificação de diagramas divergentes de dobras, digamos de s dobras, e a classificação de s-uplas de involuções associadas a estes diagramas. No segundo contexto, o estudo se volta para a questão sobre condições para a linearização simultânea de uma classe de pares de involuções e a obtenção de formas normais desses pares / This work proposes to address the study of involutions for two branches of research into the theory of Singularities and Dynamical Systems. More precisely, we treat its interconnection with divergent diagrams of folds and their appearance in discrete reversible dynamical systems. First, we treat the important relationship between the classification of divergent diagrams of folds, say s folds, and the classification of s-tuples of involutions associated with these diagrams. In the second context, the study turns to the question of conditions for simultaneous linearization of a class of pairs of involutions and the deduction of the normal forms of these pairs

No description available.

No description available.

Ce mémoire porte sur l'étude des antiautomorphismes d'algèbres et en particulier sur les antiautomorphismes linéaires d'algèbres centrales simples (sur un corps commutatif). Si l'algèbre est une algèbre de matrices, alors un tel antiautomorphisme est l'adjonction pour une forme bilinéaire. Ainsi la classification des antiautomorphismes linéaires (resp. de type II) à isomorphisme près est une généralisation de celle des formes bilinéaires (resp. sesquilinéaires) à similitude près. Dans la première partie, on définit la notion d'asymétrie d'une forme sesquilinéaire, et on étudie les éléments d'une algèbre d'endomorphismes qui sont une asymétrie. La notion de produit de formes sesquilinéaires conduit à une théorie de Morita pour les algèbres à antiautomorphismes, qui permet de généraliser la notion de somme orthogonale connue pour les involutions d'algèbres centrales simples aux algèbres à antiautomorphisme Morita équivalentes avec asymétrie. Dans la deuxième partie, après avoir rappelé comment l'asymétrie permet d'obtenir une classification des formes bilinéaires, on généralise au cas non déployé linéaire la notion d'asymétrie et on explique comment on peut espérer obtenir de bons résultats en étudiant l'involution induite sur le centralisateur de l'asymétrie et la pseudo-involution linéaire associée à cette asymètrie. L'étude du principe de Hasse pour les similitudes de formes bilinéaires conduit natu- rellement au calcul de certains groupes de Tate-Schafarevich de tores algébriques de type normique. Ceci permet, dans une troisième partie, de donner des contre-exemples à ce principe sur des corps de nombres, ainsi qu'une interprétation de type corps de classe à l'obstruction à ce principe. Ce type de calculs pour d'autres tores normiques permet de démontrer qu'ils ne sont pas stablement rationnels. Ce résultat permet alors de déterminer les groupes algébriques simples dont le tore générique est rationnel, et délimite donc les cas pour lesquels l'étude du tore générique donne la rationalité du groupe. La quatrième partie est dédiée à la définition et à l'étude d'invariants des algèbres centrales simples à antiautomorphismes qui généralisent ceux donnant de bons résultats de classification pour les involutions : le discriminant, l'algèbre de Clifford et la forme trace. On y développe alors les résultats espérés en petite dimension cohomologique ou en petit degré.

In our study Fq denotes the finite field with q elements. It is interesting to construct curves of given genus over Fq with many Fq -rational points. Drinfeld modular curves can be used to construct that kind of curves over Fq . In this study we will use reductions of the Drinfeld modular curves X_{0} (n) to obtain curves over finite fields with many rational points. The main idea is to divide the Drinfeld modular curves by an Atkin-Lehner involution which has many fixed points to obtain a quotient with a better #{rational points} /genus ratio. If we divide the Drinfeld modular curve X_{0} (n) by an involution W, then the number of rational points of the quotient curve WX_{0} (n) is not less than half of the original number. On the other hand, if this involution has many fixed points, then by the Hurwitz-Genus formula the genus of the curve WX_{0} (n) is much less than half of the g (X_{0}(n)).

Abstract in English / The research will analyze and compare the current research on the spectral factorization of non-singular and singular matrices. We show that a nonsingular non-scalar matrix A can be written as a product A = BC where the eigenvalues of B and C are arbitrarily prescribed subject to the condition that the product of the eigenvalues of B and C must be equal to the determinant of A. Further, B and C can be simultaneously triangularised as a lower and upper triangular matrix respectively. Singular matrices will be factorized in terms of nilpotent matrices and otherwise over an arbitrary or complex field in order to present an integrated and detailed report on the current state of research in this area. Applications related to unipotent, positive-definite, commutator, involutory and Hermitian factorization are studied for non-singular matrices, while applications related to positive-semidefinite matrices are investigated for singular matrices. We will consider the theorems found in Sourour [24] and Laffey [17] to show that a non-singular non-scalar matrix can be factorized spectrally. The same two articles will be used to show applications to unipotent, positive-definite and commutator factorization. Applications related to Hermitian factorization will be considered in [26]. Laffey [18] shows that a non-singular matrix A with det A = ±1 is a product of four involutions with certain conditions on the arbitrary field. To aid with this conclusion a thorough study is made of Hoffman [13], who shows that an invertible linear transformation T of a finite dimensional vector space over a field is a product of two involutions if and only if T is similar to T−1. Sourour shows in [24] that if A is an n × n matrix over an arbitrary field containing at least n + 2 elements and if det A = ±1, then A is the product of at most four involutions. We will review the work of Wu [29] and show that a singular matrix A of order n ≥ 2 over the complex field can be expressed as a product of two nilpotent matrices, where the rank of each of the factors is the same as A, except when A is a 2 × 2 nilpotent matrix of rank one. Nilpotent factorization of singular matrices over an arbitrary field will also be investigated. Laffey [17] shows that the result of Wu, which he established over the complex field, is also valid over an arbitrary field by making use of a special matrix factorization involving similarity to an LU factorization. His proof is based on an application of Fitting's Lemma to express, up to similarity, a singular matrix as a direct sum of a non-singular and nilpotent matrix, and then to write the non-singular component as a product of a lower and upper triangular matrix using a matrix factorization theorem of Sourour [24]. The main theorem by Sourour and Tang [26] will be investigated to highlight the necessary and sufficient conditions for a singular matrix to be written as a product of two matrices with prescribed eigenvalues. This result is used to prove applications related to positive-semidefinite matrices for singular matrices. / National Research Foundation of South Africa / Mathematical Sciences / M Sc. (Mathematics)

Chapter 1 reviews better-known factorization theorems of a square matrix. For example, a square matrix over a field can be expressed as a product of two symmetric matrices; thus square matrices over real numbers can be factorized into two diagonalizable matrices. Factorizing matrices over complex num hers into Hermitian matrices is discussed. The chapter concludes with theorems that enable one to prescribe the eigenvalues of the factors of a square matrix, with some degree of freedom. Chapter 2 proves that a square matrix over arbitrary fields (with one exception) can be expressed as a product of two diagona lizab le matrices. The next two chapters consider decomposition of singular matrices into Idempotent matrices, and of nonsingutar matrices into Involutions. Chapter 5 studies factorization of a comp 1 ex matrix into Positive-( semi )definite matrices, emphasizing the least number of such factors required / Mathematical Sciences / M.Sc. (MATHEMATICS)

Chapter 1 reviews better-known factorization theorems of a square matrix. For example, a square matrix over a field can be expressed as a product of two symmetric matrices; thus square matrices over real numbers can be factorized into two diagonalizable matrices. Factorizing matrices over complex numbers into Hermitian matrices is discussed. The chapter concludes with theorems that enable one to prescribe the eigenvalues of the factors of a square matrix, with some degree of freedom. Chapter 2 proves that a square matrix over arbitrary fields (with one exception) can be expressed as a product of two diagonalizable matrices. The next two chapters consider decomposition of singular matrices into Idempotent matrices, and of nonsingular matrices into Involutions. Chapter 5 studies factorization of a complex matrix into Positive-(semi)definite matrices, emphasizing the least number of such factors required. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Sc. (Mathematics)