Magister Scientiae - MSc / To improve the adsorption capacity of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres, hydrophilic amidoxime fibres were prepared by subsequent conversion of the cyano groups to an amidoxime group by reacting with hydroxylamine at 80°C at an optimum amidoximation time of 2 hrs. The amidoxime fibre was hydrolyzed/alkali treated in a solution of sodium hydroxide to enhance or improve the adsorption properties. This was followed by characterization of the amidoxime and hydrolyzed fibres using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM); Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and exchange capacity (cationic and anionic). SEM showed that the hydrolysis process made the surface of Amidoxime fibre rougher than that of Polyacrylonitrile fibre. FTIR revealed that the hydrolyzed Amidoxime fibres contained conjugated imine (-C=N-) sequences. Functionalization enhanced the sorption of amidoxime fibres by an increase of 20 % in the cationic exchange capacity. This was achieved by the part conversion of the cyano groups into the carboxylic acid groups. The fibres showed faster kinetics largely due the available exchange sites on the surface of the fibres hence the equilibration was achieved much quicker. / South Africa

Di-2-piridil cetona saliciloilhidrazona (DPKSH) é uma hidrazona que forma compostos de coordenação com diversos íons metálicos. As resinas Amberlite XAD-2 e XAD-7 são polímeros não-iônicos que podem ser usados para a pré-concentração de íons metálicos. A adsorção de DPKSH nessas matrizes poliméricas foi etudada utilizando a espectrofotometria. A quantidade de DPKSH adsorvida nessas resinas foi calculada a partir da diferença entre a concentração inicial a concentração remanescente na solução sobrenadante, após o contato com a fase sólida em diferentes intervalos de tempo. Modelos cinéticos de pseudo-primeira e pseudo-segunda ordens foram aplicados aos dados experimentais coletados no estudo cinético. Outros experimentos realizados com tempo constante, mas variando a concentração inicial de DPKSH, forneceram dados experimentais que foram aplicados a três modelos de isotermas (Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich) e alguns parâmetros termodinâmicos foram calculados para descrever a adsorção. Para a XAD-7, um estudo cinético mais completo foi realizado incluindo concentrações iniciais de DPKSH. A resina XAD-7 modificada com DPKSH foi então utilizada para estudar a retenção de íons Cu(II) usando três sistemas diferentes: (a) espectrofotometria direta; (b) uma coluna de vidro parcialmente preenchida com a resina modificada e (c) usando a técnica de análise por injeção em fluxo (FIA) com uma mini-coluna preenchida com a fase sólida. Finalmente, Cu(II) foi determinado em amostras sintéticas e comerciais de aguardente. / Di-2-pyridyl ketone salicyloylhydrazone (DPKSH) is a hydrazone which forms coordination compounds with several metallic ions. Amberlite XAD-2 and XAD-7 resins are non-ionic polymers which can be used to pre-concentrate metallic ions. Adsorption of DPKSH onto these polymeric matrices was investigated using the spectrophotometry. The amount of DPKSH adsorbed onto the resins was calculated as the difference between the initial concentration and the remained concentration in the supernatant solution, after the contact with the solid phase at different intervals of time. Kinetic models of pseudo-first and -second orders and intra-particle diffusion model were applied on experimental data collected from the kinetic study. Other experiments carried out under a constant time, but changing the initial DPKSH concentration, led to experimental data which were applied to three different isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich) and some thermodynamic parameters were calculated and used to describe the adsorption. For XAD-7 a more complete kinetic study was carried out including different initial concentrations of DPKSH. The resin XAD-7 modified with DPKSH was then applied to study the retention of Cu(II) ions using three differents systems: (a) direct spetrophotometry; (b) a glass column filled with the modified resin and (c) using the flow injection analysis (FIA) with a mini-column partially filled with the solid phase. Finally, Cu(II) was determined in commercial and synthesized samples of sugar cane brandy.

Submitted by Andrea Pereira (andrea.pereira@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-03-10T16:36:46Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Análise da Secagem de Cornichão-Akel FKanaan.pdf: 1613401 bytes, checksum: 62cca34779fa01d06bb57914687636da (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Andrea Pereira (andrea.pereira@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-03-10T16:37:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Análise da Secagem de Cornichão-Akel FKanaan.pdf: 1613401 bytes, checksum: 62cca34779fa01d06bb57914687636da (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T16:37:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Análise da Secagem de Cornichão-Akel FKanaan.pdf: 1613401 bytes, checksum: 62cca34779fa01d06bb57914687636da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-03 / A crescente necessidade da utilização de espécies forrageiras de estação fria na região sul do país vem determinando uma grande demanda por sementes de qualidade. Entre as leguminosas se destaca o cornichão (Lotus corniculatus L.), que é uma leguminosa forrageira oriundo da Europa e da região mediterrânea. Esta leguminosa forrageira tem na versatilidade a sua maior vantagem, visto que apresenta produção de forragem na primavera, no verão e no outono, possui resistência à seca e ao encharcamento temporário do solo e apresenta boa persistência da massa verde. Além disso, as sementes deste tipo de espécie podem ser misturadas com espécies de inverno, o que aumenta o rendimento da matéria seca, dá uma melhor distribuição da forragem ao longo do ano e agrega uma melhora na qualidade das pastagens. Apesar dessas vantagens, as sementes de cornichão comercializadas possuem ainda uma baixa qualidade. Esse fato é decorrente de um sistema de fiscalização ineficiente, associado à dificuldade de produção e beneficiamento do produto. Outro problema que o produtor de sementes desta espécie enfrenta é a dormência tegumentar, isto é, o revestimento da semente (tegumento) é impermeável e não permite que a água necessária para a germinação chegue ao interior da semente. Na literatura, diversos trabalhos têm relatado que cada vez mais há um aumento na demanda de sementes forrageiras em função do melhoramento do campo nativo e das pastagens cultivadas. Diante de um mercado tão promissor, a obtenção de sementes de melhor qualidade ainda apresenta dificuldades que vão desde a fase de produção no campo, onde as sementes são colhidas precocemente em relação ao ponto de maturidade fisiológica devido ao processo de perda natural, até seu beneficiamento, onde o processo de secagem apresenta-se como uma etapa limitante que necessita de uma atenção muito especial para evitar perdas fisiológicas no produto final. De um modo geral, a secagem é definida como a remoção, voluntária ou não, total ou parcial, de uma fase líquida ou gasosa de qualquer material através da transferência de calor e de massa. A secagem tem em sua essência a finalidade de assegurar a conservação de um produto por meio da redução do seu teor de água. No caso de materiais orgânicos, como é o caso de sementes, a redução no teor de água deve ser efetuada até o ponto em que a concentração de açúcares, ácidos, sais e outros componentes, sejam suficientemente elevados para reduzir a atividade de água e inibir, portanto, o desenvolvimento de micro-organismos. Na tecnologia de produção de sementes de alta qualidade a secagem é tida com uma das etapas de maior importância, pois permite a redução do teor de água em níveis adequados para o armazenamento e comercialização (12 a 15 % de umidade), preserva as sementes de alterações físicas e químicas induzidas pelo excesso de umidade, torna possível a manutenção da qualidade inicial durante o armazenamento e possibilita colheitas próximas da maturação fisiológica. Entretanto, o processo de secagem, seja ele qual for, deve acontecer de forma controlada e de maneira uniforme a fim de evitar elevados gradientes de umidade e temperatura no interior do material que podem provocar a perda da qualidade do produto final. De acordo com o que foi exposto, o presente trabalho de mestrado teve como objetivo realizar um estudo sobre o processo de secagem de sementes de cornichão (Lotus corniculatus L.) em um secador de leito fixo com fluxo de ar paralelo. Para alcançar tal objetivo, este trabalho foi dividido nas seguintes etapas: caracterização física e fisiológica das sementes, análise do processo de reumidificação das sementes, estudo das isotermas de dessorção das sementes reumidificadas e avaliação dos efeitos da variação da temperatura, da velocidade do ar e da altura da bandeja sobre a cinética de secagem e qualidade fisiológica do produto final. Os dados experimentais mostraram que os resultados obtidos para a umidade em base úmida das sementes secas ficaram na faixa de 5 % para as secagens realizadas a 60 °C e em aproximadamente 8 % para as secagens realizadas a 40 °C. No que se refere à germinação, os valores encontrados estão na ordem de 44 a 59 % para as secagens realizadas neste estudo. Dentre as secagens, a que obteve o maior valor de germinação, com valor de 59 %, foi a realizada na condição de T = 40 °C, v = 1,0 m/s e h = 1,0 cm. / The growing necessity for the use of cool-season forage species in the southern region of the country has indicated a high demand for quality seeds. Among the legumes, the birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is a forage legume which is originated in Europe and in the Mediterranean region. This versatility in the forage legume has its biggest advantage, since it presents forage production in the spring, summer and autumn, is resistant to drought and temporary waterlogging and shows good persistence of green mass. Furthermore, seeds of such kind can be mixed with winter species, which increases the yield of dry matter, gives a better distribution of the material throughout the year and adds an improvement in the quality of pastures. Despite these advantages, the seeds of birdsfoot marketed still have a poor quality. This fact is a result of an inefficient system of monitoring and difficulties associated to production and processing of the product. Another problem is that the seed producer of this species is facing cutaneous numbness, that is, the seed coat (tegument) is impermeable and does not allow the water, necessary for germination to reache the interior of the seed. In the literature, several studies have reported that there is an increasing demand for an increase in forage seed due to the improvement of native grassland and cultivated pastures. Faced with such a promising market, obtaining better quality seed still presents difficulties ranging from the production phase of the field, where the seeds are harvested early in relation to physiological maturation due to the natural loss process until its processing where the drying process is presented as a limiting step that requires particular attention to avoid losses in physiological final product. In general, drying is defined as the removal voluntary or not, full or partial, of a liquid or gaseous phase of any material by the transfer of heat and mass. Drying has its essence in order to ensure the preservation of a product through reduction of water content. In the case of organic materials, such as seeds, reduction in water content must be performed to the extent that the concentration of sugars, acids, salts and other components are sufficiently high to reduce the water activity and inhibit, therefore, the growth of microorganisms. In the production of high quality seeds the drying technology is seen with one of the most important steps, since it allows reducing the water content suitable for storage and marketing levels (12 to 15% moisture), preserves the seeds from physical changing and chemical induced excess moisture, makes it possible to maintain the initial quality during storage and enables the next harvest physiological maturity. However, the drying process, whatever it may be, should occurs in a controlled and uniform manner in order to avoid high temperature and humidity gradients within the material that could result in loss of quality of the final product. Towards to it, this paper aimed to conduct a study on the drying of seeds of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) in a fixed bed dryer with parallel air flow. To accomplish this goal, this study was divided into the following steps: physical and physiological seed characterization, analysis of rewetting seed process, study of desorption isotherms of the rewetted seeds and evaluation the effects of temperature, air velocity and the height of the tray on the drying kinetics and physiological quality of the final product. The experimental data showed that the results for the dry seeds of UBU were in the range of 5 % to drying carried out at 60 ° C and about 8% to drying carried out at 40 ° C. With regard to seed germination, the values are found in a range of 44 to 59% for the drying carried out in this study. The drying condition whom presented the highest germination value about 59 % was performed on T = 40 ° C, v = 1,0 m/s and h = 1,0 cm.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Na cultura da cana-de-aÃÃcar, por razÃes econÃmicas e ambientais, a queima da palhada, feita para facilitar a colheita e o transporte, vem sendo substituÃda pela colheita mecanizada. Sabe-se que a manutenÃÃo da palhada sobre o solo influencia a dinÃmica da Ãgua, nutrientes e matÃria orgÃnica, mas seus efeitos ainda nÃo sÃo suficientemente conhecidos. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do manejo do solo cultivado com cana-de-aÃÃcar sem a queima prÃvia do canavial para a colheita, comparado com a mata nativa, sobre a matÃria orgÃnica do solo e, por consequÃncia, os efeitos desta sobre o fÃsforo do solo. Para tanto, foram determinados, nas profundidades de 0 â 2,5, 2,5 â 5, 5 â 10 , 10 â 20 e 20 â 30 cm, os teores de carbono orgÃnico total (COT) e particulado (COP) e seus respectivos estoques (EstCOT e EstCOP), a matÃria orgÃnica leve (MOL), fracionada pelo mÃtodo da flotaÃÃo em Ãgua, as concentraÃÃes de fÃsforo orgÃnico e inorgÃnico obtidas atravÃs da extraÃÃo sequencial proposta por Hedley et al.(1982) com modificaÃÃes e a capacidade mÃxima de adsorÃÃo de fÃsforo do solo (CMAP). As amostras de solo para as anÃlises foram coletadas de uma Ãrea sob cultivo de cana-de-aÃÃcar e de uma Ãrea contÃgua sob vegetaÃÃo nativa, ambas localizadas no municÃpio de Paraipaba â CE. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos à anÃlise de variÃncia e comparados entre si pelo Teste de Tukey (p< 0,05) utilizando-se para tanto, o programa estatÃstico Assistat. Os maiores teores de COT e COP foram encontrados na primeira camada da Ãrea de mata. Em profundidade, os teores de COP na Ãrea de cana foram superiores. O EstCOT foi superior na Ãrea de mata, no entanto, o EstCOP foi superior na Ãrea sob cultivo de cana. As maiores concentraÃÃes de MOL foram encontradas nas primeiras camadas da Ãrea cultivada, nÃo diferindo da Ãrea de mata em profundidade. A concentraÃÃo de fÃsforo orgÃnico foi superior a concentraÃÃo de fÃsforo inorgÃnico nas duas Ãreas. Entre as fraÃÃes orgÃnicas obtidas pelo fracionamento de Hedley, a fraÃÃo orgÃnica bicarbonato (Po bic) foi a que obteve maior proporÃÃo em relaÃÃo ao fÃsforo total do solo. Dentre as fraÃÃes inorgÃnicas, a fraÃÃo inorgÃnica hidrÃxido 0,1 (Pi hid 0,1) apresentou-se em maiores concentraÃÃes que as demais. O maior valor de CMAP foi obtido na ultima camada da Ãrea de mata e o menor valor encontrado na primeira camada da Ãrea cultivada. Observou-se correlaÃÃo negativa entre os valores de COP e MOL com os valores de CMAP na Ãrea sob cultivo. Os maiores valores de CMAP foram encontrados nas camadas com menores concentraÃÃes de COP e MOL. Essa tendÃncia nÃo foi observada na Ãrea de mata. No geral, na ultima camada avaliada (20 â 30 cm), nÃo se observou diferenÃas significativas para as caracterÃsticas avaliadas entre as duas Ãreas. Nessa profundidade, a influÃncia do sistema de manejo à mÃnima. / Considering the sugar cane crop, for economic and environmental reasons, the burning of straw, used to facilitate the crop harvest and transportation, has been replaced by mechanical harvesting. It is known that the maintenance of straw on the soil influences the dynamics of water, nutrients and organic matter, but its effects are not yet sufficiently known. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of soil management cultivated with sugar cane without burning the plants prior to harvest, compared with the soil under native forest, on soil organic matter and, consequently, the effect on the phosphorus in the soil profile. To do so, it was determined, at depths from 0 - 2.5, 2.5 - 5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20 - 30 cm, the concentrations of the total organic carbon (TOC) and the particulate organic carbon (POC), as well as their accumulated amounts (EstCOT and EstCOP), light organic matter (LOM), which was fractionated by the method of flotation in water, concentrations of organic and inorganic phosphorus, obtained by sequential extraction proposed by Hedley et al. (1982) with modifications, and soil P maximum adsorption capacity (PMAC). Soil samples for analysis were collected from an area under cultivation of sugar cane and from a contiguous soil area under native vegetation, both located in the municipality of Paraipaba - CE. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and compared by Tukey test (p <0.05), using, for this purpose, the statistical program Assistat. The highest TOC and POC were found in the first soil layer of the forest area. At depth, the concentrations of COP in the area of sugar cane crop were higher. The EstCOT was higher in the forest, however, it was also higher in EstCOP in the area under sugar cane cultivation. The highest concentrations of MOL were found in the first soil layers of the sugar cane cultivated area, but not differing from the soil forest area in depth. The concentration of organic phosphorus was higher than the concentration of inorganic phosphorus in the two areas. Among the organic fractions, obtained by fractionation of Hedley method, the organic bicarbonate fraction P (bic Po) was proportionally the highest one present in the total soil phosphorus. Among the inorganic, the 0.1 hydroxide inorganic P fraction (Pi hid 0.1) appeared in higher concentrations than the others. The highest value of PMAC was obtained in the deepest soil layer of the forest area and the lowest PMAC value was found in the first soil layer of the sugar cane cultivated area. There was negative correlation between the values of both COP and MOL with CMAP values in the area under cane cultivation. The highest values of CMAP were found in layers with lower concentrations of COP and MOL. This trend was not observed in the forested area. Considering the deepest soil layer evaluated (20-30 cm) for the two soil areas, it was found no significant differences for the evaluated characteristics between the two areas. At this soil layer, the influence of the management system was almost null.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-09-24T14:14:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Reis, Pamela Cristina de Sousa Guardiano.pdf: 1296512 bytes, checksum: 257e678ee16ea253856f4f88bba00934 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cláudia Bueno (claudiamoura18@gmail.com) on 2014-09-25T11:39:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Reis, Pamela Cristina de Sousa Guardiano.pdf: 1296512 bytes, checksum: 257e678ee16ea253856f4f88bba00934 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-25T11:39:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Reis, Pamela Cristina de Sousa Guardiano.pdf: 1296512 bytes, checksum: 257e678ee16ea253856f4f88bba00934 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to develop general microcapsules containing turmeric oleoresin and cluster derived from turmeric suspended in canola oil from concentrated whey protein, encapsulating material, and evaluate their antimicrobial activity. Turmeric gained fresh in the municipality of Mara Rosa underwent slicing and dehydration in an oven with air circulation. Obtained as a powder after successive washes with ethanol generated containing the ethanol extract of turmeric oleoresin which was rotaevaporado generating the turmeric oleoresin. This extract was subjected to vacuum filtration in order to remove solid fractions, and this filtration gave a cluster of turmeric. Both the extract containing oleoresin such as agglomerated product obtained by filtration were suspended in canola oil and used as core material for developing microcapsules. The microcapsules obtained had good sphericity concluding that the protein concentrate of whey was a good encapsulating material to the core studied. The microcapsules and free oleoresin extract were taken for analysis of antibacterial activity using agar diffusion test and found that the extract of turmeric oleoresin can be regarded as a potential antimicrobial agent, none of the microcapsules showed antimicrobial activity against fungus, but against the bacteria showed bacteriostatic action. We evaluated the behavior of the microcapsules determining their sorption isotherms, thermal stability and glass transition temperature. Before the study concluded that: the microcapsules oleoresin showed good thermal stability at temperatures that did not exceed 225 ° C, while the turmeric powder had good stability under temperatures slightly higher, up to 250 ° C, and these results do not conclusive, necessitating characterization studies of the patterns. / Este trabalho teve por objetivo geral desenvolver microcápsulas contendo oleorresina de cúrcuma e aglomerado derivado da cúrcuma suspensos em óleo de canola, a partir de concentrado de proteína do soro do leite, material encapsulante, e avaliar a sua atividade antimicrobiana. Cúrcuma in natura adquirida no município de Mara Rosa foi submetida a fatiamento e desidratação em estufa com circulação de ar. Obteve-se um pó que, após sucessivas lavagens com etanol gerou o extrato etanólico contendo oleorresina de cúrcuma que foi rotaevaporado gerando a oleorresina de cúrcuma. Esse extrato foi submetido a uma filtração a vácuo, a fim de se retirar frações sólidas, e obteve-se dessa filtração um aglomerado de cúrcuma. Tanto o extrato contendo oleorresina quanto esse produto aglomerado obtido pela filtração foram suspensos em óleo de canola e utilizados como material de recheio para desenvolvimento de microcápsulas. As microcápsulas obtidas apresentaram boa esfericidade concluindo que o concentrado proteico do soro de leite constituiu um bom material encapsulante para o núcleo estudado. As microcápsulas e o extrato de oleorresina livre foram levados para análise de atividade antibacteriana através de teste de difusão em ágar e concluiu-se que o extrato de oleorresina de cúrcuma pode ser tido como um agente antimicrobiano em potencial; nenhuma das microcápsulas apresentou ação antimicrobiana contra o fungo, mas contra a bactéria apresentaram ação bacteriostática. Foi avaliado também o comportamento das microcápsulas determinando suas isotermas de sorção, estabilidade térmica e temperatura de transição vítrea. Diante do estudo concluiu-se que: as microcápsulas de oleorresina apresentaram boa estabilidade térmica sob temperaturas que não ultrapassassem 225°C; enquanto que as de aglomerado de cúrcuma apresentaram boa estabilidade sob temperaturas um pouco maiores, até 250°C, sendo estes resultados não conclusivos, necessitando-se de estudos de caracterização dos padrões.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:36:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_Diss_Leonardo_StreyProt.pdf: 1886831 bytes, checksum: f0eb61d130d6fa0e5a0fa7362ee15fa8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work proposes the use of the bark of Pinus elliottii, a residue of wood processing, as biosorbent in the removal of metal ions Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cr3+solutions fortified, as an alternative to conventional treatment methods, such as precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment, flocculation and filtration. The biosorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and point of zero charge (pHPCZ). Adsorption tests were performed aiming to determine the optimal conditions of pH, mass of adsorbent and contact time for the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics was evaluated by pseudofirst and pseudosecond order models, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion. Adsorption isotherms for each metal were constructed, which were linearized according to mathematical models of Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin-Radusckevich. To compare this biosorbent with a commercial adsorbent, comparative studies with activated charcoal were performed . Furthermore, we evaluated the ability of desorption of materials and the influence of temperature on adsorption of metals studied by pine bark. The characterization of the biosorbent by SEM showed a rough and heterogeneous surface, important adsorption characteristics. From the FT-IR was identified compounds such as lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, which favor the adsorption process. The pHPZC obtained was 3.5. The mass tests showed that 8 g L-1 biosorbent are sufficient for efficient removal of metal ions in solution. From the tests of pH, optimum conditions were obtained: 7.0 for Cd and 5.0 to Pb and Cr. The equilibrium time for adsorptive process were 40, 20 and 80 min for Cd, Pb and Cr, respectively. With the application of kinetic models is possible to suggest that the main limiting step for adsorption of these metal ions may be the chemisorption. The mathematical models that best fitted for the adsorption pine bark were Dubinin-Radushkevich for Cd, Freundlich for Pb, and Langmuir and Freundlich for Cr. The increase in temperature increased removal efficiency and, furthermore, with the thermodynamic parameters, it was found that the adsorption process is controlled by chemisorption. Desorption values were low, indicating a strong interaction of the metal with the surface of the adsorbent. In comparative studies with activated coal its possible to concluded that, despite the bark of Pinus elliottii present an adsorption efficiency less than this, the same satisfactory results of adsorption and removal of metal ions present in solutions fortified. Thus, it is concluded that the use of the bark of Pinus elliottii as biosorbents showed a promising alternative for the decontamination of contaminated water bodies by metal ions Cd, Pb and Cr / O presente trabalho propõe a utilização da casca de Pinus elliottii, um resíduo do beneficiamento da madeira, como biossorvente na remoção dos íons metálicos Cd2+, Pb2+ e Cr3+ de meio aquoso, como alternativa aos métodos convencionais de tratamento, como a precipitação, troca iônica, tratamento eletroquímico, floculação e filtração. O biossorvente foi caracterizado por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FT-IR) e ponto de carga zero (pHPCZ). Após a caracterização foram realizados testes de adsorção objetivando determinar as condições ideais de pH, massa de adsorvente e tempo de contato para o processo de adsorção. A cinética de adsorção foi avaliada pelos modelos de pseudoprimeira ordem, pseudossegunda ordem, Elovich e difusão intrapartícula. Foram construídas as isotermas de adsorção para cada metal, as quais foram linearizadas conforme os modelos matemáticos de Langmuir, Freundlich e Dubinin-Radusckevich. Visando comparar este biossorvente com um adsorvente comercial, foram realizados estudos comparativos com o carvão ativado. Além disso, foram avaliados a capacidade de dessorção dos materiais e a influência da temperatura no processo de adsorção dos metais em estudo pela casca de pinus. A caracterização do biossorvente por meio da técnica de MEV mostrou uma superfície irregular e heterogênea, importantes características de adsorção. A partir da FT-IR foi possível identificar grupos funcionais comuns a estrutura da lignina, celulose e hemicelulose, os quais favorecem o processo de adsorção. O pHPCZ obtido foi de 3,5. Os testes de massa demonstraram que 8 g L-1 do biossorvente são suficientes para uma remoção eficiente dos íons metálicos em solução. A partir dos testes de pH, as condições ideais obtidas foram: 7,0 para Cd e, 5,0 para Pb e Cr. Os tempos de equilíbrio para o processo adsortivo foram 40, 20 e 80 min, para Cd, Pb e Cr, respectivamente. Com a aplicação dos modelos cinéticos sugere-se que a etapa limitante para a adsorção destes íons metálicos pode ser a quimiossorção. Os modelos matemáticos que melhor se ajustaram para a adsorção em casca de pinus foram Dubinin-Radushkevich para o Cd, Freundlich para Pb e, Langmuir e Freundlich para o Cr. O incremento na temperatura aumentou eficiência de remoção e, além disso, com os parâmetros termodinâmicos, concluiu-se que o processo de adsorção é controlado pela quimissorção. Os valores de dessorção foram baixos, indicando uma forte interação dos metais com a superfície do adsorvente. Com os estudos comparativos com o carvão ativado foi possível concluir que apesar da casca de Pinus elliottii apresentar uma eficiência de adsorção menor que este, a mesma apresentou resultados satisfatórios de adsorção e remoção dos íons metálicos presentes nas soluções fortificadas. Assim, conclui-se que a utilização da casca de Pinus elliottii como biossorvente mostrou-se uma alternativa promissora para descontaminação de corpos hídricos contaminados pelos íons metálicos Cd, Pb e Cr

water sorption isotherms of destoned and ground saiadey Jaul type dates were obtained at 30,40.50 C.using the gravimetric methods.Data were analyzed by applying the GAB,BAT ,Smith,Iglesias and Chrife,Halsey ,Henderson and Oswin Models.Isosteric heat of sorption value was calculated using the Clausius-Clapeyron Equation and tried to be as afunction of moisture content of dates. It was found that the experimental data fitted well to ,smith ,I glesias and Chirife ,Halsey, Henderson and Oswin equation, which are suitable for high sugar foods.Isosteric heat of sorption for dates varied from 0,9 to - 1,84 KJ/mol as moisture content changed from 11,0 to 18,0%.

In this study binary and ternary ion exchange on Zeolite NaA using silver and cadmium ions were investigated. Ion exchange were conducted at constant temperature (25oC) and normality (0.1N) in a batch system for both binary and ternary experiments. Zeolite weights were varied between 0.1 and 1 g for binary experiments. Thermodynamic analysis of binary ion exchange between Cd2+-Na+ and Ag+-Na+ were examined and thermodynamic equilibrium constant and Gibbs free energy were calculated. Thermodynamic equilibrium constants were found as respectively 28.2 and 300.4 for Cd2+-Na+ and Ag+-Na+ binary system. Standart free energy of Cd2+-Na+ and Ag+-Na+ binary exchange were calculated as -4.1 kJ/mol and -14.1 kJ/mol respectively. In literature Ay (2008) calculated the Gibbs free energy for Ag+-Na+ binary system as -14.4 kJ/mol and Biskup and Subotic (2010) and Gal et al. (1970) calculated the Gibbs free energy for Cd2+-Na+ binary system as -3.7 kJ/mol and -4.4 kJ/mol respectively. It is concluded Zeolite 4A has higher affinity to silver than cadmium and selectivity sequence was found as / Ag+&gt / Cd2+&gt / Na+. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were drawn to describe experimental data. As compared the R2 of isotherms, it is clearly seen that Freundlich isotherm provides better fit for Cd2+-Na+ binary ion exchange and Ag+-Na+ binary ion exchange. The ternary ion exchange isotherms were plotted using equivalent fraction of three ions (Ag+,Na+,Cd2+) which participated in ion exchange experiments to determine selectivity of zeolite 4A for cadmium and silver. Selectivity sequence was determined as Ag+ &gt / Cd2+ &gt / Na+ for ternary ion exchange.

Nano-cellulose fibers/suspension has very high viscosity, its viscosity has to be lower before it can be applied in the paper coating recipe. For this purpose the adsorption behaviour of polyvinyl alcohol on nano-cellulose fibers were investigated using method developed by Zwick in 1960, based on the formation of PVA-iodide blue complex in the presence of boric acid. The experiments showed that the maximum adsorbed amount i.e. 0.13 g PVA/g NFC was obtained in a dispersion with 0.2 % PVA concentration. It should be possible to further increase the PVA adsorption as the adsorbed amount didn’t reach a saturation point where the PVA adsorption attained a constant value. It was also found that adsorption of PVA on NFC is time dependent. The absorbance measurement after four days of mixing PVA/NFC suspension showed only partially adsorption of PVA on nano-cellulose surface.  An equilibrium time of 10-13 days was needed for PVA to fully adsorb on nano-cellulose fibers surface. Another important observation was that PVA adsorption also depends on the concentration of nano-cellulose fibers. A lower concentration of NFC easily allows PVA to adsorb on its surface, as compared to higher NFC concentration. An important finding during the methodology development was the method to get rid of formation of flocs in the blue iodide complex solution; by slowly addition of reactants, especially the KI/I2 solution under continuous stirring around 60oC the tendency to flocs formation was suppressed.

Carbonaceous engine deposits tend to accumulate on most of the inner surfaces of the car engine. The presence of these deposits leads to a deteriorated efficiency of the engine and a number of adverse effects, such as higher propensity of the engine to knock. It has been proposed that selective adsorption of some of the fuel components in the porous deposits (and changing composition of the pre-combustion fuel) could be a contributing mechanism of the diminished efficiency of the engine. This, as well as other mechanisms of the deposits action, crucially depend on the porous structure of the material. Therefore, the aim of this investigation is to develop a method, which is able to accurately characterize the internal porous structure of the engine deposits and predict their adsorption properties at different conditions. This should allow us to assess whether the selective adsorption of fuel components is indeed a plausible contributing mechanism to the diminished performance of the engine. Accurate characterization of the engine deposits faces several difficulties due to their complex porous structure and chemical composition. A widely adopted approach in the characterization of activated carbons, which combines molecular simulation, specifically grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) in slit pores, and experimental adsorption isotherms, is the starting point for the method suggested in this work. In this thesis, we will demonstrate that, by systematic modification of the solid-fluid interaction in the molecular simulation, we are able to correctly account for the chemical structural heterogeneity of the samples used. The new parameters of solid-fluid interaction allow us to extract representative pore size distributions and investigate the adsorption properties under different conditions of temperature and pressure, based on the obtained pore size distribution. Specifically, using the experimental data from a single ethane isotherm at 278K we accurately predict ethane adsorption at other temperatures and in different samples. Additionally, the proposed method is able to predict the adsorption of more complex hydrocarbons, i.e. n-butane and isobutane. The performance of the method is assessed by comparing the simulations results with the experimental adsorption measurements data on the engine deposits samples. Another important capability of the method is that it enables us to generate adsorption predictions of two key components commonly used to represent the combustion properties of the fuel, n-heptane and isooctane. We explore the equilibrium adsorption properties of these components based on the determined pore size distributions of the deposit samples. The results presented in the thesis highlight the importance of the adsorption in the internal porous structure of the engine deposits. The present study reinforces the value of molecular simulation combined with a limited number of experimental measurements, to accurately characterize heterogeneous carbonaceous materials and to make predictions at different conditions with sufficient precision.