Die Struktur und Dynamik von Biomolekülen wird durch ein komplexes Wechselspiel mit Ionen und Wassermolekülen der Hydratationshülle beeinflusst. Die Wechselwirkungen sind kaum verstanden, zum Teil weil es an experimentellen molekularen Sonden mangelt. Lokale Schwingungen des RNA-Rückgrats bieten solch nicht-invasive Sonden, empfindlich gegenüber den ersten Schichten der RNA-Solvatationshülle. Die Empfindlichkeit rührt von elektrischen Feldern auf der biomolekularen Oberfläche. Diese Dissertation nutzt die Sensitivität aus, um mit Femtosekunden-2D-IR-Spektroskopie der asymmetrischen Phosphatstreckschwingung die Rolle positiv geladener Ionen, insbesondere Magnesium, Mg2+, zu untersuchen, die negativ geladene Phosphatgruppen des Rückgrats kompensieren. Erste Experimente an Dimethylphosphat, zusammen mit theoretischen Berechnungen, zeigen eine Blauverschiebung der Phosphatmode aufgrund der Bildung von Kontaktionenpaaren. Kurze Abstände zwischen Mg2+ und der Phosphatgruppe führen zu repulsiven Austauschwechselwirkungen, die die Potentialfläche der Schwingung stören. Bei Doppelstrang-RNA zeigt sich eine starke Abhängigkeit der Phosphatschwingung von lokalen Wasserstrukturen. Frequenzverschiebungen durch den Starkeffekt führen zu drei Schwingungsbanden, die unterschiedliche lokale Geometrien widerspiegeln. Elektrische Felder von solvatisierenden Wassermolekülen beeinflussen dabei das Bindungspotential. Abschließend erlaubt es die Blauverschiebung der Phosphatmode, die Bildung von Mg2+/Phosphat Kontaktionenpaaren in Transfer-RNA quantitativ zu verfolgen. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese die Tertiärstruktur der tRNA stabilisieren, indem sie die Coulombabstoßung zwischen negativ geladenen Phosphatgruppen kompensieren, besonders in kompakten Regionen. Die Dissertation demonstriert das Potential zeitaufgelöster Schwingungsspektroskopie, kombiniert mit theoretischen Beschreibungen auf molekularer Ebene, um die komplexen Interaktionen biomolekularer Solvatationsumgebungen zu erforschen. / The structure and dynamics of biomolecules are influenced by a complex interplay with ions and water molecules in the local hydration shell. The underlying interactions are poorly understood, partly because of a lack of experimental probes that can access the molecular scale. Local vibrations of the RNA backbone provide non-invasive probes sensitive to the first hydration layers of the RNA solvation shell via the imposed electric field on the biomolecular surface. This thesis exploits this sensitivity in femtosecond 2D-IR spectroscopy experiments on the asymmetric phosphate stretch vibration to investigate the role of positively charged ions, particularly the magnesium cation Mg2+, in counteracting the negatively charged phosphate backbone. Initial experiments with the model system dimethyl phosphate in combination with theoretical calculations report a frequency blue-shift due to the formation of contact ion pairs. Short distances between Mg2+ and phosphate lead to exchange repulsion interactions that perturb the vibrational potential energy surface. In double helical RNA, a strong dependence of the phosphate mode on the local hydration structure of the phosphate group is found. Three distinct vibrational peaks reflect different hydration geometries as a result of vibrational Stark shifts. Responsible for the frequency shifts are electric fields from solvating water molecules. Ultimately, the blue-shift of the phosphate mode allows to quantitatively follow the formation of Mg2+-phosphate contact pairs in transfer RNA systems. It is shown that these configurations stabilize the tertiary structure of tRNA molecules by efficiently compensating the Coulomb repulsion from negatively charged phosphate groups, particularly in highly congested regions. The thesis demonstrates the potential of time-resolved vibrational spectroscopy combined with theoretical descriptions on the molecular level to probe the complex interactions of biomolecular solvation environments.

This thesis investigates the design and synthesis of macrocycles and examines their ion-pair recognition, anion recognition and interpenetrative assembly capabilities. Chapter One introduces the field of supramolecular chemistry. Key concepts in host–guest complexation and self-assembly are outlined, with particular emphasis on the design of host systems for anion and ion-pair recognition. Chapter Two details the synthesis and binding properties of a heteroditopic 1,2,3-triazole- containing macrocycle that exhibits cooperative ion-pair recognition. Solution and solid-state evidence shows that the triazole motif simultaneously binds anions and cations. The exten- sion of this work towards the formation of interlocked structures containing an expanded heteroditopic macrocycle and threading components is explored. Chapter Three discusses the design and syntheses of series of electron-deficient macrocycles based on imidazolium, pyridinium and triazole. These are investigated for anion binding ability and assembly of interpenetrative assemblies with electron-rich threading components. Chapter Four describes research into the formation of interpenetrative assemblies using neutral components. Their design is based around aromatic donor–acceptor interactions and halogen bonding. Chapter Five presents some conclusions from the research undertaken. Chapter Six provides titration protocols, Job plot approximations, experimental procedures and characterisation of the compounds described in this thesis. Appendix details additional X-ray crystallographic data.

<p>In this thesis I have theoretically studied electron recombination processes with small molecular ions.</p><p>In these kind of processes resonant states are involved. To calculate the potential energy for these states as a function of internuclear distance, structure calculations and scattering calculations have to be performed.</p><p>So far I have been studying the ion-pair formation with in electron recombination with H₃⁺. The cross section for this process has been calculated using different kind of models, both a time dependent quantum mechanical and a semiclassical.</p><p>I have also studied the direct process of dissociative recombination of HF⁺. To calculate the total cross section for this process, we have performed wave packet propagation on thirty resonant states and summed up the individual cross sections for these states.</p><p>The cross sections for both these processes have a similar appearance to those measured experimentally in the ion storage ring CRYRING in Stockholm.</p>

Theoretical investigation of the dynamics of adiabatic quantum mechanics in two different, highly polar systems has been made. The systems were chosen for their fundamental scientific interest, as they represent atoms and molecules with exaggerated properties, as well as ease of experimental study as such highly polar systems are easier to manipulate using readily-available electric fields. A model two-level system is used to derive one approach for maximizing the probability of adiabatic passage through an avoided crossing and this is compared with the classic Landau-Zener result, and the commonly encountered spin-flip problem of a particle with spin located in a rotating magnetic field. This approach is applied to the avoided crossing between the n = 13, n1 − n2 = 11 (dipole moment of 532 D) and the n = 14, n1 − n2 = −12 (dipole moment of -657 D) highly polar Stark states of the lithium atom at 447 kV/m. Ion-pair formation from two neutral lithium atoms, one in the 2s ground state and the other in an excited state, is also investigated. The cross section σ(v) for free ion-pairs is calculated for the initial colliding pairs of atomic states located below the ion-pair threshold. Li(2s) + Li(3d) is seen to possess the largest cross section (σ(v0) = 569.2 a.u.) at its threshold velocity. The implications of this for bound ion-pair, i.e. heavy Rydberg system, production are briefly discussed. Furthermore, experimental progress towards the production of these atomic and molecular systems from a beam of lithium is presented. / Thesis (Master, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2009-12-09 16:49:41.184

Orientador: Watson Loh / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T00:50:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_AndreLuisCondeda_M.pdf: 1492752 bytes, checksum: 969a849fc8d776ed3dd74fac01294cde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: O surfatante cataniônico dodecilsulfato de dodecildimetil-n-hidroxilamônio foi preparado e caracterizado em relação às suas propriedades físico-químicas. O composto apresentou solubilidade muito baixa em água, porém com capacidade de redução da tensão superficial e interfacial entre água e xileno, em ambos os casos com lenta cinética de saturação das interfaces. A solubilidade em solventes orgânicos foi avaliada e constatamos tendência a maior solubilidade em solventes polares como clorofórmio e etanol, e no solvente aromático xileno. O estudo de comportamento termotrópico indicou a existência de fases líquido-cristalinas entre a fase sólida cristalina e a fase líquida isotrópica. A partir dos resultados deste trabalho avaliamos que as possíveis aplicações para estes surfatante estão relacionadas às situações onde a adsorção e deposição seja requerida, e em especial para a preparação de emulsões de água em óleo, com o atributo de baixa solubilidade em ambas as fases, e a possível vantagem de redução de irritabilidade dérmica para cremes e loções. O desenvolvimento desta aplicação requer avanços nos procedimentos de preparação da emulsão de forma a facilitar a adsorção do composto na interface água/óleo / Abstract: The catanionic surfactant dodecyldimehyl-n-hydroxylamonium dodecylsulphate was prepared and its physical-chemical properties were characterized. The surfactant presented very low water solubility, but with ability to reduce the surface tension and the interfacial tension between water and xylene, in both situations with slow kinetics of interface saturation. The solubility in organic solvents was evaluated and the trend for higher solubility in polar solvents like ethanol and chloroform and in the aromatic solvent xylene was noticed. The evaluation of its termotropic behavior was carried out and indicated the existence of liquid crystalline phases between the solid crystalline phase and the isotropic liquid phase. The results of this study indicate the possible applications in situations where adsorption and deposition are required, and for the preparation of water in oil emulsions, with the special feature of low solubility in both phases, with the advantage of reduced skin irritation for creams and lotions. The development of this application requires advancements in the procedures for emulsion preparation in order to allow the surfactant adsorption at the water/oil interface / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química

Synthetic oligonucleotides, which are short strings of DNA or RNA, are a grooving area of importance for the pharmaceutical industry and for companies that manufacture diagnostic components. The manufacturing process of synthetic oligonucleotides involves many complex processes that use separation and purification techniques like ion-exchange chromatography, ion-pair reversed phase chromatography and ultra-performance liquid chromatography. In this study, the focus lies on the purification process, where the main aim is to develop a separation and purification method for modified oligonucleotides that can be applied on different scales, from an analytical to a preparative scale. Three modified oligonucleotides, and one unmodified with 44 bases, provided by Scandinavian Gene Synthesis (Västerås, Sweden), were analysed and purified on an ultra-performance liquid chromatography and on a preparative-system. Several parameters were investigated, e.g. mobile phase composition, gradients and concentration. Practical analysis and purification were made in two scales; analytical and semi-preparative.  The results showed that the samples contained impurities that were hard to separate from the main sample. The scaling-up tests showed that, with increasing concentration, the impurities become more aggregated with the main product. Fraction analysis showed that several pure fractions were collected from the semi-preparative purification, and therefore some amount of pure sample were collected from the semi-preparative run. In conclusion, the method developed in this master thesis worked well as a significant amount of samples were purified in the semi-preparative purification, and the method worked on modified and unmodified oligonucleotides, containing different amount of modifications. / Syntetiska oligonukleotider, vilket är korta strängar av DNA eller RNA, är ett framväxande område i läkemedelsindustrin och för företag som tillverkar diagnostiska komponenter. Tillverkningsprocessen för syntetiska oligonukleotider involverar många komplexa processer som använder separation- och reningstekniker som jonbyteskromatografi, jonparskromatografi och ultra-performance kromatografi. I denna studie ligger fokus på reningsprocessen där det huvudsakliga syftet är att utveckla en separation- och renings metod för modifierade oligonukleotider som kan appliceras på olika skalor – från analytisk till preparativ skala.  Tre modifierade oligonukleotider, samt en omodifierad med 44 baser, tillhandahållet av Scandinavian Gene Synthesis (Västerås, Sverige), analyserades och renades på ett ultra-performance kromatografi system och ett preparativt reningssystem. Flertal parametrar undersöktes, bland annat mobilfasens komposition, gradienter och koncentration. Analys och rening utfördes i två skalor; analytisk och semi-preparativ skala.  Resultatet visade att proverna innehöll föroreningar som var svåra att separera från huvudkomponenten. Uppskalningstesterna visade att föroreningarna blandade sig mer med huvudkomponenten då koncentrationen ökade. Fraktionsanalyser visade att flera rena fraktioner blev ihopsamlade från den semi-preparativa reningen, som därav visade att en betydelsefull mängd rent prov blev renat i den semi-preparativa reningen. Sammanfattningsvis, den metod som utvecklats i denna uppsats fungerade bra då betydelsefulla mängder oligonukleotider kunde renas till olika grad vid den semi-preparativa reningen, samt att metoden fungerade för både modifierade och icke-modifierade oligonukleotider som innehöll olika mängder modifikationer.

In this thesis I have theoretically studied electron recombination processes with small molecular ions. In these kind of processes resonant states are involved. To calculate the potential energy for these states as a function of internuclear distance, structure calculations and scattering calculations have to be performed. So far I have been studying the ion-pair formation with in electron recombination with H3+. The cross section for this process has been calculated using different kind of models, both a time dependent quantum mechanical and a semiclassical. I have also studied the direct process of dissociative recombination of HF+. To calculate the total cross section for this process, we have performed wave packet propagation on thirty resonant states and summed up the individual cross sections for these states. The cross sections for both these processes have a similar appearance to those measured experimentally in the ion storage ring CRYRING in Stockholm. / QC 20101103

The development of chiral organometallics for asymmetric synthesis is a topic of significant research in the recent past. The most studied in this class are the chiral organolithium reagents with many reported examples. The primary focus of our research is the development of C_α-chiral Grignard reagents, where the metal bearing α-carbon is the sole source of chirality. Examples of such Grignard reagents are rare owing to the problems associated with their synthesis, and their low configurational stability. We have studied these problems in three different modules of this project. Reactions of 1-magnesio-2,2-diphenyl-cyclopropylcarbonitrile with carbon electrophiles are first attempted in order to expand the utility of this configurationally stable C_α-chiral Grignard reagent in asymmetric synthesis. This reagent has been shown to be non-reactive towards carbon electrophiles at low temperatures. Consequently, we attempt to enhance the reactivity of this compound through two different approaches, Lewis-base activation and the "ate-complex" generation. The Magnesium/Halogen (Mg/X) exchange reactions have been shown to be extremely useful in the synthesis of complex Aryl, alkenyl (sp²) and alkynyl (sp) Grignard reagents. Examples of Mg/X exchange reactions of Alkyl (sp³) halides are, however, rare. Even more rare are such examples with secondary and tertiary alkyl halides, justifying the relative paucity of chiral Grignard reagents. In this module of our project, we study the Mg/X exchange reactions on secondary alkyl halides possessing a γ-hydroxyl group, as an internal activator for such Mg/X exchange reactions. Enantiomerization pathways of chiral organolithium compounds have been widely studied. However, few such studies have been performed on chiral Grignard reagents. In this module of the project, we studied the solvent assisted enantiomerization mechanism of the C_α-chiral 1-magnesio-2,2-diphenyl-cyclopropylcarbonitrile. Rate constant for the enantiomerization of this compound was measured in three different ethereal solvents to study the effect of solvent on the configurational stability. Finally, the order of the enantiomerization process with respect to [Et₂O] was studied in order to predict the mechanism of this process in Et₂O solvent. Our kinetic studies on the enantiomerization process provided us with a definitive picture for the enantiomerization of the C_α-chiral 1-magnesio-2,2-diphenyl-cyclopropylcarbonitrile, where solvation of the Grignard reagent preceded an ion-pair separation step which eventually lead to enantiomerization of the Grignard species. However, the precise structure of all the involved solvated intermediates could not be determined as kinetics was not able to distinguish between these intermediates. We next performed computational calculations to study the effect of solvation on the analogous 1-magnesio-cyclopropylcarbonitrile in order to address the unanswered questions from our kinetic studies. / Ph. D.

Modelos de Relações Quantitativas entre Estrutura Química e Atividade Biológica (QSAR), previamente gerados no grupo para uma série de brometos de N-benzil-N,N-dimetil-2-(4-X-benzamido)etan-1-amônio substituídos (compostos estruturalmente análogos à procaína), mostraram uma contribuição positiva da lipofilicidade (expressa pelo parâmetro lipofílico, logPapp) para a atividade de bloqueio da transmissão neuromuscular observada para estes. Como os compostos desta série são sais de amônio quaternários, sendo alguns altamente hidrofílicos, as determinações dos seus valores de logPapp pelo método shake-flask acarretam dificuldades experimentais, levando a altas incertezas. Para contornar estas dificuldades, em outro trabalho iniciado no grupo, sugeriu-se, como estratégia metodológica, avaliar a aplicação do conceito do par iônico, usando, para tanto, um contraíon grande e hidrofóbico. Assim, observou-se, para um único composto desta série, o aumento da sua lipofilicidade, por possível formação de par iônico, tornando-o menos hidrofílico. Nesta dissertação, visando ampliar os estudos envolvendo a aplicação desta estratégia metodológica e seus efeitos sobre a lipofilicidade, outros compostos foram selecionados para que uma faixa mais ampla de valores de LogPapp pudesse ser avaliada. Para tanto, os valores de logPapp de cinco compostos desta série foram determinados pelo método shake-flask, usando o sistema n-octanol/água, avaliando-se, ainda, os efeitos da força iônica na partição. Para estes, a faixa de valores de LogPapp determinados variou de -1,73 a 0,99. Para avaliar a aplicação do conceito do par iônico como estratégia, os valores de LogPapp destes compostos foram determinados na presença de diferentes concentrações do contraíon hidrofóbico n-octil sulfato de sódio (OcS). Verificou-se aumento da lipofilicidade com aumento das concentrações de OcS. Obteve-se, também, os correspondentes valores de LogPapp extrapolados para concentração zero de OcS (LogPapp0), que concordaram, dentro do erro experimental, com os valores determinados diretamente na ausência de OcS. Estes resultados indicam que o conceito do par iônico pode ser aplicado como estratégia metodológica, para melhorar as condições experimentais e diminuir as incertezas nas determinações de valores de LogPapp para esta série de brometos de amônio quaternários hidrofílicos. Finalmente, foram realizados experimentos complementares para verificar a formação de par iônico: (i) determinações dos valores de logP da benzamida (composto sem carga permanente) na presença de OcS; (ii) análise por RMN de um dos compostos desta série, na presença de OcS. Ambos indicaram que, somente para os brometos de amônio quaternários estudados, o aumento da lipofilicidade observado ocorre por possível formação de par iônico. E, ainda, foi avaliada a aplicação do conceito do par iônico e seus efeitos sobre a lipofilicidade do QX-222 e do brometo de neostigmina (compostos altamente hidrofílicos), revelando limitações na sua aplicação como estratégia metodológica. / Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) models previously generated in our group for a set of N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-(4-X-benzamido)ethan-1-ammonium bromides (procaine structural analogs) showed a positive contribution of the lipophilic term (expressed by the partition coefficient, logPapp) to their neuromuscular blockage activity. However, since some of them are hydrophilic quaternary ammonium bromides, their logPapp measurements were usually associated with experimental shortcomings, leading to low accuracy logPapp values. In order to make these experiments more feasible, the application of the ion-pair concept was evaluated as a methodological strategy in another previous work, initially to one compound of this set. For this purpose, logPapp measurements have been done in the presence of a large and hydrophobic counter ion, leading to an increase of its lipophilicity, due to possible ion-pair formation. In the present work, in order to further investigate this strategy and its effects on the lipophilicity, we include more compounds, allowing the assessment of a wider range of logPapp values. Thus, logPapp values of five compounds were obtained by the shake-flask method, using n-octanol/water, with and without ionic strength adjustment. For them, logPapp range values were determined from -1.73 to 0.99. To evaluate the application of the ion-pair concept as strategy, logPapp values of these compounds were determined in the presence of eleven sodium octyl sulfate (OcS) concentrations. It was observed that the lipophilicity of these compounds, increased with the addition of OcS. Moreover, we obtained the corresponding logPapp values extrapolated to zero OcS concentration (logPapp0), which agreed, within the experimental error, with the corresponding values determined in absence of OcS. These results suggest that the ion-pair concept can be applied as a strategy to improve the experimental conditions, increasing the accuracy of logPapp measurements for this set of hydrophilic quaternary ammonium bromides. Finally, supplementary experiments were done to verify the ion-pair formation: (i) measurement of logP values of benzamide (not a permanent ion) in presence of OcS; (ii) NMR spectroscopy analysis of one compound of this set, also in presence of OcS. Both indicated that only for the studied quaternary ammonium bromides the lipophilicity increase is due to possible ion-pair formation. Additionally, the application of the ion-pair concept and its effects on the lipophilicity was evaluated for QX-222 and for neostigmine bromide (highly hydrophilic compounds), which revealed limitations in its application as a methodological strateg

Modelos de Relações Quantitativas entre Estrutura Química e Atividade Biológica (QSAR), previamente gerados no grupo para uma série de brometos de N-benzil-N,N-dimetil-2-(4-X-benzamido)etan-1-amônio substituídos (compostos estruturalmente análogos à procaína), mostraram uma contribuição positiva da lipofilicidade (expressa pelo parâmetro lipofílico, logPapp) para a atividade de bloqueio da transmissão neuromuscular observada para estes. Como os compostos desta série são sais de amônio quaternários, sendo alguns altamente hidrofílicos, as determinações dos seus valores de logPapp pelo método shake-flask acarretam dificuldades experimentais, levando a altas incertezas. Para contornar estas dificuldades, em outro trabalho iniciado no grupo, sugeriu-se, como estratégia metodológica, avaliar a aplicação do conceito do par iônico, usando, para tanto, um contraíon grande e hidrofóbico. Assim, observou-se, para um único composto desta série, o aumento da sua lipofilicidade, por possível formação de par iônico, tornando-o menos hidrofílico. Nesta dissertação, visando ampliar os estudos envolvendo a aplicação desta estratégia metodológica e seus efeitos sobre a lipofilicidade, outros compostos foram selecionados para que uma faixa mais ampla de valores de LogPapp pudesse ser avaliada. Para tanto, os valores de logPapp de cinco compostos desta série foram determinados pelo método shake-flask, usando o sistema n-octanol/água, avaliando-se, ainda, os efeitos da força iônica na partição. Para estes, a faixa de valores de LogPapp determinados variou de -1,73 a 0,99. Para avaliar a aplicação do conceito do par iônico como estratégia, os valores de LogPapp destes compostos foram determinados na presença de diferentes concentrações do contraíon hidrofóbico n-octil sulfato de sódio (OcS). Verificou-se aumento da lipofilicidade com aumento das concentrações de OcS. Obteve-se, também, os correspondentes valores de LogPapp extrapolados para concentração zero de OcS (LogPapp0), que concordaram, dentro do erro experimental, com os valores determinados diretamente na ausência de OcS. Estes resultados indicam que o conceito do par iônico pode ser aplicado como estratégia metodológica, para melhorar as condições experimentais e diminuir as incertezas nas determinações de valores de LogPapp para esta série de brometos de amônio quaternários hidrofílicos. Finalmente, foram realizados experimentos complementares para verificar a formação de par iônico: (i) determinações dos valores de logP da benzamida (composto sem carga permanente) na presença de OcS; (ii) análise por RMN de um dos compostos desta série, na presença de OcS. Ambos indicaram que, somente para os brometos de amônio quaternários estudados, o aumento da lipofilicidade observado ocorre por possível formação de par iônico. E, ainda, foi avaliada a aplicação do conceito do par iônico e seus efeitos sobre a lipofilicidade do QX-222 e do brometo de neostigmina (compostos altamente hidrofílicos), revelando limitações na sua aplicação como estratégia metodológica. / Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) models previously generated in our group for a set of N-benzyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-(4-X-benzamido)ethan-1-ammonium bromides (procaine structural analogs) showed a positive contribution of the lipophilic term (expressed by the partition coefficient, logPapp) to their neuromuscular blockage activity. However, since some of them are hydrophilic quaternary ammonium bromides, their logPapp measurements were usually associated with experimental shortcomings, leading to low accuracy logPapp values. In order to make these experiments more feasible, the application of the ion-pair concept was evaluated as a methodological strategy in another previous work, initially to one compound of this set. For this purpose, logPapp measurements have been done in the presence of a large and hydrophobic counter ion, leading to an increase of its lipophilicity, due to possible ion-pair formation. In the present work, in order to further investigate this strategy and its effects on the lipophilicity, we include more compounds, allowing the assessment of a wider range of logPapp values. Thus, logPapp values of five compounds were obtained by the shake-flask method, using n-octanol/water, with and without ionic strength adjustment. For them, logPapp range values were determined from -1.73 to 0.99. To evaluate the application of the ion-pair concept as strategy, logPapp values of these compounds were determined in the presence of eleven sodium octyl sulfate (OcS) concentrations. It was observed that the lipophilicity of these compounds, increased with the addition of OcS. Moreover, we obtained the corresponding logPapp values extrapolated to zero OcS concentration (logPapp0), which agreed, within the experimental error, with the corresponding values determined in absence of OcS. These results suggest that the ion-pair concept can be applied as a strategy to improve the experimental conditions, increasing the accuracy of logPapp measurements for this set of hydrophilic quaternary ammonium bromides. Finally, supplementary experiments were done to verify the ion-pair formation: (i) measurement of logP values of benzamide (not a permanent ion) in presence of OcS; (ii) NMR spectroscopy analysis of one compound of this set, also in presence of OcS. Both indicated that only for the studied quaternary ammonium bromides the lipophilicity increase is due to possible ion-pair formation. Additionally, the application of the ion-pair concept and its effects on the lipophilicity was evaluated for QX-222 and for neostigmine bromide (highly hydrophilic compounds), which revealed limitations in its application as a methodological strateg