Since 1950, the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan includes the area currently called East Jordan (previously called the Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan) and West Jordan, or the parts of Palestine held by the Arabs following the Arab-Israeli War in 1948.

Agriculture is the backbone of Jordan's economy. It provides employment and a living for 40 per cent or more of the total population. However, very few farmers have accumulated enough capital to finance their farm operations from planting to harvest. The Agricultural Credit Corporation was established to provide farmers with credit at a relatively low cost. Without the low cost loans many farmers cannot s tay on their farms. The Agricultural Credit Corporation is the most important agency in terms of the direct help it offers to farmers. The Agricultural Credit Corporation has followed a policy of making loans at a relatively low rates of interest. As a result they have had difficulty in obtaining loans from competitive markets to meet their needs. This problem has been accentuated by a persistently low level of collections from its loans. Apparently they expect to collect no more than 85 per cent of its claims. However, during the year 1965-66 collections were only 44 per cent of the principal after excluding doubtful loans, and 43 percent for interest. The weaknesses of the Corporation Administration appear to be: (a) Lack of studies to determine how well the corporation is serving the needs of agricultural borrowers. (b) Lack of planning for improvement in the future. (c) Loopholes in lending rules and procedure. (d) The low limits on loans to farmers. (e) Regulations that property offered as security for a loan should not exceed 60 per cent of the value of the mortgaged property. (f) Frequency of seasons in which drought occurs and results in the inability of farmers to make payments on their loans. It is recommended that the ACC should continue to seek low cost credit from sources such as the International Development Association and similar agencies. It is also recommended ACC use all of its financial resources in lending operations instead of depositing them in commercial banks. Recommendations for correcting the existing weaknesses: (a) The Corporation should develop repayment schedules for each borrower at the time the loan is made. These should be adhered to by both the borrower and the lender. The statistics and research section of the ACC should be assigned responsibility of the schedule of repayments. (b) Procedures for appraising the value of property offered as security for a loan should be developed and used as a part of every application for a loan and before any loan has been made. (c) The upper limit on loans should be raised to 100 per cent of the appraised value of the security mortgaged rather than the present 60 per cent of loans. (d) The Corporation should establish a special fund from which emergency loans could be issued to drought stricken areas. These funds should be provided by the Treasury. This should improve the rate of collection of loans when they are due.

This study addresses the determinants of women's economic activity in three low income communities in Amman, the capital of Jordan. These communities represent what is typically referred to as "pockets of urban poverty." Besides addressing the demographic and socio-economic variables, the study identifies and includes cultural variables in a model of female labor force participation. Modern economic systems developed definitions and measurements of productivity that render the majority of women's work as non-productive. Activities within the domestic sphere that do not earn monetary returns are not measured as productive economic activities, and hence are dropped from the calculations of gross national and domestic products of most if not all developing nations. In the Arab Middle East, where women's work outside the home is relatively a recent phenomenon, labor statistics are measuring only female labor force in the "formal sector" of the labor market. The scope and magnitude of women's economic activity within the domestic sphere, or in what is termed the informal sector, is neglected, or at best, underestimated, by labor force statistics. In such cultural contexts where women's economic activity outside the home is still considered secondary to the array of their reproductive and home-related activities, the underlying thesis is that cultural factors play an important role in shaping the outcomes of women's decisions regarding labor force participation. A field survey covered the sample of adult women, aged 15 years and over. To achieve a 95% level of significance, 435 women were interviewed. Three field surveyors were trained to thoroughly probe and depict all types of economic activity for the purpose of raising cash, be it in the formal or the informal sectors of the labor market. A nested logit model assesses the effects of demographic and socio-economic variables on women's employment status. Employment status is defined as a dichotomous dependent variable indicating whether a woman does or does not work. The second step of the logit model incorporates cultural variables in addition to the demographic and socio-economic variables. Each logit run segregates women by marital status, and one run addresses the pooled sample of women, with marital status included as a predictor variable. The results indicate that age and marital status (in the pooled sample) are important variables in determining the employment status of women. The presence of a resource person to help the ever-married woman in child-care also had a significant effect on women's employment decisions. Household income, which represents the need for the woman's income, is also a significant variable. In the second step of the nested logit model, education significantly influences women's work outside the home. Segregation (a cultural variable that represented a constraint to women's work in a mixed environment) is also a significant variable in influencing women's work inside the home. This study shows that when addressing the determinants of female labor force participation, it is important to include cultural variables and assess their effect on influencing the outcome of women's decisions to undertake economic activity. Policies that seek to increase female employment need to be aware of the cultural and demographic (fertility related) considerations. Consequently, employment creation and enhancement programs need to be formulated and designed with this consideration in focus. For example, child-care facilities could be established within communities. This will free sometime of mothers with children to work outside the home, and will create child-care jobs within the community. Realizing that, due to cultural barriers, some women will still desire to only work at home, agencies providing marketing channels for such activities need to be established.

Let M_k^2 be the complete, simply connected, Riemannian 2-manifold of constant curvature k ± 0. Let E be a closed, simply connected subspace of M_k^2 with the property that every two points in E are connected by a rectifi able path in E. We show that E is CAT(k) under the induced path metric.

Strategic planners in retail banks are increasingly challenged to improve productivity, ensure high service quality and reduce operations costs while implementing their e-service strategy. This work aims to assess the current e-service operations strategy in the bank sector in Jordan and develop a framework for formulating e-banking strategies using gap analysis. Limitation of resources is hindering the shift from the current situation of the bank sector to a point where both the customer and the bank perspectives are fully matched and the gap between them is zero. If the available resources of the bank sector are utilised properly, the bank sector can move to a position near to that point which is closer to the customer requirements than the current situation. This can be achieved by constructing a model for an e-bank, the ¿Composite bank¿, which represents the industry best practice. Its performance captures the capabilities, resources and competences of the bank sector. A representative sample of the bank¿s customers was interviewed to fulfil a fully structured questionnaire based on the extant literature. Targeted managers in the bank 3 sector were then interviewed and completed a fully structured questionnaire based on the customer questionnaire. Both questionnaires were pre-tested to assure validity and reliability. The data analysis method was based on gap-analysis technique. The gap model provides a tool to identify critical elements for successful implementation of operations strategy and suggests actions to deal with them. The gap analysis approach was proved to be useful in other settings, such as measuring service quality, but there is paucity of applications in e-service operations strategies. An assessment tool and ¿working sheet¿ were delivered to pave the way for the strategic planners to assess the current situation of the e-banking strategy and to focus on the attributes/services which need more development. This procedure can be generalised to be applied in other industries (in service or e-service contexts), and other countries, both developed and developing.

The topic of masculinity is something that has a lot of research done on it with it covering different spectrums of masculinity and how it affects society. Media has always played a part in how society is shaped and what is valued and therefore has had its effect on how masculinity is viewed. Today however social media has taken an important spot for both political and societal topics for younger individuals (Zimmerman, 2020), meaning more power for the individuals who create this type of content as they are seen as role models by their audience (Zimmerman, 2020). There are a few big creators who cover the topic of masculinity with one of them being Jordan Peterson. The format of short videos has exploded in popularity on platforms such as YouTube, TikTok and Instagram but as it is a newer format of video less research has been done on the topic of masculinity and the material of shorts. This thesis will analyse videos in the form of shorts where Jordan Peterson is present with an aim of getting an understanding what type of masculinity is being presented as there are several different types of masculinity that have different traits. The thesis will also look for a connection between what is presented in the videos and the crisis of masculinity which refers to that there is something that is troubling men in today’s society (McDowell, 2000). In the end the findings will be presented which indicate that there is a connection between what is being said in the videos and the crisis of masculinity as well as several examples that highlight both hegemonic masculinity, toxic masculinity, and patriarchal power structures.

Since 1990, the Jordanian government extensively focuses on human resource training and development. Civil service reform policies attempt to improve supervisors? performance through training. This study cross-culturally validated the Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI) for use in the public sector in Jordan. By doing so, Arab and Jordanian human resource researchers and practitioners can utilize Supervisors? Learning Transfer System Inventory (SLTSI) to diagnosis the training needs and improve the outcomes of training. This study aimed to assess learning transfer in three large public organizations in Jordan. In particular, it attempted to (1) validate the learning transfer questionnaire in the Jordanian organizational cultures. (2) Test the expectancy theory in learning transfer among supervisors. (3) Determine factors that influence learning transfer, and (4) provide empirical support to the expectancy theory, which is a significant requirement for developing a theory for learning transfer. In this study, the LTSI was translated into the Arabic language through a rigorous contextual translation. Six demographical questions were added to the eighty-nine questions in the instrument before it was administered to 500 supervisors. Of this number, 361 questionnaires were returned completed for a 72.2% final response rate. The Cronbach Alpha reliability test showed that all 89 items in the instrument were internally consistent (á= .927). In addition to validating the LTSI, the study found that eleven of the sixteen factors reported by previous studies were reliable (Cronbach Alpha ranged from .723 to .865). Bivariate analysis showed that demographics did not have significant impacts on learning transfer. Perceived utility from transfer was the strongest predictor of learning transfer, followed by supervisors? perceived performance self-efficacy, and supervisors? perceived rewards from transfer. Although path analysis showed no strong evidence to support a probable causal relationship, the expectancy variables (utility, rewards, and efficacy) explained about 23% of the variance in the dependent variable. Finally, recommendations and implications were discussed.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.