Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med studien var att undersöka niondeklassares upplevelse av den psykosociala arbetsmiljön i skolan utifrån parametrarna krav, kontroll och socialt stöd.  De frågeställningar vi vill besvara var: Vilken grad av krav, kontroll och socialt stöd upplever elever i skolan? Vilka eventuella könsskillnader framkommer i upplevd grad av krav, kontroll och socialt stöd?, Hur fördelar sig elever i krav- kontroll- stöd-modellen? samt Vilka eventuella könsskillnader framkommer i krav-kontroll-stödmodellen? Metod: Studien utgick ifrån Krav-kontroll-stöd-modellen. En färdigutvecklad enkät, Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) utformad för den valda teorin användes. Totalt medverkade 327 elever fördelade på sex skolor i Stockholms kommun. Resultatet sammanställdes och bearbetades i SPSS. T-test och Chi Square användes för jämförelsen mellan pojkar och flickor.   Resultat: Nittioen procent av eleverna upplever att de har låg kontroll och 34 % av eleverna upplever att de har höga krav i skolan. Faktorn socialt stöd upplevs som hög av majoriteten av eleverna (84 %). En jämförelse mellan pojkar och flickor visade att flickor upplever högre grad av krav och socialt stöd än pojkar. Inga signifikanta könsskillnader återfanns i graden av kontroll. Resultatet visar att en majoritet av eleverna (61 %) hamnar inom ramen för den passiva arbetssituationen. En mindre andel av eleverna upplever arbetssituationen som spänd (30 %), medan endast ett fåtal elever placerades i den aktiva rutan (3 %) eller i den anspända rutan (6 %) i modellen. De könsskillnader som framkom i modellen var att fler flickor än pojkar var spända, medan fler pojkar än flickor tenderade att vara passiva. Slutsats: Av de medverkande eleverna i årskurs nio upplever flertalet en passiv arbetsmiljö i skolan och anser sig således ha låg kontroll och låga krav. För att förbättra elevers arbetssituation i skolan bör, enligt denna studie, faktorn kontroll ses över. / Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study was to analyze ninth graders experience of the psychosocial work environment in school by the parameters demand, control and social support. The questions we wanted to answer was: What level of demand, control and social support does the students experience in school? What possible gender differences emerge in the perceived level of demands, control and social support?, How are the student's divided in correlation within the demand-control-support-model? and What possible gender differences emerge in the demand-control-support model? Method: The study was based on the demand-control-support model. A already developed questionnaire, Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), designed for the selected theory was used. A total of 327 students in six schools in Stockholm municipality participated in the study. The results were analyzed in SPSS. A T-test and a Chi Square were used to compare boys and girls. Results: Ninety-one percent of the students experienced a low control, and 34% of students experienced high demands in school. The social support factor is perceived as high by the majority of students (84 %). A comparison between girls and boys showed that girls experience greater demands and social support than boys. No significant sex differences were found in the degree of control. The results also showed that a majority of students (61 %) can be placed within the passive work situation. A smaller percentage of students experienced the work situation as high-strain (30 %), while only a few students were placed in the active box (3 %) or in the low-strain box (6 %) in the model. Possible sex differences emerged in the model was that more girls than boys experienced the work situation as high-strain, while more boys than girls experienced the work situation as passive. Conclusion: The participating students experienced a passive work situation in school and consider themselves to have low control and low demands. To improve students work situation in school, the degree of control, according to this study, needs further investigations.

Job Crafting (JC) är en teori om hur anställda aktivt formar sina jobb. I denna tvärsnittsstudie undersöktes hur 530 anställda och chefer i svensk och spansk äldreomsorg skattade JC. Syftet var att undersöka hur land, position och JC kunde predicera psykisk hälsa och vårdkvalitet. JC mättes med Job Crafting Questionnaire, JCQ. Variablernas relation analyserades med multipel hierarkisk regressionsanalys. Huvudresultaten visade att variabelmodellen i viss mån predicerade psykisk hälsa och vårdkvalitet. Land gav högst grad av utfall. De svenska skattningarna visade lägre psykisk hälsa och vårdkvalitet än de spanska. Fler studier kan ge förståelse skillnaderna mellan länderna som framkom. För kunskap om JC behövs longitudinella studier av både kvalitativ och kvantitativ art. Det kan visa sätt att hantera europeisk äldreomsorgs framtida rekryteringsbehov och arbetsvillkor.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-15T13:31:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao de Kionna Oliveira versao PDF.pdf: 1801004 bytes, checksum: 416418b72e9ce91090c13cc2f37adee1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-21 / The assessment of the research instrument performance used in the occupational health is of fundamental importance in order to cautiously specify, the trustworthiness of the commonly found situations in work environments. The validation of an instrument has the purpose of verifying whether the mensuration carried out consistently measures what the instrument intends to measure.Nevertheless, to be regarded as a valid one, an instrument must also be reliable,which means that its reliability is required, yet it is not enough for its validity status.This current study of validation has been aimed for assessing the fulfillment of two questionnaires: the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ), and the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), which were used in the evaluation of labor psychosocial aspects and in the workers mental health respectively. The accomplished research has involved five studies which differed in selected occupations. The analysis was done in two stages; in the first, the evaluation of the SRQ-20 was carried out by examining the ROC curve, factor analysis of tetracoric correlations, multiple correspondence analysis, the internal consistency was evaluated by the formula of Kuder-Richardson (KD-20); in the second stage, the JCQ performance was assessed, in which it has been used statistical procedures such as factor analysis with the extraction method of main components and VARIMAX rotation and calculus of Cronbach s Alpha. The results showed satisfactory indicators of performance for both appraised instruments. The SRQ-20 evaluation revealed the extraction of four factors confirmed by the graphic of the analysis of multiple correspondences, the instrument showed reasonable internal consistency among the scales, the questionnaire performance was satisfactory since it identified symptoms and correctly classified subjects about the suspicion of usual mental disturbs. In general,the JCQ revealed adequacy of its scales to the theoretical model proposed by Karasek, acceptable internal consistency among scales. The good performance of the instruments evaluated in this study showed that these instruments satisfactorily assess what it is intended to be measured and can contribute towards building of indicators of occupational health and efficient policies for the working class. / Scanear

The growth of a country's economy is highly dependent on the levels of skills available in that country. South Africa has a stark shortage of skilled individuals due to an inadequate and failing education system (Horwitz, 2013). As a response to this problem the South African government actively incentivises organisations to develop the skillset of their employees in order to build a strong economy, improve job creation and promote social development (Department of Higher Education and Training, 2019). It is therefore important that all stakeholders involved yield a return on this investment. It is also a global phenomenon that an increasing number of fulltime employees are also engaging in formal further studies due to the rapid changes in the labour market. For example, advancements in technology have had a major impact on traditional business models and the roles, and skills needed. These employees are referred to as non-traditional students and are the subject of this study. Research shows that trying to manage both work and school simultaneously can cause psychological strain for non-traditional students (Adebayo et al., 2008). The psychosocial safety climate (PSC) is an emerging construct which refers to the shared perceptions regarding policies, practices and procedures designed to protect the psychological health of employees (Dollard et al., 2012). This study builds on existing research in the work - school interface by investigating its application within the South African context. Participants in this research (n=127), comprised of non-traditional students (n=40) and employees who are not engaged in further studies (n=87). Correlation analysis demonstrated that PSC had a positive relationship with work school facilitation (WSF) and a negative relationship with work school conflict (WSC). It was further confirmed that job control (JC) mediated the relationship between PSC and WSF and that PSC mediated the relationship between JC and WSF. These findings show that PSC is an antecedent to the work school interface in that it promotes the positive outcomes of studying while working (work school facilitation). It further demonstrates that PSC also reduces the negative outcomes (work school conflict). This study confirmed that the working environment plays a crucial role in the work school interface and introduces PSC as a construct South African organisations should be concerned with and make a priority, based on the resources it provides employees, more especially their non-traditional students. This study's findings will add to the existing body of research and provide practical insights for enhancing the PSC application within South African organisations who have non-traditional students.

Studies have identified metabolic health factors to be a major concern in Mexican-Americans, including Mexican immigrants to the United States (U.S.). Acculturation stress has been hypothesized to be a factor in the development of many health-related concerns in this population. Specifically, previous studies have shown that acculturation stress contributes to health concerns, including metabolic health concerns (e.g., diabetes, metabolic syndrome). The primary purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between cultural orientation, a measure of acculturation designed to provide more information than traditional acculturation measures, and metabolic health outcomes. Specific acculturation-related stressors (social support, job-related stress, and depression) were hypothesized mediators in this relationship among a convenience sample of 98 foreign-born Mexicans living in Utah County, Utah controlling for age, gender, socio-economic status (SES), and years in the U.S. Data were collected twice with a three year interval to examine change over time. Changes in these constructs were examined through the use of Growth Modeling with Bayesian estimation. The Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans (ARSMA-II) was used to measure Anglo Cultural Orientation and Mexican Cultural Orientation. Standard blood analyses were used to measure metabolic health outcomes, which included glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, and glucose. The Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (ISEL-12) was used to measure social support, the Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ) was used to measure job-related stress, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to measure depression. No change was identified in Anglo Cultural Orientation or Mexican Cultural Orientation over time in the majority of subjects. A positive relationship between Anglo Cultural Orientation and HbA1c was found, as was a negative relationship between Mexican Cultural Orientation and HbA1c. Mediation analyses showed a mediation effect of depression on the relationship between Anglo Cultural Orientation and glucose. Implications of findings, limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.