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<p>The subject matter of this dissertation is a study of the earliest Israelite religion; it is based on a careful examination of the Song of the Sea, which is one of the oldest extant sources for this period in the Old Testament. The evidence was valuable in showing the monolithic character of the concept of god, the nature of the people of go god, and the concept of the activity of god in the sphere of history at this early stage in Israelite religion. The view that early Israelite religion was at a gorminal stage of development in the early period was shown to be insufficient; the Song gives evidence of a highly creative period in Israelite religious thought.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Scholarship on the onomastics of the ancient Near East typically evaluates a single text corpus or collection of names from a specific region, with a focus on names of a variety of linguistic origins from either alphabetic or cuneiform source material. This dissertation serves as a compilation of Aramaic names from both alphabetic and cuneiform sources geographically delimited to Syria, Mesopotamia, and the Levant (excluding Egypt and Anatolia) during the first half of the first millennium BCE. The product of a methodic evaluation of ancient Near Eastern texts and inscriptions, utilizing both linguistic and conceptual criteria in its selection, this compilation of names is analyzed according to the established taxonomic systems that have been developed in the study of Hebrew, Akkadian, and other Semitic names throughout the 20th century and into the 21st century. Additional analyses in this volume include a comparative anthroponomy, a study of theophoric elements, an overview of names based on their morphological features, and various explorations of the elements found within them. Ultimately, this study serves to catalog the individuals with Aramaic names leading up to the time when Aramaic was the lingua franca of the greater ancient Near East, / 2021-09-07T00:00:00Z

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Celio Silva.pdf: 845511 bytes, checksum: e388cb67317172a187cbedf784344d3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The thesis is divided into three chapters: in the first one, the form and setting of Hosea 4,4-19 are studied; in the second chapter its interpretation is made and in the third one, other texts extracted from the book of Hosea are analysed, which corroborate the thesis presented from the analysis of Hosea 4,4-19, that was made in the two previous chapters. The study of Hosea avails the old prophet to speak again and we can hear him to say to his situation, as an Israelite and to represent his brothers and sisters in their hardships in Israel in the 8th century B. C. The passage chosen to be analysed shows many aspects of that life, characterized by declarations, expressions and vivid images, as to make a picture for his everyday life. And here it is the main point of the reflections about the biblical passage: an everyday life condemned by the prophet, in name of Yahweh, that covers the abuse of people through its glamour, justifications and even religion. The prophet does not condemn the Israelites, neither the women (4,13-14), but the lords of the power , which groups the priests used to belong to, for they abandoned their responsabilities in favour of people of Yahweh and followed their own interests, despite that people s losses. Reinforcing his accusations (and lamentations, vv.6 and 11), Hosea uses, metaphorically, terms as the Hebrew root hnz znh and derived words, which are understood in this thesis as being or becoming independent , for those people who dominate in the country have proceeded autonomously, far away from the Yawistic traditions which are based on true knowledge (tu^D^ da at) and instruction (hr*oT torah) of god, that can be noticed in the practice of the right (fP*v=m! mispat) and the solidarity (ds#j# hesed). Hosea neither unmask idolatric rituals with the intention of preserving religious ideas, nor concerns about practices, even those belonging to prostitution, for moralistic issues. He protests against the reality of a life condemned to be smashed by groups that, showing themselves so religious, have become, in practice, independent from Yahweh of exodus, Yahweh of poor people. / A tese divide-se em três capítulos: no primeiro, estudam-se a forma e o lugar de Oseias 4,4-19; no segundo, os conteúdos da passagem bíblica em foco; e, no terceiro capítulo, abordam-se outros textos do livro de Oseias que corroborem com a tese apresentada a partir da análise de Oseias 4,4-19, feita nos capítulos anteriores. Estudar Oseias é abrir possibilidade de dar voz, novamente, ao antigo profeta e ouvir-lhe falar para a sua situação de israelita e representar seus irmãos na dura realidade da vida em Israel no século 8º a. C. O trecho selecionado para estudo apresenta muitos aspectos dessa vida, caracterizada por declarações, expressões e imagens vívidas, como a montar um quadro do seu cotidiano. E aqui reside o ponto nevrálgico das reflexões sobre a passagem bíblica: um cotidiano condenado pelo profeta, em nome de Javé, por encobrir, por meio de suas aparências e justificativas, o abuso de pessoas, até mediante a religião. O profeta não condena os israelitas, tampouco as mulheres (4,13-14), mas os senhores do poder , dentre os quais estão os sacerdotes, por deixarem suas responsabilidades em favor do povo de Javé para seguirem seus próprios interesses, a custa desse mesmo povo. Para reforçar suas acusações (e lamentações, vv.6 e 11), Oseias se utiliza, metaforicamente, de termos como a raiz hebraica hnz znh e palavras derivadas, a qual é entendida nesta tese como ser ou tornar-se independente , pois aqueles que mandam no país, têm procedido de maneira autônoma, longe das tradições javistas pautadas no verdadeiro conhecimento (tu^D^ da at) e na instrução (hr*oT torah) de deus, que podem ser percebidos na prática do direito (fP*v=m! mispat) e da solidariedade (ds#j# hesed). Oseias não pretende desmascarar cultos idolátricos pela simples preocupação de preservar ideias religiosas, e nem se preocupa com práticas, mesmo as de prostituição, por questões moralistas. Ele protesta contra a realidade de uma vida condenada ao esmagamento por grupos que, mostrando-se tão religiosos, tornaram-se, de fato, independentes do Javé do êxodo, do Javé dos pobres.

Text in Afrikaans / Die proefskrif ondersoek die funksie van fonteine en putte in die religie van ou Israel. Die religie van die Hebreeuse Bybel word tradisioneel beskryf as 'n historiese religie waarin Jahwe, die god van Israel, fundamenteel gemoeid is met die verlossing van sy volk in die gang van die geskiedenis, terwyl die wêreld van die natuur van marginale belang is. Dit is egter duidelik dat die natuur in die vorm van haar grondwaterbronne 'n belangrike rol in ou Israel se leefwerêld gespeel het, nie alleen as lewegewende bronne in die droē fisiese Palestynse landskap nie, maar ook in hulle narratiewe en simboliese wêrelde. Fonteine en putte was kultiese plekke en heilige ruimtes waar teofanieē plaasgevind het, konings gekroon is, regsgedinge gevoer is, voorvadergeeste opgeroep is en die nageslag van ou Israel verseker is toe die voorvaders hulle toekomstige bruide by putte ontmoet het. Deur middel van die ou Nabye Oosterse ikonografie as hulpwetenskap in die interpretasieproses, is gevind dat die rede vir die sakrale waarde wat aan die waterbronne geheg is, opgesluit is in ou Israel se kosmologie wat hulle met hulle mitologies-gesinde en natuurvererende bure gedeel het. Daarvolgens ontspring fonteine uit die kosmiese onderaardse oeroseaan om lewe en vrugbaarheid te bring aan alles wat lewe. Die beeld het daartoe aanleiding gegee dat fonteine en putte metafories vir vroulike seksualiteit en vrugbaarheid gedien het. Die waterbronne tree ook as draers van hoop op. In verhale oor die wonderbaarlike ontstaan van fonteine in die wildernis deur lewensonderhoud aan die Israetiete tydens hulle woestynomswerwinge te voorsien. Ons kan met sekerheid aanneem dat ou Israel hulle watergate as lokaliteite van integrasie, sin en orde teen die aanslae van die chaosmagte ervaar het. Deur die eeue het die mensdom nagedink oor eksistensiele kwessles soos lewe en dood, vrugbaarheid en steriliteit, die redes vir rampe en oor wat die toekoms inhou. Dit is ten diepste religieuse vrae wat die vervloe bybelskrywers vir hulle tyd en omstandighede aangespreek het deur 'n refigurasie van Palestina se waterbronne. Grondliggend aan hierdie studie as 'n herevaluering van die natuur in die Hebreeuse Bybel om menslike wesens as deel van die natuur op te stel en nie as staande bo die natuur nie. / The dissertation investigates the function of springs and wells in the religion of ancient Israel. The religion of the Hebrew Bible has traditionally been descibed as a historical religion in which Yahweh, the god of Israel, was fundamentally concerned with the salvation of Yahweh's people In history in which the world of nature is of marginal interest. However, it is evident that nature in the form of its groundwater sources played an important role, not only as life giving sources in the arid physical environment of Palestine, but also in their narrative and symbolic worlds. Springs and wells served as cultic centres and sacred places where theophanies took place, kings were crowned, lawsuits conducted, ancestral spirits conjured up and the future progeny of Israel was ensured when patriarchs betrothed their future brides at wells. By means of ancient Near Eastern iconography as an interpretation aid, this study finds the reason for the sacred value attributed to groundwater sources in the cosmology of ancient Israel which she shared with her mythically-minded and nature-worshipping neighbours. Springs were believed to arise from the cosmic subterranean ooean to bring life and fertility to all living things. This image caused springs and wells to serve as metaphor of female sexuality and fertility. They also act as agents of hope in stories of miraculous springs in the desert which provide sustenance during the Israelites' desert wanderings. We can safely conclude that ancient Israel experienced their springs and wells as localities of integration, meaning and order amidst the threatening forces of chaos. Through the ages humankind reflected on existential questions regarding life and death, fertility and sterility, the reasons for disasters and what the future holds. These are profoundly religious questions addressed by the biblical authors for their time and circumstances by implementing a refiguration of the groundwater sources of Palestine. Ultimately this study serves to re-evaluate nature in the Hebrew Bible and to construe human beings not as standing above nature, but as part of nature. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

Text in Afrikaans / Die proefskrif ondersoek die funksie van fonteine en putte in die religie van ou Israel. Die religie van die Hebreeuse Bybel word tradisioneel beskryf as 'n historiese religie waarin Jahwe, die god van Israel, fundamenteel gemoeid is met die verlossing van sy volk in die gang van die geskiedenis, terwyl die wêreld van die natuur van marginale belang is. Dit is egter duidelik dat die natuur in die vorm van haar grondwaterbronne 'n belangrike rol in ou Israel se leefwerêld gespeel het, nie alleen as lewegewende bronne in die droē fisiese Palestynse landskap nie, maar ook in hulle narratiewe en simboliese wêrelde. Fonteine en putte was kultiese plekke en heilige ruimtes waar teofanieē plaasgevind het, konings gekroon is, regsgedinge gevoer is, voorvadergeeste opgeroep is en die nageslag van ou Israel verseker is toe die voorvaders hulle toekomstige bruide by putte ontmoet het. Deur middel van die ou Nabye Oosterse ikonografie as hulpwetenskap in die interpretasieproses, is gevind dat die rede vir die sakrale waarde wat aan die waterbronne geheg is, opgesluit is in ou Israel se kosmologie wat hulle met hulle mitologies-gesinde en natuurvererende bure gedeel het. Daarvolgens ontspring fonteine uit die kosmiese onderaardse oeroseaan om lewe en vrugbaarheid te bring aan alles wat lewe. Die beeld het daartoe aanleiding gegee dat fonteine en putte metafories vir vroulike seksualiteit en vrugbaarheid gedien het. Die waterbronne tree ook as draers van hoop op. In verhale oor die wonderbaarlike ontstaan van fonteine in die wildernis deur lewensonderhoud aan die Israetiete tydens hulle woestynomswerwinge te voorsien. Ons kan met sekerheid aanneem dat ou Israel hulle watergate as lokaliteite van integrasie, sin en orde teen die aanslae van die chaosmagte ervaar het. Deur die eeue het die mensdom nagedink oor eksistensiele kwessles soos lewe en dood, vrugbaarheid en steriliteit, die redes vir rampe en oor wat die toekoms inhou. Dit is ten diepste religieuse vrae wat die vervloe bybelskrywers vir hulle tyd en omstandighede aangespreek het deur 'n refigurasie van Palestina se waterbronne. Grondliggend aan hierdie studie as 'n herevaluering van die natuur in die Hebreeuse Bybel om menslike wesens as deel van die natuur op te stel en nie as staande bo die natuur nie. / The dissertation investigates the function of springs and wells in the religion of ancient Israel. The religion of the Hebrew Bible has traditionally been descibed as a historical religion in which Yahweh, the god of Israel, was fundamentally concerned with the salvation of Yahweh's people In history in which the world of nature is of marginal interest. However, it is evident that nature in the form of its groundwater sources played an important role, not only as life giving sources in the arid physical environment of Palestine, but also in their narrative and symbolic worlds. Springs and wells served as cultic centres and sacred places where theophanies took place, kings were crowned, lawsuits conducted, ancestral spirits conjured up and the future progeny of Israel was ensured when patriarchs betrothed their future brides at wells. By means of ancient Near Eastern iconography as an interpretation aid, this study finds the reason for the sacred value attributed to groundwater sources in the cosmology of ancient Israel which she shared with her mythically-minded and nature-worshipping neighbours. Springs were believed to arise from the cosmic subterranean ooean to bring life and fertility to all living things. This image caused springs and wells to serve as metaphor of female sexuality and fertility. They also act as agents of hope in stories of miraculous springs in the desert which provide sustenance during the Israelites' desert wanderings. We can safely conclude that ancient Israel experienced their springs and wells as localities of integration, meaning and order amidst the threatening forces of chaos. Through the ages humankind reflected on existential questions regarding life and death, fertility and sterility, the reasons for disasters and what the future holds. These are profoundly religious questions addressed by the biblical authors for their time and circumstances by implementing a refiguration of the groundwater sources of Palestine. Ultimately this study serves to re-evaluate nature in the Hebrew Bible and to construe human beings not as standing above nature, but as part of nature. / Religious Studies and Arabic / D. Litt. et Phil. (Religious Studies)

From Ancient Near Eastern texts, the Bible and archaeological artefacts, we are able to glimpse an over arching belief in a feminine deity. During the occupation of the Temple Mount by the Knights Templars, earlier traditions were ”re-discovered” and accepted as a de facto tradition. William St Clair at the threshold of the Renaissance, mindful of the danger of heresy, was intellectually able to bring together many traditions into a broad Biblically-based theology that recognised the early Israelite traditions as the foundation of Christian belief. All this is evident in Rosslyn Chapel. / OLD TESTAMENT & ANCIENT NE / MA (BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY)

From Ancient Near Eastern texts, the Bible and archaeological artefacts, we are able to glimpse an over arching belief in a feminine deity. During the occupation of the Temple Mount by the Knights Templars, earlier traditions were ”re-discovered” and accepted as a de facto tradition. William St Clair at the threshold of the Renaissance, mindful of the danger of heresy, was intellectually able to bring together many traditions into a broad Biblically-based theology that recognised the early Israelite traditions as the foundation of Christian belief. All this is evident in Rosslyn Chapel. / OLD TESTAMENT and ANCIENT NE / MA (BIBLICAL ARCHAEOLOGY)