Valstybinio socialinio draudimo pensijų sistema ypatingai paplitusi Vakarų šalyse prieš gerą šimtmetį yra paremta visuomenės narių solidarumo principu, kas reiškia, kad darbo santykiuose dalyvaujantys ir atitinkamą darbo užmokestį gaunantys visuomenės nariai jų mokamais mokesčiais išlaiko nedirbančią visuomenės dalį, tuo įgydami teisę į analogišką paramą ligos, senatvės ar laikino nedarbingumo atveju. Kaip savo nutarimuose ne kartą yra konstatavęs Konstitucinis Teismas, ši sistema, kuri neretai vadinama socialinio solidarumo, nepanaikina paties asmens atsakomybės už savo rytojų, todėl ji tinkamai egzistuoti gali tiktai tais atvejais, kuomet ir pats asmuo rūpinasi savo santaupomis senatvės ar ligos atvejais. Pagal šiuo metu galiojančius teisės norminius aktus Lietuvoje valstybinis socialinis pensijų draudimas yra privalomas. Įstatymų leidėjas visus šios rūšies socialiniu draudimu draudžiamus asmenis yra įtvirtinęs Valstybinių socialinio draudimo pensijų įstatyme. Asmenys teisę į kiekvieną Valstybinio socialinio draudimo įstatyme nurodytą pensiją įgyja tik esant tam tikroms aplinkybėms, kaip antai, įvykus draudžiamajam įvykiui ir turint atitinkamos rūšies pensijai paskirtą minimalų valstybinio socialinio pensijų draudimo stažą. Pagrindinis veiksnys, lemiantis vienos ar kitos rūšies pensijos dydį, yra konkretaus asmens įgytas stažas, jo trukmė ir atitinkamu laikotarpiu gautos pajamos, nuo kurių yra sumokėtos įstatymų nustatytos privalomos valstybinio socialinio pensijų draudimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Lithuanian social insurance pension system particularly prevalent in Western countries a century ago is a good society based on solidarity. It means that the working relationships involved wages receive members of the public taxes paid outside keeps the population, gaining the right to support illness, old age or temporary incapacity. The Constitutional Court has repeatedly held that a person have to own responsibility for their tomorrow, so it can properly exist only in cases in which and the person taking care of their retirement savings or disease. Under current legislation, Lithuanian social pension insurance is compulsory. All of socially insured persons are embodied in the Law of State’s social insurance pensions. Persons gain to any of state’s social insurance pension only when there are certain circumstances, such as an insured event and the type of pension allocated to the minimum state social pension insurance record. A key factor in determining one or another type of pension is the individual's experience acquired by its duration and the corresponding period of the revenues from which are paid by the statutory mandatory state social insurance contributions. Various allowances are granted and paid exclusively in cases when the person does not receive other payments and is not entitled to other benefits for failure to comply with the statutory requirements. The pension (for example, state pensions, social assistance pensions, etc.) and allowance (social assistance... [to full text]

Lietuvoje ir daugelyje Europos šalių pagyvenusių žmonių populiacija sparčiai didėja, tai kelia socialinių, ekonominių, medicininių bei psichologinių problemų. Širdies ir kraujagyslių ligos – opi šių dienų sveikatos problema. Nesveika gyvensena, nepalanki fizinė bei socialinė aplinka lemia širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemos ligų atsiradimą. Šių susirgimų grupei didelę įtaką daro žalingi įpročiai, fizinis aktyvumas, mityba, stresas. Darbo tikslas – Įvertinti Vilniaus miesto gyventojų sergančių širdies ir kraujagyslių ligomis gyvenseną. Darbo uždaviniai – Įvertinti Vilniaus miesto gyventojų sergančių širdies ir kraujagyslių ligomis mitybos ypatumus ir fizinį aktyvumą bei nustatyti kūno masės indeksą, rūkymą, alkoholio vartojimą, miego trukmę ir patiriamą stresą. Tyrimo laikotarpis nuo 2010 metų lapkričio mėnesio iki 2011 metų vasario mėnesio. Respondentai – 566 Vilniaus miesto gyventojai sergantieji širdies ir kraujagyslių ligomis (232 vyrai ir 334 moterys). Tiriamieji buvo pasirinkti atsitiktinės tvarkos būdu iš apsilankiusių Viešosios įstaigos Centro poliklinikos, Viešosios įstaigos Šeškinės poliklinikos bei Viešosios įstaigos Vilniaus universiteto ligoninės Santariškių klinikos kardiologijos skyrių. Anketinės apklausos metodu buvo tiriami Vilniaus miesto gyventojų sergančių širdies ir kraujagyslių ligomis gyvensena. Tyrimo rezultatai pagrindė išsikeltą hipotezę, kad nedidelė dalis Vilniaus miesto gyventojų sergančių ŠKL pasiryžę keisti gyvenseną. Tik 63 (11,1 proc.)... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In Lithuania as well as in the most of European countries population of elderly people is growing fast and this phenomenon causes social, economical, medical and psychological problems. Cardiovascular diseases are topical modern-day health problem. Unhealthy pattern of life, unfavourable physical and social environment determines the origin of cardiovascular diseases. Bad human habits, physical activity, nutrition and stress are influential to contraction of this diseases. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the pattern of life of Vilnius citizens with cardiovascular diseases. The main tasks are to evaluate the nutrition habits and physical activity as well as to ascertain the body mass index (BMI), smoking practice, alcohol usage, sleep duration and stress among the Vilnius citizens with cardiovascular diseases. The period of this analysis starts from the November 2010 and lasts till the February 2011. 566 (232 men and 334 women) Vilnius citizens with cardiovascular diseases are examined. Respondents were chosen in random order at the public entity Centro poliklinika, public entity Seskines poliklinika and public entity Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu klinikos cardiology section. Survey method was used to examine the pattern of life of the respondents. The outcome of the analysis proves the hypothesis that only the smallest part of Vilnius citizens with cardiovascular diseases were willing to change their lifestyle habits (pattern of life). Only 63 (11.1 %)... [to full text]

Valstybėms besivystant bei atsisakius nusistovėjusio patriarchalinio požiūrio, itin daug dėmesio skirta įtvirtinti lygioms vyrų ir moterų galimybėms, ypač darbo teisiniuose santykiuose. Palaipsniui vis daugiau moterų įsitraukia į darbo rinką lygiomis teisėmis su dirbančiais vyrais, tuo tarpu tiesioginis (ne vien finansinis) rūpinimasis šeima, vaikais tampa svarbus, ,,negėdingas“ ir vyrui, tačiau vienas ar kitas privalo daugiau laiko ir dėmesio skirti šeimai. Dažniausiai įsipareigojimų šeimai turi jauni, darbingi žmonės, kurie itin reikalingi šiandieninėje darbo rinkoje, todėl kiekvienoje teisinėje valstybėje įtvirtinta ne tik lygių galimybių garantija, bet kartu sukuriama palanki teisinė bazė, sudaranti sąlygas derinti darbo ir šeimos įsipareigojimus, įgyvendinama taip vadinamoji pozityvioji diskriminacija, siekiant skatinti, aktyvinti darbo rinką ir kartu išsaugoti šeimą, kaip vertybę. Darbuotojo, turinčio įsipareigojimų šeimos nariams, interesų ratas susijęs su pareigomis šeimai, kurias tam tikrais atvejais yra sunku derinti su savo kaip darbuotojo pareigomis, vykdant darbines pareigas šeimai skiriamo laiko nelieka daug, todėl reikalinga teisinė bazė ir organizacinis mechanizmas, leidžiantis darbuotojui tinkamai derinti savo darbines ir šeimines pareigas. Pastaruoju metu tiek Europos Sąjungos mastu, tiek ir Lietuvoje itin didelis dėmesys skiriamas teisinei bazei bei jos įgyvendinimo mechanizmui, orientuotam į šeimos poreikius, leidžiant palankiai derinti šeimyninius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / As the states developed and abandoned the established patriarchal attitude, particularly much attention was being paid to the establishment of equal opportunities for men and women, especially in legal relationships of labour. Gradually, more women got involved in the labor market on equal rights with the working men; in the meantime direct (not just financial provision) tending for a family has become important and ‘not shameful’ for men, too; however one of them has to devote more time and attention to family. Generally, these are young and employable people who have family commitments and who are particularly needed in a contemporary labour market. Each legal state, therefore, has entrenched an equal rights guarantee as well as created a favorable legal base enabling the combining of labour and family commitments; the so-called positive discrimination is being implemented in order to promote and activate the labour market and simultaneously protect the family as a value. The circle of interests of an employee who has commitments towards family members is associated with his/her duties to the family, which are, in certain cases, difficult to combine with one’s duties at work. When performing the work-related duties, there is not much time left for family and legal basis is, therefore, required as well as an organizational mechanism that would enable the employee to suitably combine his/her job-related and family obligations. Recently, Europe and Lithuania have been paying... [to full text]

Lietuvos Respublikos darbo kodekso 227 str. 2d. sako, kad darbuotojams, pažeidusiems darbo drausmę, gali būti taikomos drausminio poveikio priemonės. Darbo drausmė – tai darbuotojo pareiga laikytis jam privalomų norminių teisės aktų reikalavimų bei vykdyti teisėtus darbdavio ir administracijos nurodymus, duodamus remiantis sudaryta darbo sutartimi. Darbo drausmės pažeidimas – tai darbo pareigų nevykdymas arba netinkamas jų vykdymas dėl darbuotojų kaltės. Drausminio poveikio priemonės – tai darbdavio skiriamos drausminės nuobaudos. Nuobaudų paskirtis – drausminti prasižengusį darbuotoją, skatinti jį sąžiningai atlikti savo darbo funkcijas. Šiame magistro darbe analizuojami darbo drausmės pažeidimų už kuriuos taikoma drausminė atsakomybė, pagrindai. Darbe, remiantis galiojančiais teisės aktais, analizuojamos drausminių nuobaudų rūšys, jų taikymo, tame tarpe ir darbo sutarčių nutraukimo už šiurkščius darbo pareigų pažeidimus, numatytus Darbo kodekso 235 straipsnyje, reglamentavimas, tinkamas taikymas bei praktinio įgyvendinimo problemos, drausminių nuobaudų skyrimo tvarka. / The Labour Code of the Republic of Lithuania, Art. 227. part 2 provides that disciplinary measures may be applied to the employees who are in breach of labour discipline. Labour discipline is an obligation of an employee to comply with regulatory requirements and carry out the legitimate employer's and administration instructions, given on the basis of a labour contract. Breach of labour discipline means non-performance or improper performance of labour duties through the employee's fault. Disciplinary sanctions are disciplinary sanctions imposed by the employer. The purpose of sanctions is to discipline the misbehaving employee, to encourage him to behave properly and perform his job functions in good faith. This Master thesis analyzes the fundamentals of Labour discipline violations which are subject to disciplinary sanctions. Based on the applicable law, the work analyses types of disciplinary sanctions and their application, including termination of employment contracts for serious violations of work obligations provided for in Article 235 of the Labour Code, proper application and practical implementation issues, procedure for imposing disciplinary sanctions.

This thesis investigates the application. of fuzzy logic techniques and user modelling to the process of information retrieval (IR) from the World Wide Web (WWW). The research issue is whether this process can be improved through such an application. The exponential rise of information itself as an invaluable global commodity, coupled with .acceierating development in. computing and telecommunications, and boosted by networked information sources such as the WWW, has led to the development of tools, such as search engines, to facilitate information search and retrieval. However, despite their sophistication, they are unable effectively to. address users' information. needs. Also, as the-WWW can be seen as a dynamic, continuously changing global information corpus, these tools suffer from the problems of irrelevancy and redundancy. Therefore, in order to overcome these problems and remain effective, IR systems need to become 'intelligent' in some way. It is from this premise that the focus of this research has developed. Initially, theoretical and investigative research into the areas ofIR from electronic sources and the nature of the Internet (including the WWW) revealed that highly sophisticated systems are being developed and there is a drive towards the integration of, for example, electronic libraries, COROM networks, and the WWW. Research into intelligent IR, the use of AI techniques to improve the IR process, informed an evaluation of various approaches. This revealed that a munber of techniques, for example, expert systems, neural networks and semantic networks, have been employed, with limited success. Owing to the nature of the WWW, though, many of the previous AI approaches are inapplicable as they rely too much on extensive knowledge of the retrieval corpus. However, the evaluation suggested that fuzzy logic, with its inherent ability to capture partial knowledge within fuzzy sets, is a valid approach. User modelling research indicated that adaptive user stereotypes are a fruitful way to represent different types of user and their information need. Here, these stereotypes are represented as fuzzy sets, ensuring flexibility and adaptivity. The goal of the reported research. then, was not to. develop an 'intelligent agent' but to apply fuzzy logic techniques and user modelling to the process of user query formulation, in order to test the research issue. This issue was whether the application of these techniques could improve the IR process. A prototype system, the Fuzzy Modelling Query Assistant (FMQA), was developed that attempts intelligently to assist the user in capturing their information need. The concept was to refine the user's query before submitting it to an existing search engine, in order to improve upon the IR results of using the search tool alone. To address the research issue, a user study of the FMQA was performed. The design and conduct is reported in depth. The study results were analysed and the findings are given. The results indicate that,. for certain types of user especially, the FMQA does provide improvement in the IR process, in terms of the results. There is a critical review of the research aims in the light of the results, conclusions are drawn and recommendations for future research given.

Feynman graphs in perturbative quantum field theory are replete with infrared divergences caused by the presence of massless particles, how-ever these divergences are known to cancel order-by-order when all virtual and real contributions to a given cross section are summed and smeared against an experimental resolution. In this thesis we treat the infrared problem formally in the language of distribution theory so that we can remove the divergences with local momentum space subtractions using Hadamard's procedure. This is analogous with the BPHZ mechanism for removing UV divergences. Our aim is to show how it is possible to make both the real and virtual subtractions analytically such that we are left with manifestly finite integrands. For the virtual graphs we present a new decomposition of the integrand in momentum space and remove those terms that are divergent. For the real graphs we show how the Taylor expansion of the momentum conserving delta function allows the explicit removal of the divergent part; furthermore we show that the homogeneous properties of the soft structure greatly simplifies this procedure.

Infrared (IR) singularities are a salient feature of any field theory containing massless fields. In Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), such singularities give rise to logarithmic corrections to physical observables. For many interesting observables, these logarithmic corrections grow large in certain areas of phase space, threatening the stability of perturbative expansion and requiring resummation. It is known, however, that IR singularities are universal and exponentiate, allowing one to study their all-order behaviour in any gauge theory by means of so-called webs: specific linear combinations of Feynman diagrams with modified colour factors corresponding to those of fully connected trees of gluons. Furthermore, infrared singularities factorise from the hard cross-section into soft and jet functions. The soft function may be calculated as a correlator of Wilson lines, vastly simplifying the computation of IR poles and allowing analytic computation at high loop order. Renormalisation group equations then allow the definition of a soft anomalous dimension, which may then be directly computed either through differential equations or by a direct, diagrammatic method. Soft singularities are highly constrained by rescaling symmetry, factorisation, Bose symmetry, and high energy- and collinear limits. In the case of light-like external partons, this leads directly to a set of constraint equations for the soft anomalous dimension, the simplest solution of which is a sum over colour dipoles. At two loops, this so-called dipole formula is the only admissible solution, leading to the complete cancellation of any tripole colour structure. Corrections beyond the dipole formula may first be seen at three loops, and must take the form of weight five polylogarithmic functions of conformal invariant cross-ratios, correlating four hard jets through a quadrupole colour structure. In this thesis we calculate this first correction beyond the dipole formula by considering three-loop multiparton webs in the asymptotic limit of light-like external partons. We do this by computing all relevant webs correlating two, three and four lines at three loop order by means of an asymptotic expansion of Mellin-Barnes integrals near the limit of light-like external partons. We find a remarkably simple result, expressible entirely in terms of Brown's single-valued harmonic polylogarithms, consistent with high-energy and forward scattering limits. Finally, we study the behaviour of this correction in the limit of two partons becoming collinear, and discuss collinear factorisation properties.

Much has been written on the security implications of the "Rise of China," yet there is little consensus, posing a problem for policymakers. I highlight the areas of disagreement, arguing that the lack of consensus is a product of different theoretical positions. Since there is not an obviously correct theoretical position, policymakers must make decisions based on significant uncertainty. I argue that policymakers ought therefore reject costly and decontextualized theories, such as offensive realism, while still maintaining openness to theoretical knowledge.

Denna rapport är resultatet av ett examensarbete omfattande 15 hp på C-nivå utfört vid Högskolan Väst. Arbetets första del bestod av en litteraturstudie och undersökning av befintliga temperaturmätningssystem som används i skärande bearbetning. Arbetets andra del bestod av att rekommendera temperaturmätningssystem och skapa en implementeringsplan för det rekommenderade systemet i utrustning på Produktions Tekniskt Center (PTC) i Trollhättan. Sex stycken olika tekniker för att mäta temperatur har undersökts med avseende på lämplighet för skärande bearbetning. Varje teknik presenteras med sammanfattande tabell med egenskaper samt för- och nackdelar. En teknik (pyrometri via optisk fiber) har valts ut för PTC och för den finns två tekniska specifikationer. En specifikation för ett system som kan anses vara kommersiellt tillgängligt (om en i mycket liten skala, 4-5 installationer i världen). En specifikation är framtagen baserat på forskningsresultat redovisat av prof. Ueda vid Kanazawa University men anpassad för att vara generell. För dessa system finns en implementeringsplan framtagen för att anpassa systemet och utrustning för att fungera vid PTC.

Yttrium garnet is an excellent laser host crystal due to its excellent optical, thermal, mechanical properties and high chemical stability. As a rare-earth ion with the simplest energy level construction, Yb3+ belongs to the 4f13 electronic configuration. It possess some important advantages such as long fluorescence lifetime, no excited-state absorption, low quantum defect and larger intrinsic laser slope efficiency. Besides, yttrium garnet crystal doping ytterbium ion can especially dope with high concentrations and lower heat generation. In this thesis, a series of different doping concentration of Yb¡GYAG by Czochralski pulling technique are grown and perform some accurate experiments including Raman, IR, XRD and EXAFS in order to make sure the impact effect of doping on the lattice structure. The study includes following ¡]1¡^the effect of different doping Yb3+ from pure YAG to YbAG¡]2¡^the distances of Yb-O, Yb-Al, Yb-Y, Yb-Yb when Yb3+ ions replace Y3+ ions¡]3¡^the changes of absorption energy level in YAG crystal due to different concentrations of Yb3+ ion.