The function of a journalist is not only to inform but also to investigate. Since the public has a right to information, jurists need to protect journalists that report from dangerous war-torn regions in order to keep the world informed. As the primary reliable source and often eyewitness to humanitarian atrocities a journalist has a duty to report such atrocities. There has for several decades now been uncertainty regarding the fact whether journalists should be granted special protection or not. On the one hand it is argued that journalists should be protected in terms of humanitarian law due to their humanitarian function, the service that they render in facilitating the free flow of information to the world and the role that journalists play in society. On the other hand, some argue that the protection of journalists is not the responsibility of the international community but rather their individual national governments or local news organisations. / Jurisprudence / LL.M.

This study examined the relationship the television news sequence at four-year colleges and universities has with the employment marketability of those students who major in television news. Both vocational and academic approaches were examined. Three factors were taken into consideration: if the completion of any television news curriculum aids in the television news graduate's employment marketability, if the television news curriculum has merit when weighed against work experience without completion of such a discipline, and if another academic sequence might better prepare the aspiring television journalist. The study is significant in that the field of television news has been glutted in recent years by an influx of graduates who believe that the work is glamorous and exciting. Many graduates lack the basic verbal and mechanical skills to compete in the job marketplace. The first two chapters discuss the research problem and the factors comprising it. Details of the research design follow, dividing the study into an assessment of the problem and the analysis of the results of a questionnaire that was mailed to 213 television news anchors selected through a stratified random process. A background chapter on various television news curricula is included, with numerous books and periodicals cited. Educational profiles of selected network news anchors are also featured. Almost 60 percent of the local news anchors contacted completed and returned the questionnaires. The nominal data is discussed and presented in tabular form; the data is also analyzed through a series of cross-tabulations using specific demographical information and responses. Findings of the survey indicate that the television news sequence does not appreciably aid the graduate in securing employment, that practical experience outweighs the merits of completing such a sequence, and that the aspiring television journalist might benefit more from a concentration in the liberal arts.

Grâce aux nanotechnologies, l’être humain peut maîtriser la matière à l’échelle du nanomètre — soit au niveau des atomes et des molécules. Les matériaux obtenus suite à ces manipulations présentent des propriétés nouvelles qui les rendent très intéressants pour nombre d’applications techniques, et ce dans tous les domaines technoscientifiques. Ainsi, les nanotechnologies sont souvent considérées comme les prémisses d’une profonde révolution technologique et sociale. Toutefois, si les nanotechnologies intéressent investisseurs, gouvernement, entreprises et universités, elles soulèvent aussi des questions éthiques, notamment au sujet de leur toxicité, de leurs retombées et de la modification de l’être humain. À ces questions s’ajoutent plusieurs interrogations sur la gouvernance des nanotechnologies : comment, en effet, encadrer en amont le développement de celles-ci pour éviter d’éventuelles conséquences néfastes en aval? Parmi ces interrogations, le rôle des médias dans les relations entre les développeurs de nanotechnologies et le public est souvent mentionné. Certains voient dans les médias un acteur auquel les chercheurs pourraient recourir pour établir un dialogue avec le public afin d’assurer un développement harmonieux des nanotechnologies. Si cette recommandation semble très pertinente, il n’existe, à notre connaissance, aucune étude empirique pour en vérifier la faisabilité auprès des acteurs concernés (chercheurs, médias, etc.). Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons donc voulu examiner et analyser les perceptions des chercheurs et des journalistes québécois envers des initiatives médiatiques pour baliser le développement des nanotechnologies. Pour ce faire, nous avons procédé à une étude qualitative auprès de vingt (20) chercheurs en nanobiotechnologies/nanomédecine et dix (10) journalistes spécialisés en vulgarisation scientifique. L’analyse des entretiens avec les répondants a révélé que si les acteurs rencontrés sont favorables envers de telles initiatives, il existe plusieurs contraintes pouvant gêner une telle entreprise. Suite à l’examen de ces contraintes, nous avons suggéré des initiatives concrètes que les chercheurs québécois pourraient mettre en place pour mieux baliser le développement des nanotechnologies à l’aide d’un dialogue avec le public. Ces suggestions consistent notamment à créer des médias privés pour les chercheurs, à recourir aux médias indépendants et à investir le web. De telles initiatives, cependant, ne peuvent s’obtenir qu’au prix d’un remaniement des priorités des chercheurs. / Thanks to nanotechnologies, mankind can control matter at the nanometer scale, on the level of individual atoms and molecules. Materials obtained following these nanoscale manipulations demonstrate novel properties with the potential for application to all scientific and technological disciplines. Nanotechnologies are therefore often considered a foundation for a deep technological and social revolution. However, while nanotechnologies interest investors, government, private enterprises and universities, they also raise ethical questions, particularly regarding their toxicity, their outcome and the modification of human beings. On top of these ethical questions several other interrogations arise with respect to the governance of nanotechnologies: how, indeed, should their development be initially monitored in order to avoid eventual negative consequences in the future? Among these many questions, the role of the media in the relations between the developers of nanotechnologies and the public is often mentioned. Some see in the media an actor that researchers might refer to in order to establish a dialogue with the public to insure a harmonious development of nanotechnologies. While this recommendation seems very relevant, no empirical study exists to our knowledge to assess its feasibility among the concerned stakeholders (researchers, media). Within the scope of this thesis, we thus wanted to examine and analyze the perception of researchers and journalists from Quebec towards media initiatives to monitor the development of nanotechnologies. To do so, we proceeded to perform a qualitative study with twenty (20) researchers in the fields of nanobiotechnology/nanomedicine and ten (10) journalists specialized in scientific popularization. The analysis of interviews with responders revealed that while the concerned parties are in favour of these initiatives, there are several constraints that may impede such an enterprise. Following the study of these constraints, we have suggested concrete initiatives that Quebec researchers may implement in order to better monitor the development of nanotechnologies through a dialogue with the public. These suggestions mainly consist in creating private media for researchers, resorting to independent media and engaging the World Wide Web. Such initiatives, however, can only be obtained at the price of a realignment of researchers’ priorities.

Cette étude porte sur les chroniques d’Odette Oligny sur l’éducation des enfants publiées dans Le Canada de 1931 à 1936. Cette journaliste écrit à une époque durant laquelle l’éducation est influencée par la montée des experts, qui comme Oligny, conseillent les mères sur les comportements et les pratiques à adopter pour former les futurs citoyens. Dans le premier chapitre de ce mémoire, nous traitons des responsabilités, selon la journaliste, qu’ont les mères envers leurs enfants. La charge de les éduquer revient exclusivement aux femmes et elles sont sévèrement critiquées par les experts lorsqu’elles ne peuvent ou ne veulent pas se conformer à leurs normes. Le deuxième chapitre analyse la discipline familiale qui doit être mises en oeuvre par les mères. De l’avis d’Oligny, certaines d’entre elles utilisent de façon excessive les punitions corporelles alors que d’autres sont trop indulgentes avec leur progéniture. Enfin, le troisième chapitre de ce mémoire se consacre au discours sur l’éducation des filles et des garçons. Les mères ont le devoir de développer des qualités chez leurs enfants qui leur permettront de remplir leurs futurs rôles de citoyens. À travers l’analyse des chroniques d’Oligny, nous montrerons qu’elle agit, en vulgarisant les connaissances, comme un pont entre les experts et la population qui n’a pas nécessairement accès aux travaux de ces derniers. / This study analysis the column by Odette Oligny, written in Le Canada between 1931 and 1936, pertains to children’s education. This journalist writes in a period when the ascension of experts influences the development in children’s education who, as Oligny, advise mothers on which behaviors and habits to adopt in order to train the future citizens. In the first chapter, we will discuss of the responsibilities, according to Oligny, assigned to mothers towards their children. Mothers have the full responsibility when it comes to the education of their children and those who can’t or won’t abide by the experts’ norms are severely criticized. In the second chapter, we will analyse the family discipline that mother must put into practice in their own families. In Oligny’s opinion, some mothers excessively use corporal punishment while others are definitely too lenient with their offspring. In the last chapter, we will look at the discourse on boys’ and girls’ education since mothers have the obligation to develop qualities in order for their children to fulfill their roles in society. Through this analysis of Odette Oligny’s column, we see that she acts as a bridge between the experts and the public who do not have access to scientific work done by the experts.

A travers la thèse intitulée « l'Italie vue à travers les grands hebdomadaires français depuis mars 1994 », nous tenterons de saisir l'image que les principaux hebdomadaires français donnent de l'Italie depuis la formation du premier gouvernement Berlusconi. Ces hebdomadaires sont les suivants : «l'Express », « Le Point », « Marianne », « Courrier international » et « le Nouvel Observateur ». Il sera nécessaire de définir pour chacun d'entre eux la conception qu'il renvoie de l'Italie en général et de son actualité politique en particulier. Nous pouvons formuler quelques hypothèses : la représentation renvoyée par les médias est largement caricaturale. Elle pourrait être influencée par les idéologies et postures politiques des hebdomadaires. Il nous faudra le démontrer. Il faudra également rechercher quels facteurs influencent la vision des journalistes français dans les jugements qu'ils portent sur l'Italie. Il est possible, deuxième hypothèse, que la situation politique qui évolue en France pendant cette période, détermine en partie l'appréciation des journalistes. Probablement aussi, toutes sortes de préjugés partagés par l'opinion française interfèrent dans ces interprétations. D'autres facteurs comme les rivalités sportives (le football par exemple) ou les engagements politiques (l'Italie aux côtés des Etats-Unis dans la guerre en Irak, par exemple) peuvent jouer un rôle. Si ces hypothèses se confirment, nous pourrons réfléchir aux conséquences de ces commentaires parfois peu rationnels sur l'Italie, qui s'apparentent même à une forme d'ingérence. Nous en dégagerons des conclusions sur les rapports entre le journalisme et la politique : les propos journalistiques d'un pays sur un autre ont-ils une incidence sur les relations de politique extérieure qu'entretiennent les deux pays ? / The way the french weekly press describes Italy is rather negative. It is true that Italy has to face important difficulties such as an economic recession and a permanent government instability. The “Ligue du Nord”, a xenophobic party, is also worrying. « Antipolitic », which is known as the rejection of politicians, is a disturbing phenomenon too. Above all, Berlusconi who was at the same time a Prime minister and the owner of three commercial TV channels is suspected to distort and pervert democracy. However, Italy can’t be reduced to these negative aspects. Positive aspects are not fully appreciated by the french weekly press. It also attributes too much responsibility to Berlusconi. Journalists thinks throw « filters », that means their own standards. These standards are usually french, elitist and conservative ones. More than that, severe critics against Berlusconi are probably the way the journalists try to get power over politicians. The requirement of their job also explains the picture which is reflected in the french newspapers. Of course their editorial lines as their ideologies do influence their choices. Berlusconi is questioning our certitudes, our values and our assumptions: should the extremist parties be involved in a government? Should media be considered as a power that needs to be separated from the others? Journalists can’t distance themselves from news like historians or philosophers may do. However they should become conscious of their « filters » and then should describe Italy with more various nuances. The challenge is the quality of french press and the esteem the Italians might not carry on concerning France.

Now when information is abundant, practice of Data Journalism is quickly becoming a core technique of the 21st century newsrooms. The diploma thesis "Data Journalism aimed by Datablog IHNED.cz" is focused on introducing Data Journalism as a genre responding to the changes in the society and the technology development. The theoretical part concerns with the history of the subject, the workflow of Data Journalism in the newsrooms and the limitations; such as inappropriate business models, difficult process of collecting data or the lack of training. The main goal of the research is to map the work of the Czech data team in the IHNED.cz and compare the results with the work of teams in Australia. The research methods are combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses. The main source of information are interviews conducted with data journalists from the Czech Republic and Australia. On top of that the research gives deeper understanding of how the integration of data journalists in the newsrooms affect the way journalism can support the existence of media organizations and contribute to the public good. The last part offers predictions of the future of Data Journalism.

The thesis "The Novinář Publishing House Profile" deals with the establishment, structure and production of Novinář publishing house. The first part of the thesis describes the historical events and implications that preceded the creation of Novinář and that had an impact on its activity. A separate chapter refers to conditions and circumstances of publishing specialized books and periodicals for journalists, i. e. the legislature in force and authorities that made decisions regarding the establishment of publishing houses, the editorial work of organizations and the content of books and other publications. One part of the thesis deals also with the education of journalists (through courses, newly established university studies), enhancing their expertise and qualification and the quality of their work, as well as with the related need for specialized publications for journalists and other reasons that led to the creation of Novinář publishing house. The second part of the thesis describes the establishment and operation of Novinář publishing house, its organizational structure and editorial and publishing work (books, journals, other publications). The last chapter presents important people that were involved in creation and operation of the publishing house (the directors).

This thesis, The Media Image of Czech Presidents during the Normalisation Period and Today looks at the visual component of the media image of Normalisation-era president Gustáv Husák and democratic president Václav Havel. The study looks at their visual representations in the newspapers Rudé právo, Mladá fronta and Mladá fronta DNES. The theoretical part of the study focuses on defining the role of President in the Czech political system, and outlines the historical context. The research part comprises a quantitative and qualitative analysis of photographs published in the determined newspapers. The study also details the characteristic activities of official presidential photographers and gives an assessment of information acquired during in-depth interviews with official presidential photographers. An interview with a former Czech News Agency (ČTK) photographer deals with the taking of photographs of President Gustáv Husák. An interview with Tomki Němec, Karel Cudlín and Jaroslav Hejzlar focuses on the taking of photographs of Václav Havel. The study seeks to find an answer to the question of whether the president interfered in the activities of his official photographer, and how the work of the presidential photographer differed during the Normalisation period and during democracy. The...

The thesis titled Self-reflection Of Czech Sport Journalists Working Between 1980 And 1999 In Printed Media And The Influence Of Ideology On Their Role In Society focuses on a question of whether the work of writing sport journalists was influenced by the ruling ideology before 1989. The thesis is based on biographical interviews of five sport journalists, which were taken while using the help of oral history research method. The sport journalists bring their testimonies, memories, experiences and stories associated with the period of normalization, the Velvet Revolution and the post-revolutionary period. The biggest emphasis is placed on a degree of impact of the ruling ideology on the editorial process before 1989. Therefore the thesis touches themes of self-censorship, targeted campaigns, relationships of the journalists to the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia or to The National Security. The work brings views of still writing sport journalists, who evaluate their motivation to do the profession, their ongoing journalistic career and the role of sport journalists in society. This study is a contribution to oral-historical research on the period of normalization and to understanding the influence of ideology on the media activity before 1989. This thesis extends the knowledge of sports...

The master thesis Jan Petránek and his position in media. A biographical study. is describing life and publishing activities of journalist Jan Petránek. Text is dedicated to extensive period of time, from the birth of Petránek in 1931 up to the current year 2016. In each chapter, you can find foreword describing political and social context, which influenced not only Czechoslovakia Radio but the journalist himself. The used key methodology was oral history, conversations with Jan Petránek, research and work with the archived materials from National Archive in Prague and Archive of Czechoslovakia Radio. The biggest emphasis is focused on Petránek's work in Czechoslovakia Radio, he started to work there in 1951 until 1970, when he was fired for his activity in anti-occupation broadcasts in 1968. In the thesis, you can find information about his family, signature of Charta 77, activity in Lidové noviny and in the company Šanson - věc veřejná, established to support self-immolation of Jan Palach. Taking into account, that Jan Petránek until today, 2016, is still external contributor in Czech Radio and often guest in television programs, last chapter is dedicated to his activity after fall of communistic regime in 1989. In the attachments is possible to see wide selection of photos, family letters,...