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La dispersion du contentieux du travail en première instance est souvent décriée. La thèse examine cette complexité et dépasse le présupposé selon lequel l’unique solution réside dans l’unité juridictionnelle en recourant à la notion de pluralisme juridictionnel. Entendu comme la proposition d’un ordonnancement de la pluralité juridictionnelle plus respectueux des droits des justiciables, le pluralisme suppose en effet de limiter le risque de conflits de compétences et d’unifier le règlement des litiges actuellement éclaté entre plusieurs juridictions. La confrontation du contentieux du travail à ces exigences révèle qu’un pluralisme juridictionnel est envisageable en droit du travail mais qu’il ne peut qu’être circonscrit. Pleinement réalisable dans l’ordre judiciaire, sa mise en place semble en effet plus délicate au sein du dualisme juridictionnel. L’unité juridictionnelle devra dès lors être recherchée à l’égard des litiges pour lesquels le pluralisme s’avère impossible. / The scattering of labour litigation in France between different first degree jurisdictions is often subject to criticism. The present thesis examines this complexity and goes beyond the preconception according to which the only solution resides in the unity of jurisdiction. That is achieved by using the notion of jurisdictional pluralism. That notion is therefore envisaged in a way that better respects the rights of the citizen. Indeed, pluralism implies limiting the chances of seeing conflicts of jurisdiction arise while simultaneously unifying litigation resolution that is presently split between different jurisdictions. Confronting labour litigation as it exists today to such requirements reveals that jurisdictional pluralism, even though possible in labour law, has to be restricted. Albeit fully applicable in the judicial order its implementation appears to be more difficult within the jurisdictional dualism. Therefore, unity of jurisdiction will need to be sought in litigations where applying pluralism appears impossible.

Multispectral aerial videography was used to reproduce the jurisdictional delineation of wetland area of approximately 50 hectares in Davis County, Utah Imagery from the system consisted of three-band composite with wavelengths covering 550 nm (±10 nm), 650 nm (±10 nm), and 850 nm (±10 nm). The site was overflown at three different flight dates during the 1992 growing season (June 2, July 22, October 1). Imagery resolution varied from 0.56 m to 0.81 m. Mosaiced images were analyzed with a Supervised clustering/maximum likelihood classifier, ISODATA clustering/Euclidan classifier, statistical clustering/maximum likelihood classifier, and fuzzy c-means clustering. Overall accuracies for wetland/upland designations as compared to ground truth data varied from 60% to 75%. The ISODATA method was the poorest performer for all dates and both of two accuracy testing techniques. Supervised clustering and statistical clustering were comparable with a slight edge in accuracy to the supervised clustering. The best all-round performer was the fuzzy c-means algorithm in terms of time spent and accuracy.

In this dissertation, I explore the effect of tax incentives on where U.S. multinationals decide to locate their innovative activities worldwide. Research and development (R&D) tax incentives offered by foreign countries and differences between U.S. and foreign tax rates provide opportunities that may influence where multinationals decide to locate their innovative activities. Using firm-level patenting data that identifies the country-specific location of innovations from 1986 to 2000, I examine the relation between innovative activities performed in a foreign country and these tax incentives using the Heckman (1979) two step estimation approach. I find evidence that the foreign percentage of innovative activities is associated with the attractiveness of foreign R&D tax incentives and with an increase in the effect of U.S. R&D allocation rules. In addition, the results suggest that firms in excess foreign tax credit positions decrease the amount of R&D activities in a foreign location with increased foreign tax rates, consistent with income shifting incentives. In contrast, I find that the firms in deficit foreign tax credit positions increase their foreign R&D activities with increasing foreign tax rates. This study is the first to examine and provide evidence of the influence of foreign R&D tax incentives and income shifting incentives on a U.S. multinational’s decision on where to locate R&D activities.

In this dissertation, I explore the effect of tax incentives on where U.S. multinationals decide to locate their innovative activities worldwide. Research and development (R&D) tax incentives offered by foreign countries and differences between U.S. and foreign tax rates provide opportunities that may influence where multinationals decide to locate their innovative activities. Using firm-level patenting data that identifies the country-specific location of innovations from 1986 to 2000, I examine the relation between innovative activities performed in a foreign country and these tax incentives using the Heckman (1979) two step estimation approach. I find evidence that the foreign percentage of innovative activities is associated with the attractiveness of foreign R&D tax incentives and with an increase in the effect of U.S. R&D allocation rules. In addition, the results suggest that firms in excess foreign tax credit positions decrease the amount of R&D activities in a foreign location with increased foreign tax rates, consistent with income shifting incentives. In contrast, I find that the firms in deficit foreign tax credit positions increase their foreign R&D activities with increasing foreign tax rates. This study is the first to examine and provide evidence of the influence of foreign R&D tax incentives and income shifting incentives on a U.S. multinational’s decision on where to locate R&D activities.

The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to determine the extent to which boaters and riverfront landowners on the Great Egg Harbor River are similar or different in perceptions of environmental and social conditions and preferences for management; and (2) to explore factors that contribute to riverfront landowners' and visitors' opinions about possible management decisions for the river. The Great Egg Harbor River represents a complex challenge, with designation as a unit of the Wild and Scenic River system, overseen by the National Park Service, but ownership by twelve municipalities and hundreds of private landowners. Understanding similarities and differences between stakeholders is especially important in such a setting. Data were collected by on-site contact forms for boaters and a 12-page mailback questionnaire for both boaters and riverfront landowners. The final sample size for the mail survey was 428, representing an overall response rate of 44%. Boaters and landowners reported similar evaluations of general crowding and conflict, but landowners were significantly more sensitive to conflicts between boaters and landowners than were boaters. In terms of environmental issues, boaters were significantly more disposed to pro-environmental attitudes than were landowners. Landowners evaluated recreational developments more negatively than did boaters. With respect to management preferences, boaters and landowners did not significantly differ in their evaluation of increased law enforcement and actions that would restrict development and recreational use. On average, both groups supported these types of management actions. However, boaters and landowners significantly differed in their evaluation of management actions that provide additional river access. Although both groups generally opposed additional access, landowners were more opposed to these actions than were boaters. In addition, boaters were more supportive of visitor services than were landowners. Although classification as boater or landowner contributed to preferences for some management actions (increased law enforcement and additional river access), other variables were better predictors of these preferences. Pro-environmental attitudes contributed to preferences for increased law enforcement, restrictions on development and recreational use, and visitor services. Attitudes about development also influenced preferences for increased law enforcement and restrictions, but contributed to preferences for additional river access as well. Other explanatory variables included perceptions of general conflict and activity preference (motorized or non-motorized). These variables contributed to preferences for increased law enforcement and restrictions on development and recreational use. Results from this study indicate that managers need to better understand the correlates of management support in order to meet a more diverse set of visitor needs. Understanding the contribution of a variety of variables in management preferences will likely help resource managers better understand stakeholder groups and how they will respond to proposed management actions. Managers can use such information to better communicate river management goals, thus fostering more widespread constituency support for proposed actions. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diogo Rais Rodrigues Moreira.pdf: 1887934 bytes, checksum: 902a7e44e783ee9b9ee96abb92e43d2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-23 / Is it possible to identify zones of accommodation and conflict between the activity of the Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ National Council of Justice) and jurisdictional independence? What constitutes these zones? How can they be categorized? The aim of this thesis is to seek answers to these and other questions. Our research is based on the assumption that jurisdictional independence should not be an insurmountable obstacle to the activity of the CNJ, nor should the Council s activity bring about the end of jurisdictional independence. Therefore, this research follows a central thread formed by a series of questions related to the national judiciary branch and the insertion of the Conselho Nacional de Justiça in its structure. We address the relation between jurisdiction and non-jurisdiction and the protection of jurisdictional independence through international norms and through the Brazilian Constitution, with the specific aim of presenting definitions of judicial and jurisdictional independence. We then analyze the decisions of the Conselho Nacional de Justiça that directly address jurisdictional acts. This analysis was based on an initial list of 2.750 normative and disciplinary acts issued by the Conselho Nacional de Justiça, of which only those specifically aimed at jurisdictional decisions were selected. This selection was then organized and categorized according with common features and results found in the acts, leading to the creation of the categories herein referred to as zones of interface and interference. Lastly, the results of the research are interpreted in the light of the definition of jurisdictional independence herein adopted. We thus seek to offer some conclusions about the relationship between the activity of the Conselho Nacional de Justiça and jurisdictional independence, either by means of an interface zone or through direct interference / É possível identificar zonas de conforto e de conflito entre a atuação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça (CNJ) e a independência jurisdicional? Como elas se constituem? Como podem ser categorizadas? Buscar respostas para essas e outras indagações é o objetivo desta tese. Parte-se da premissa de que a independência jurisdicional não deve constituir barreira intransponível para a atuação do CNJ e nem sua atuação poderia ser a derrocada da independência jurisdicional. E, para isso, esta pesquisa segue um fio condutor formado por diversos questionamentos que identifica o Poder Judiciário Nacional e a inserção do Conselho Nacional de Justiça nesta estrutura, abordando a relação entre jurisdição e não jurisdição, bem como, a proteção da independência judicial seja por atos internacionais seja pela Constituição brasileira, com o objetivo específico de apresentar definições de independência judicial e jurisdicional, e por fim, a análise da atuação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça diante de atos jurisdicionais. Esta análise se iniciou a partir de um rol de 2.750 registros sobre atos normativos e disciplinares do Conselho Nacional de Justiça, dos quais foram selecionados aqueles dirigidos especificamente aos atos jurisdicionais, sendo sistematizados e categorizados de acordo com os seus denominadores em comum e agrupados de acordo com o resultado que produziram, formando o que se denominou de zonas de interface e de interferência. Por fim, a tese apresenta o entrelaçamento dos resultados da pesquisa empírica com a definição de independência jurisdicional com o objetivo de trazer conclusões a respeito deste relacionamento constatado entre a atuação do Conselho Nacional de Justiça e a independência jurisdicional, seja por suas interfaces, seja por suas interferências

Tiriamoji problema. Vienas iš būdų užtikrinti visuomenėje tvarką – teisinės atsakomybės priemonių už padarytus teisės pažeidimus taikymas. Tarp šių teisinės prievartos priemonių ypatingą vietą užima administracinės atsakomybės priemonės – administracinės sankcijos. Dėl padaromų administracinių nusižengimų gausos, siekiant užtikrinti jų, o taip pat ir nusikalstamų veikų, prevenciją iškyla efektyvaus ir greito reagavimo poreikis. Nors valstybės reakcija į teisės pažeidimus pasireiškia jurisdikcinės funkcijos, demokratiniais principais tvarkomoje valstybėje atitenkančios teismui (vienai iš trijų valdžios šakų) vykdymu, socialinė tikrovė liudija apie vis didėjantį vykdomosios valdžios institucijų vaidmenį sprendžiant teisinės atsakomybės dėl padarytų nusižengimų klausimus. Šiandien pagal Lietuvos Respublikos Administracinių teisės pažeidimų kodekso nuostatas įgaliojimai bausti už administracinius teisės pažeidimus patikėti keliasdešimčiai viešojo administravimo institucijų. Ar tokia situacija neprieštaraujan valdžių padalijimo principui ir kuo toks teisinis reguliavimas galėtų būti pagrįstas? Iš tiesų, Lietuvos, ir ne tik, administracinės teisės moksle neretai keliama administracinių teisės pažeidimų, o kartu ir administracinių sankcijų legitimumo problema, susijusi su administracinėms institucijoms priskiriama teisingumo vykdymo funkcija. Juk administracinė institucija, bausdama kad ir už administracinius teisės pažeidimus, tampa savitu kvaziteismu, užsiimančiu jurisdikcine... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research problem. One of the ways to ensure public order is to impose sanctions for breach of law. Administrative sanctions as a remedy of administrative liability have a special place among the remedies of legal constraint. There is a need of effective and quick reaction to tackle great number of administrative offences and to ensure adequate prevention of administrative offences as well as criminal acts. Although the state responds to offence by implementing the jurisdictional function, which in a state governed under democratic principles is carried out by the court (one of the three constituent elements of governance), social reality testifies that the role of executive institutions in resolving the issues of legal liability for offence is increasing. Under currently effective provisions of the Administrative Code of the Republic of Lithuania authorization to impose sanctions for administrative offence is granted to a few tens of public administration institutions. Does such a situation correspond to the principle of separation of powers and what is the basis of such legal regulation? In fact, Lithuanian, and not only, science of Administrative Law often raises the problem of administrative offence as well as the problem of legitimacy of administrative sanctions which is closely related with the justice implementation function of administrative institutions. Actually, the administrative institution while imposing sanctions for administrative offence becomes a... [to full text] / Функция применения санкций за правонарушения, иначе называемая юрисдикционной, в демократических государствах традиционно предписана суду. В то же время в сегодняшней Литве право рассматривать дела по административным правонарушениям и применять административные санкции доверено десяткам институций публичного администрирования, которые в процессе реализации своих юрисдикционных полномочий становятся своеобразными квазисудами. Считается, что данная ситуация противоречит Конституции и нарушает общепризнанный принцип раздел��ния властей, а посему подлежит изменению. Поэтому целью исследования диссертации является системное рассмотрение и оценка правовых основ в юрисдикционной деятельности квазису��ебных институций, принципов, применяемых в юрисдикционной деятел��ности этих институций, и внесения предложений по совершенствования Литовского института административной ответственности. Основываясь на правовом регламентировании, конституционной и административной юриспруденции, доктрине административных санкций Франции, Италии, Испании, Германии, Бельгии, США и др. делается вывод, что административные санкции, примуняемые квазисудебными институциями, потенциально действенный институт, играющий роль социального регулятора, а воплощаемая юрисдикционная деятельность этих институций в аспекте конституционной легитимности приемлема для правовой системы демократического государства. Оценивая административную ответственность как одну из jus puniendi государства, в диссертации анализируются... [полный текст, см. далее]

La France est l'un des Etats qui a fait le choix de bâtir le pouvoir juridictionnel sur le partage de compétence entre deux ordres, l'ordre judiciaire et l'ordre administratif. Le principe de la dualité juridictionnelle découle de la summa divisio du système juridique français. Institué par la constitution de la deuxième République, très bien ancré dans le système juridique français et n'a jamais été remis en cause depuis. Il se veut en effet le garant contre l'arbitraire de l'Exécutif. Un principe sacro-saint qui a toujours gouverné le contentieux des étrangers et que le l'ancien Président de la République a nommément pointé du doigt lors de sa conférence de presse le 8 Janvier 2008 comme le principal responsable de l'engorgement des contentieux étrangers en le qualifiant de « bizarrerie française ». L'objectif de la présente thèse consiste à mettre toute la lumière sur les arcanes de la dualité juridictionnelle dans le contentieux des étrangers en France, puis étudier la possibilité d'une éventuelle unification des juridictions comme solution de substitution aux fins d'y remédier à cet engorgement ? / France is one of the states that chose to build the judicial power of the division of jurisdiction between two orders, the judiciary and the administrative order. The legal principle of duality, flows from the” summa division” of the French legal system. Established by the constitution of the Second Republic, well rooted in the French legal system and has never been questioned since. He wants, in fact, to be the guarantor against arbitrary action by the executive. A sacrosanct principle that has always governed the foreign nationals and that the former President of the Republic, namely pointed at its press conference of January 8, 2008 as the main cause of congestion in foreign litigation calling it a "quirk French." The objective of this thesis is to shed light on the mysteries of the jurisdictional duality in the foreign nationals in France, then consider a possible unification of the courts as an alternative to remedy to this congestion?