(abstrakt v anglickém jazyce) The main contents of this dissertation (diploma paper) is a study of jurisdiction of The Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic and of The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany and their comparison. The first part of this work describes in brief the genesis of the constitutional jurisdiction and its two basic types. Afterwards there is characterized the constitutional jurisdiction in Germany and in the Czech Republic and next there is described legal regulation and organisation of the German and Czech constitutional courts. Further I deal with the jurisdiction of constitutional courts (of european continental type) in general. In the second part of this work, first I give a general idea about jurisdiction of the German and Czech constitutional courts. After it I already deal with analysis of their single, selected competences - in the concrete: regulation control (judicial review), constitutional complaint, judicial review of international conventions and questions of jurisdiction. I have not focused on the other competences, which the both constitutional courts dispose of. Firstly there is no need to analyse them for the sake of insight into the problem, secondly there should be kept adequate range of this work. The third part results from the analysis of the...

For most of its existence South African administrative law has been shaped by the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty – the heart of the constitutional order from 1910 to 1994 – and a racist political system that favoured the white minority at the expense of the black majority. In these circumstances, the rules of administrative law were of limited use in protecting the individual from exercises of administrative power that infringed fundamental human rights, often on a grand scale. On 27 April 1994, however, a new political and constitutional order came into existence that swept away the very foundations of the old order: parliamentary sovereignty was replaced by constitutional supremacy and the racial exclusivity of the old order was replaced by a commitment to equality, freedom and dignity in a democratic state. A justiciable Bill of Rights was at centre stage in this new order. That Bill of Rights includes a fundamental right to just administrative action. It is both the new constitutional order and this rather unusual fundamental right that have changed the nature of South African administrative law. This thesis examines the effect of the fundamental right to just administrative action on the law and practice of the judicial review of administrative action. It does so principally by examining the legal position before and after 27 April 1994 with particular reference to: what is meant by administrative action; the exercise of administrative power by private bodies regulated by the rules of administrative law, on the one hand, and exercises of private power regulated by rules of private law, on the other; the rules of standing, the notion of justiciability and the constitutionality of rules that seek to limit the right of the individual to approach a court to review administrative action; the meaning and scope of the right to lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative action, in terms of the common law, the Constitution and the Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000; the meaning, scope and efficacy of the rights to reasons for administrative actions and of access to information; the procedure of judicial review and remedies that may be granted for the infringement of a person’s right to just administrative action; and conclusions and recommendations with regard to progress made in the construction of South Africa’s new, democratically based, administrative law.

Le 23 juillet 2008, le Constituant français a créé la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité. Cette nouvelle procédure permet au Conseil constitutionnel d’être saisi, sur renvoi de la Cour de cassation ou du Conseil d’Etat, de la constitutionnalité d’une disposition législative. La création de cette nouvelle voie de droit est de nature à bouleverser les rapports qui se sont établis entre les ordres de juridiction constitutionnel,administratif et judiciaire. L’objet de la présente consiste en une analyse des relations qui existent entre ces trois ordres de juridiction dans le cadre de l’exercice de la fonction juridictionnelle et a pour objet de mesurer l’impact de la création de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité sur les relations systémiques qui sont présentes entre ces trois juges. / On 2008, july 23 was created the “question prioritaire de constitutionnalité”.This new procedure allows the Constitutional Council to be seized, on remand from the administrative and judicial Supremes Courts, the constitutionality of a law. The creation of this new remedy is likely to upset the relationships that are established between levels of constitutional jurisdiction, administrative and judicial. This thesis is an analysis of the relationships between these three types of courts in the context of the exercise of the judicial function and measure the impact of the creation of the« question prioritaire de constitutionnalité » is to systemic relationships that are present between the three judges

This thesis analyses the administrative justice system, which represents one of the key control mechanisms of the public administration in The Czech Republic. The aim of this thesis is to compare the administrative justice system of The Czech Republic with selected European models of the administrative justice system such as the French and German justice systems. The result of this comparison highlights the differences in justice systems and considers the possibility of implementing these models in The Czech legal system.The administrative justice system in The Czech Republic has been developing since 2003, when The Act N. 150/2002 came into effect. The operating administrative justice system in The Czech Republic is characterized by the following criteria: statutory framework, power and jurisdiction of the administrative court, organization of the administrative justice system and the course of the judicial administrative proceedings. The following chapters discuss the French and German models of the administrative justice system and analyze the similarities with the Czech system.The final chapter compares the individual administrative justice systems and their most important differences.

Principles of administrative proceedings, abstract Focus of this diploma thesis is the issue of basic principles of administrative proceedings, but not in terms of basic procedure principles of administrative authorities as they are set out in § 2 to 8 of the Administrative Procedure Code, but in terms of procedural principles of administrative proceedings, as rules of procedure before administrative authorities. These principles represent a key element for understanding and interpretation of the procedural process in an administrative proceeding, but Administrative Procedure Code does not contain an express codification of these principles in its text. Goal of this thesis is to perform a detailed analysis of individual principles both individually and in context. The aforementioned principles of administrative proceedings usually occur in the form of mutually ambivalent pairs and their application during administrative proceedings presents many conflicting issues which stems from their implicitly general nature. The methodological basis of this thesis is the method of textual hermeneutics and general empirical-analytical paradigm based on the source material, which consists mainly of judgments and resolutions of the Supreme Administrative Court and is supplemented by relevant literature. The text of this...

Le droit de la concurrence connaît une évolution fondamentale. Le contentieux prouve incontestablement que le débat initial sur l’existence d’une infraction a été remplacé par celui sur l’amende. Or, au centre du débat sur l’amende, se trouve la pleine juridiction du juge de l’Union sur les décisions de la Commission européenne infligeant une amende. En droit de l’Union, cette compétence est donnée au juge dans le droit primaire, par l’article 261 TFUE et dans le droit dérivé, par l’article 31 du règlement n°1/2003. Le juge peut supprimer, réduire ou majorer l’amende infligée. D’un côté, les pouvoirs conférés au juge par les textes sont vastes, ce qui laisse place à une jurisprudence imprécise, qui divise, tant à propos des conditions que de l’exercice de la pleine juridiction. D’un autre côté, alors qu’en droit de l’Union, la pleine juridiction renvoie à une compétence du juge sur le montant de l’amende, en droit du Conseil de l’Europe, la pleine juridiction correspond à un standard de contrôle qu’exerce le juge sur la décision adoptée. La question qui innerve cette étude reste celle de savoir si, en droit de l’Union, la compétence de pleine juridiction exercée par le juge satisfait-il au standard de contrôle de pleine juridiction, au sens de la Convention ? C’est, d’une part, le constat que la pleine juridiction, en droit de l’Union, souffre d’une conception désormais faussée. D’autre part, parce que la jurisprudence n’est pas uniforme, c’est une application dynamique de la pleine juridiction qui est encouragée, à travers un modèle de solutions pratiques applicable de manière systématique, dans un but de plus de cohérence et de sécurité juridique / EU competition law has fundamentally changed. The developments in competition litigation prove clearly that the initial debate about breaches of substantive competition law has now been replaced by a debate over the fine. The EU courts’ unlimited jurisdiction is now central to the debate over fines. In EU law, unlimited jurisdiction of the Court of justice regarding the penalties is granted by article 261, TFEU and by article 31, regulation no1/2003. On one hand, the powers granted to the EU courts are broad and vague. Which means unlimited jurisdiction results from a case-law construction of an evolutive and open nature. On the other hand, under human rights law, unlimited jurisdiction is a standard of control while under EU law, unlimited jurisdiction is merely a competence over the level of the fine. Therefore, the underlying question remains whether the judicial review in EU law does comply with the criteria of unlimited jurisdiction as established by the ECtHr? The objective of this study is to bring light to the fact that the definition of unlimited jurisdiction in EU law is blurred based on the misapprehension of its nature and more importantly, given the conflicting case law in this matter, we would like to promote a dynamic approach of the EU courts’ unlimited jurisdiction through practical solutions in a systematic perspective in the interests of legal certainty and judicial coherence

1 Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland Abstract The aim of this thesis is to outline the position of the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland in the Swiss legal system and to discuss whether an extension of the judicial review on federal statutes should de lege ferenda take place. The first chapter serves as a brief description of the formation of Switzerland as well as of the Federal Supreme Court itself. The second chapter deals with the position of the Federal Supreme Court in the Swiss legal system along with its internal organisation. The third chapter is dedicated to the various types of constitutional jurisdiction from a theoretical point of view. The fourth chapter's purpose is to offer an overview of the current legal framework of constitutional jurisdiction in Switzerland. The fifth chapter acts as an evaluation of the various arguments for and against the implementation of judicial review of federal statutes. The Swiss legal system is generally very well known for its uniqueness and emphasis on the principle of sovereignty of the people. Although it is often used as an example of a well functioning democracy, there are parts of it that can be subject to critical dispute. Key words: Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland, swiss legal system, judicial review

La précision des critères d’application du principe de subsidiarité et le développement de son contrôle par les institutions politiques constituent un progrès vers un plus grand respect de ce principe ; ces avancées restent néanmoins insuffisantes à en prévenir toute violation. En droit canadien, le problème est similaire, la précision des critères de la clause Paix, Ordre et Bon Gouvernement et de la clause de commerce, si utile qu’elle soit, ne permet pas d’éviter tout conflit de loi. L’étude de la jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice montre ses réticences à procéder à un contrôle allant au-delà de la recherche d’une motivation formelle de la nécessité de l’intervention européenne. Pourtant, la comparaison de la capacité à agir des différents niveaux de gouvernements, capacité à agir évoluant dans le temps, ne peut se faire sans référence au contexte d’application de la norme. La Cour de Justice pourrait comme la Cour Suprême du Canada, expliciter dans ses décisions son appréciation de la capacité à agir de chaque niveau de gouvernement. La subsidiarité éclaire sous un jour nouveau la clause de commerce ou la doctrine de l’intérêt national, jusqu’alors parfois perçues comme permettant un développement constant et unilatéral des compétences fédérales au détriment de celles des provinces. L’efficacité du contrôle du principe de subsidiarité ne dépend pas seulement de la Cour qui le met en œuvre mais peut aussi dépendre des institutions politiques l’ayant saisi, de l’argumentation des requérants en particuliers. / The precision of the criteria for the application of the principle of subsidiarity and the development of political institutions’ capacity to regulate it constitute progress towards increased respect for this principle; nevertheless, these advances remain insufficient to prevent all potential violations of the principle. In Canadian law the problem is similar; making the criteria of the Peace, Order and Good Government clause and of the commerce clause more precise is necessary. Nevertheless, however useful it is, it is not enough to avoid all conflicts. The study of the jurisprudence of the Court of justice shows its reluctance to proceed to a control going beyond the search for a formal motivation of the necessity of the European intervention. The comparison of the capacity to act of different levels of governments, evolving in time, cannot be made without reference to the context of the application of the principle of subsidiarity. The Court of justice can, as the Supreme Court of Canada does, clarify in its decisions its appreciation of the capacity to act of each level of government. The principle of subsidiarity enlightens in a new light the commerce clause and the doctrine of the national interest, until then sometimes perceived as allowing a constant and unilateral growth of federal power at the expense of the provinces. Efficient regulation of the principle of subsidiarity not only depends of the Court that applies it, but it can also depend on political institutions and applicants’ arguments.

No description available.

Principles of administrative proceedings, abstract Focus of this diploma thesis is the issue of basic principles of administrative proceedings, but not in terms of basic procedure principles of administrative authorities as they are set out in § 2 to 8 of the Administrative Procedure Code, but in terms of procedural principles of administrative proceedings, as rules of procedure before administrative authorities. These principles represent a key element for understanding and interpretation of the procedural process in an administrative proceeding, but Administrative Procedure Code does not contain an express codification of these principles in its text. Goal of this thesis is to perform a detailed analysis of individual principles both individually and in context. The aforementioned principles of administrative proceedings usually occur in the form of mutually ambivalent pairs and their application during administrative proceedings presents many conflicting issues which stems from their implicitly general nature. The methodological basis of this thesis is the method of textual hermeneutics and general empirical-analytical paradigm based on the source material, which consists mainly of judgments and resolutions of the Supreme Administrative Court and is supplemented by relevant literature. The text of this...