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Aerosols generated in the Institute for Clean Energy (ICET) High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter test stand become charged due to triboelectric processes during production. High-activity beta sources are used to generate ion pairs within the HEPA test stand. The generated ion pairs bind with aerosols to effectively neutralize surface charges on the aerosols. Several methods to calculate the ion pair concentration within the HEPA test stand are described. Several buildings at Oak Ridge National Lab (ORNL) have been slated for decontamination and decommissioning. Contaminating isotopes must be identified and located. Systematic surveys using gamma-ray scintillation detectors can be used to locate and identify gamma-emitting isotopes. Discussed are methods that use gamma-ray spectroscopy data collected during surveys to locate, identify, determine source strength and corresponding dose rates. Survey data are then used to construct radiation intensity and dose rate maps of the interior of the surveyed structures.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-11T12:22:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gilvaniakerciadeoliveira.pdf: 3723488 bytes, checksum: b7f5da15fa56d19b7ab5b00c40f91aec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T16:35:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gilvaniakerciadeoliveira.pdf: 3723488 bytes, checksum: b7f5da15fa56d19b7ab5b00c40f91aec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T16:35:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gilvaniakerciadeoliveira.pdf: 3723488 bytes, checksum: b7f5da15fa56d19b7ab5b00c40f91aec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A cromatografia de íons é a técnica analítica mais utilizada para realizar a determinação de íons em amostras ambientais. Mas, atualmente, a cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com pareamento iônico (ion-pair HPLC) tem sido usada para fazer este tipo de análise devido a estabilidade e a eficiência da coluna de fase reversa (FR). ion-pair HPLC é uma técnica mais complexa que a cromatografia de fase reversa, uma vez que o equilíbrio entre o reagente de pareamento iônico (RPI) e a fase estacionário (FE) é lento, a separação é mais sensível às variações de temperatura e pH. Além disso, variações na concentração do RPI também afeta a separação do analito. No ion-pair HPLC, vários parâmetros devem ser otimizados tais como: composição e pH da fase móvel, tipo de RPI (modificação permanente ou dinâmca da FE) e concentração do RPI. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia analítica para separação e quantificação dos ânions cloreto, nitrito, nitrato e sulfato em amostras de água superficial por ion-pair HPLC. O método de separação dos ânions foi otimizado utilizando uma coluna de FR octadecilsilano (C18) com detecção indireta na região do ultravioleta. Durante a execução deste trabalho a composição e o fluxo da fase móvel por eluição isocrática foram estudados, assim com o comprimento de onda de detecção. Foram testados quatros RPI diferentes para compor a fase móvel. A melhor condição de separação dos íons foi alcançada com a utilização do reagente brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio com modificação permanente da FE. Concluído o processo de separação dos ânions a metodologia foi aplicada na análise das amostras de água do Rio Paraibuna (Juiz de Fora, MG). O método apresentou boa exatidão e boa precisão. Os níveis de concentração encontrados nas amostras de água do Rio Paraibuna ficaram a baixo do limite permitido pela legislação brasileira para água utilizada para consumo humano, indicando baixos níveis de contaminação. / The ion chromatography (IC) is the most widely used analytical technique to perform ion analysis in environmental samples. Nowadays, the ionpair high performance liquid chromatography (ion-pair HPLC) has been used to perform this kind of analysis due to the stability and efficiency of reverse phase (RP) column. The ion-pair HLPC is more complex than the reverse phase chromatography, since the equilibrium between the ion-pairing reagent (IPR) and stationary phase (SP) is slow, the separation is more sensitive to variations in temperature and pH. A variation in the concentration of IPR also affects the separation of the analytes. In ion-pair HPLC, several parameters must be optimized such as: mobile phase (MP) composition, type IPR, the concentration of the IPR in MP and pH of the MP. The present work aims to develop an analytical methodology for the separation and quantification of anions (chloride, nitrite, nitrate and sulfate) in surface water samples from Paraibuna River by ion-pair HPLC. The method of analysis of anions was optimized using RP chromatography column octadecylsilane (C18) with indirect detection in the ultraviolet region (UV). During the execution of this work the composition and flow rate of the MP for isocratic elution were studied as well with the wavelength for detection. We tested four different ion-pairing reagents to from the mobile phase. The best condition for separation of ions was achieved with the use of reagent cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Once completed, the process of separation of anions the methodology was applied in the analyses of water samples from Paraibuna River. The parameters used for evaluate the accuracy and precision of method presented satisfactory values. The concentration levels found for the anions in the samples were below the limit allowed by brazilian legislation for water used for human consume.

The thesis is focused on application of ion chromatography in pharmaceutical analyses of organic ions. Ion chromatography is increasingly used in the field of pharmaceutical analysis. This includes the analysis of impurities and metabolites. In the first part of this thesis, ion chromatography is compared with common separation techniques used in pharmacy, such as gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. In the second part development and validation of methods of ion chromatography for purity evaluation and quality control of active pharmaceutical substances Rivastigmine hemitartrate and Pramipexole hydrochloride were carried out. Key words: ion chromatography, reversed-phase chromatography, ion-pair chromatography, ion-exclusion chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, GC, HPLC

L’étude comparée des réactions de formation de paires d’ions et de simple photoionisation de la molécule NO2 induites par rayonnement synchrotron (RS) d’une part et par impulsions laser femtosecondes (fs) d’autre part, démontre le rôle remarquable de l’excitation résonante d’états de Rydberg dans la dynamique électronique et nucléaire induite. Trois réactions principales, la photoionisation non dissociative (NO2+ (X 1Σ+g) + e), la photoionisation dissociative (NO+ (X 1Σ+) + O(3P) + e) et la formation de paires d'ions, (NO+ (X 1Σ+) + O- (2P)), ont été caractérisées en utilisant la méthode des corrélations vectorielles ou spectroscopie en coïncidence des impulsions du photoélectron et des photoions, auprès des sources RS (SOLEIL, DESIRS) et lasers fs (CEA, Saclay), respectivement. Le diagramme de corrélation des énergies cinétiques électron-ion, première observable issue de ces mesures, met en évidence un partage de l’énergie en excès entre noyaux et électrons qui dépend fortement du mode d’excitation photonique. Les déviations significatives observées par rapport aux profils d’ionisation de type Franck Condon sont attribuées à des couplages vibroniques entre états excités NO2*, tels que ceux induits par une intersection conique. Les chemins réactionnels identifiés confirment le rôle de l’excitation des séries de Rydberg [R*(6a1)-1] et [R*(4b2)-1] intervenant comme états intermédiaires dans l’excitation multiphotonique ou dans le continuum d’ionisation exploré. Une étude complémentaire par spectroscopie à haute résolution des états [R*(6a1)-1] a été mise en œuvre (UBC, Vancouver).Pour une réaction de photoionisation dissociative (PID), l’observable la plus complète est la distribution angulaire des photoélectrons dans le référentiel lié à la vitesse de recul de l’ion fragment (RFPAD) déduite de la mesure de la corrélation vectorielle (Vi, Ve, P). Afin d’accéder aux éléments de matrice dipolaire décrivant la photoionisation de l’état électronique considéré, le formalisme développé en collaboration avec R. R. Lucchese (Texas A&M) décrivant la photoémission dans le référentiel moléculaire pour la simple PID d'une molécule linéaire par excitation à un photon, a été étendu à l'étude des réactions de PID par excitation multiphotonique d'une molécule polyatomique, telle que la molécule NO2 de symétrie C2v. L’analyse multivariée de la RFPAD multiphotonique proposée constitue une stratégie fructueuse en vue d’extraire l’information optimale sur la dynamique complexe de photoionisation et de réaliser une comparaison détaillée entre les résultats expérimentaux et les calculs de photoionisation des états excités de la molécule. / The comparative study of ion pair formation and simple photoionization of the NO2 molecule induced by synchrotron radiation (SR) on the one hand and by femtosecond (fs) pulses on the other hand reveals the remarkable role of Rydberg states in the induced electronic and nuclear dynamics. Three main reactions, namely (NO2+ (X 1Σ+g) + e) non dissociative photoionization, (NO+ (X 1Σ+) + O(3P) + e) dissociative photoionization and (NO+ (X 1Σ+) + O- (2P)) ion pair formation have been characterized using the vector correlation method, or photoion and photoelectron coincidence momentum spectroscopy, at SR sources (SOLEIL DESIRS) and at fs laser platforms (CEA, Saclay), respectively. The electron-ion kinetic energy correlation diagram, which is the first observable obtained from these measurements, highlights the excess energy sharing among nuclei and electrons, which strongly depends on the photon excitation mode. The observed remarkable deviations from Franck Condon ionization profiles are attributed to vibronic couplings such as those induced at a conical intersection. The identified reaction pathways confirm the role of the [R*(6a1)-1] and [R*(4b2)-1] Rydberg series excitation as stepping states in multiphoton excitation or in the explored ionization continua. A complementary study of high resolution spectroscopy of [R*(6a1)-1] Rydberg series has been performed (UBC, Vancouver). For a dissociative photoionization (DPI) process, the most complete observable is the photoelectron angular distribution in the reference frame attached to the recoil ion fragment velocity (RFPAD) deduced from the measured (Vi, Ve, P) vector correlation. In order to get access to the dipole matrix elements describing photoionization of the considered excited electronic state, the formalism developed in collaboration with R. R. Lucchese (Texas A&M) describing molecular frame photoemission for a DPI of a linear molecule by one-photon excitation has been extended to the study of DPI processes induced by multiphoton excitation for a polyatomic molecule, such as the NO2 molecule of C2v symmetry. The proposed multivariate analysis of the multiphoton RFPAD constitutes a successful strategy to extract the optimal information on the complex photoionization dynamics and to perform a detailed comparison between experimental results and calculations of photoionization of the molecular excited states.

Saving energy in buildings is of great importance because about 30 to 40 % of the energy in the world is used in buildings. An electrochromic window (ECW), which makes it possible to regulate the inflow of visible light and solar energy into buildings, is a promising technology providing a reduction in energy consumption in buildings along with indoor comfort. A polymer electrolyte is positioned at the center of multi-layer structure of an ECW and plays a significant role in the working of the ECW. In this study, polyethyleneimine: lithium (bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (PEI:LiTFSI)-based polymer electrolytes were characterized by using dielectric/impedance spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, viscosity recording, optical spectroscopy, and electrochromic measurements. In the first part of the study, PEI:LiTFSI electrolytes were characterized at various salt concentrations and temperatures. Temperature dependence of viscosity and ionic conductivity of the electrolytes followed Arrhenius behavior. The viscosity was modeled by the Bingham plastic equation. Molar conductivity, glass transition temperature, viscosity, Walden product, and iso-viscosity conductivity analysis showed effects of segmental flexibility, ion pairs, and mobility on the conductivity. A connection between ionic conductivity and ion-pair relaxation was seen by means of (i) the Barton-Nakajima-Namikawa relation, (ii) activation energies of the bulk relaxation, and ionic conduction and (iii) comparing two equivalent circuit models, containing different types of Havriliak-Negami elements, for the bulk response. In the second part, nanocomposite PEI:LiTFSI electrolytes with SiO2, In2O3, and In2O3:Sn (ITO) were examined. Adding SiO2 to the PEI:LiTFSI enhanced the ionic conductivity by an order of magnitude without any degradation of the optical properties. The effect of segmental flexibility and free ion concentration on the conduction in the presence of SiO2 is discussed. The PEI:LiTFSI:ITO electrolytes had high haze-free luminous transmittance and strong near-infrared absorption without diminished ionic conductivity. Ionic conductivity and optical clarity did not deteriorate for the PEI:LiTFSI:In2O3 and the PEI:LiTFSI:SiO2:ITO electrolytes. Finally, propylene carbonate (PC) and ethylene carbonate (EC) were added to PEI:LiTFSI in order to perform electrochromic measurements. ITO and SiO2 were added to the PEI:LiTFSI:PC:EC and to a proprietary electrolyte. The nanocomposite electrolytes were tested for ECWs with the configuration of the ECWs being plastic/ITO/WO3/polymer electrolyte/NiO (or IrO2)/ITO/plastic. It was seen that adding nanoparticles to polymer electrolytes can improve the coloring/bleaching dynamics of the ECWs. From this study, we show that nanocomposite polymer electrolytes can add new functionalities as well as enhancement in ECW applications.

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