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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Genes de Hexamerinas em Apis mellifera: Busca de Funções Alternativas durante o Desenvolvimento. / Hexamerin Genes in Apis mellifera: Alternative Functions during Development.

Martins, Juliana Ramos 13 November 2012 (has links)
Introdução: Hexamerinas são proteínas de estocagem sintetizadas pelo corpo gorduroso de larvas de insetos e secretadas na hemolinfa, onde se acumulam. A função canônica das hexamerinas consiste em servir de reserva de aminoácidos e energia para a reconstrução de tecidos e órgãos durante a metamorfose. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a busca por evidências de funções alternativas das hexamerinas durante o ciclo de vida de abelhas A. mellifera. Resultados: Os perfis temporais de expressão das quatro hexamerinas (HEX 70a, HEX 70b, HEX 70c e HEX 110), verificados por meio de SDS-PAGE e western blot, corroboram sua função canônica na metamorfose. Consistente com esta função, as quatro hexamerinas foram localizadas no citoplasma das células do corpo gorduroso utilizando-se anticorpos específicos e microscopia confocal. No entanto, funções adicionais puderam ser inferidas com base nos seguintes resultados: (1) Foci das quatro hexamerinas foram localizados nos núcleos de algumas células do corpo gorduroso em metamorfose, levando à hipótese de que têm função anti-apoptótica durante este período crítico do desenvolvimento; (2) Além disso, HEX 70a e HEX 110 foram localizadas no citoplasma e núcleo de células ovarianas e testiculares, indicando função no desenvolvimento e maturação das gônadas; (3) A co-localização de um análogo de timidina (EdU) e HEX 70a nos núcleos das células dos ovaríolos, sugeriu fortemente uma função na proliferação celular. O knockdown de HEX 70a in vivo por meio de injeção de anticorpo específico prejudicou o crescimento dos ovaríolos de rainhas, reforçando a hipótese de função na proliferação celular, (4) interferiu na esclerotização da cutícula de operárias, indicando função na formação do exoesqueleto e (5) provocou a antecipação da ecdise adulta, provavelmente em resposta à ausência (ou diminuição) dos aminoácidos derivados das hexamerinas. Foram investigados também aspectos da regulação dos genes de hexamerinas. A manipulação experimental da dieta alimentar e dos títulos do hormônio juvenil (HJ) interferiram claramente na expressão dos genes de hexamerinas. A potencial ação reguladora do HJ foi reforçada pelos resultados de análises por bioinformática da região 5 UTR de cada gene de hexamerina (Martins et al., 2010) que revelaram potencial motivo de ligação à proteína Ultraspiracle (Usp), um membro do complexo receptor do HJ no DNA. Procedimentos para expressar as hexamerinas in vitro em sistema de bactérias e purificá-las estão em progresso visando a caracterização da estrutura e de interações entre as subunidades. Conclusão: Estes resultados ressaltam que as hexamerinas têm outras funções no ciclo de vida de A. mellifera, além da função já bem estabelecida de reserva de aminoácidos para a metamorfose. / Background: Insect hexamerins are storage proteins synthesized by the larval fat body and secreted into the hemolymph, where they accumulate. The canonical function of hexamerins is to provide amino acids and energy for the reconstruction of tissues and organs during pupal-to-adult development. The aim of the current study was to search for evidence of alternative roles for the hexamerins in the life cycle of the honey bee, A. mellifera. Results: The canonical role of insect hexamerins received support from our data on the temporal expression profiles of the four honey bee hexamerin subunits (HEX 70a, HEX 70b, HEX 70c and HEX 110), as verified by SDS-PAGE and western blot using hemolymph and fat body samples. Consistent with the canonical function, the four hexamerins were localized in the cytoplasm of fat body cells, during metamorphosis, by using specific antibodies and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. However, additional functions could be inferred by the following findings: (1) The four hexamerins were also localized in the nuclei of some fat body cells, thus tentatively suggesting an anti-apoptotic role during metamorphosis; (2) Furthermore, HEX 70a and HEX 110 were localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of ovarian and testicular cells, pointing to a role in gonad development and maturation. Co-labeling of the thymidine analog EdU and HEX 70a in the ovariole cell nuclei, strongly suggested a role in cell proliferation; HEX 70a depletion via injection of the specific antibody in queen pupae impaired ovariole growth, thus strengthening our hypothesis on a role in cell proliferation, (3) HEX 70a depletion also impaired cuticle sclerotization, indicating a function in exoskeleton formation, and (4) led to a precocious adult ecdysis, perhaps in response to the lack (or decrease) in hexamerin-derived amino acids. We also investigated aspects of the regulation of hexamerin genes. The experimental manipulation of diet consumption and juvenile hormone (JH) titer clearly interfered in the expression of hexamerin genes. Regulation by JH was also supported by a previous bioinformatics analysis of the 5 UTR region of each hexamerin gene (Martins et al., 2010), which revealed a potential binding site for Ultraspiracle (Usp), a member of the JH receptor complex in the DNA. Experiments are in progress for in vitro expression and purification of the four hexamerins aiming to further characterize their structures and interactions. Conclusion: Taken together, these results imply in novel roles for hexamerins in the life cycle of A. mellifera in addition to their well-established role as amino acids sources for metamorphosis.
32

An Iterative synthesis of oligo-vinyl ethers and applications thereof

Davies, Katherine 23 April 2012 (has links)
An iterative protocol is a highly efficient strategy for the generation of large, complex molecules that has been applied in many different subfields of organic synthesis. The use of a tandem or cascade reaction is also an effective approach for the rapid introduction of molecular complexity into a system since the number of steps requiring independent optimization is greatly reduced. With the aim of creating new synthetic strategies to efficiently gain access to stereochemically complex small molecules, we envisioned the use of short iterative protocols to prepare reactive oligomers to which a diverse range of cascade cyclization processes could be applied. In an attempt to minimize reaction optimization and chromatographic purification steps during the development of our small molecule precursors, we first developed an iterative synthesis based on a conjugate addition/reduction sequence that has allowed us to access a diverse series of oligo-vinyl ether intermediates. Significantly, both the addition and reduction steps proceed in near-quantitative yield, and reaction co-products can be removed without column chromatography. At the same time, most of our vinyl ether intermediates are stable to silica gel, and so analytically pure samples can be prepared when desired. Except for when very sterically demanding substrates are employed as electrophiles, the intermediates are isolated as single geometrical isomers. We also developed an improved synthesis of a previously intractable class of alkynoate starting materials (4-aryl-2-butynoates) to ensure a diverse range of easily accessible monomeric building blocks were available for our use. With this effective iterative route in hand, we have several interesting small molecule targets at our disposal. We first applied our iterative route to synthesize oxygen-containing analogues of juvenile hormone III. These mono- and bis-vinyl ethers are currently undergoing biological testing (in collaboration with Dr. Steve Perlman and Dr. Michael Horst), and early results show promise as ecologically degradable insect control agents. We also developed an unprecedented 6-endo/5-exo radical cascade reaction across bis-vinyl ethers which proceeds in good yield, high diastereoselectivity, and excellent regiochemical control. This reaction represents the first cascading radical cyclization ever reported for a bis-vinyl ether system and validates our iterative approach to molecular complexity. / Graduate
33

Juvenile hormone signaling in insect development and reproduction / Juvenile hormone signaling in insect development and reproduction

SMÝKAL, Vlastimil January 2014 (has links)
This thesis comprises three published papers and one manuscript, all focused on the role of juvenile hormone (JH), the JH receptor Methoprene-tolerant (Met) and its target gene Krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) in insect development and reproduction. The JH-Met-Kr-h1 pathway is critical for metamorphic transition in hemimetabolan Pyrrhocoris apterus (Hemiptera) and holometabolan Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera) but seems to be dispensable during early larval postembryonic development. The results also show that Met and its heterodimeric partner Taiman (Tai) but not Kr-h1 are critical for ovarian development and vitellogenesis in Pyrrhocoris females. In vitro, in vivo and cell-based techniques in Drosophila melanogaster have demonstrated that Met and its paralog Gce are a bona fide receptor for JH. Only Gce capable of binding JH rescued Drosophila deficient for Met and Gce proteins, and the capacity of Gce to bind JH was necessary for JH-dependent transcriptional activation by Gce and Tai.
34

Genes de Hexamerinas em Apis mellifera: Busca de Funções Alternativas durante o Desenvolvimento. / Hexamerin Genes in Apis mellifera: Alternative Functions during Development.

Juliana Ramos Martins 13 November 2012 (has links)
Introdução: Hexamerinas são proteínas de estocagem sintetizadas pelo corpo gorduroso de larvas de insetos e secretadas na hemolinfa, onde se acumulam. A função canônica das hexamerinas consiste em servir de reserva de aminoácidos e energia para a reconstrução de tecidos e órgãos durante a metamorfose. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a busca por evidências de funções alternativas das hexamerinas durante o ciclo de vida de abelhas A. mellifera. Resultados: Os perfis temporais de expressão das quatro hexamerinas (HEX 70a, HEX 70b, HEX 70c e HEX 110), verificados por meio de SDS-PAGE e western blot, corroboram sua função canônica na metamorfose. Consistente com esta função, as quatro hexamerinas foram localizadas no citoplasma das células do corpo gorduroso utilizando-se anticorpos específicos e microscopia confocal. No entanto, funções adicionais puderam ser inferidas com base nos seguintes resultados: (1) Foci das quatro hexamerinas foram localizados nos núcleos de algumas células do corpo gorduroso em metamorfose, levando à hipótese de que têm função anti-apoptótica durante este período crítico do desenvolvimento; (2) Além disso, HEX 70a e HEX 110 foram localizadas no citoplasma e núcleo de células ovarianas e testiculares, indicando função no desenvolvimento e maturação das gônadas; (3) A co-localização de um análogo de timidina (EdU) e HEX 70a nos núcleos das células dos ovaríolos, sugeriu fortemente uma função na proliferação celular. O knockdown de HEX 70a in vivo por meio de injeção de anticorpo específico prejudicou o crescimento dos ovaríolos de rainhas, reforçando a hipótese de função na proliferação celular, (4) interferiu na esclerotização da cutícula de operárias, indicando função na formação do exoesqueleto e (5) provocou a antecipação da ecdise adulta, provavelmente em resposta à ausência (ou diminuição) dos aminoácidos derivados das hexamerinas. Foram investigados também aspectos da regulação dos genes de hexamerinas. A manipulação experimental da dieta alimentar e dos títulos do hormônio juvenil (HJ) interferiram claramente na expressão dos genes de hexamerinas. A potencial ação reguladora do HJ foi reforçada pelos resultados de análises por bioinformática da região 5 UTR de cada gene de hexamerina (Martins et al., 2010) que revelaram potencial motivo de ligação à proteína Ultraspiracle (Usp), um membro do complexo receptor do HJ no DNA. Procedimentos para expressar as hexamerinas in vitro em sistema de bactérias e purificá-las estão em progresso visando a caracterização da estrutura e de interações entre as subunidades. Conclusão: Estes resultados ressaltam que as hexamerinas têm outras funções no ciclo de vida de A. mellifera, além da função já bem estabelecida de reserva de aminoácidos para a metamorfose. / Background: Insect hexamerins are storage proteins synthesized by the larval fat body and secreted into the hemolymph, where they accumulate. The canonical function of hexamerins is to provide amino acids and energy for the reconstruction of tissues and organs during pupal-to-adult development. The aim of the current study was to search for evidence of alternative roles for the hexamerins in the life cycle of the honey bee, A. mellifera. Results: The canonical role of insect hexamerins received support from our data on the temporal expression profiles of the four honey bee hexamerin subunits (HEX 70a, HEX 70b, HEX 70c and HEX 110), as verified by SDS-PAGE and western blot using hemolymph and fat body samples. Consistent with the canonical function, the four hexamerins were localized in the cytoplasm of fat body cells, during metamorphosis, by using specific antibodies and confocal laser-scanning microscopy. However, additional functions could be inferred by the following findings: (1) The four hexamerins were also localized in the nuclei of some fat body cells, thus tentatively suggesting an anti-apoptotic role during metamorphosis; (2) Furthermore, HEX 70a and HEX 110 were localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of ovarian and testicular cells, pointing to a role in gonad development and maturation. Co-labeling of the thymidine analog EdU and HEX 70a in the ovariole cell nuclei, strongly suggested a role in cell proliferation; HEX 70a depletion via injection of the specific antibody in queen pupae impaired ovariole growth, thus strengthening our hypothesis on a role in cell proliferation, (3) HEX 70a depletion also impaired cuticle sclerotization, indicating a function in exoskeleton formation, and (4) led to a precocious adult ecdysis, perhaps in response to the lack (or decrease) in hexamerin-derived amino acids. We also investigated aspects of the regulation of hexamerin genes. The experimental manipulation of diet consumption and juvenile hormone (JH) titer clearly interfered in the expression of hexamerin genes. Regulation by JH was also supported by a previous bioinformatics analysis of the 5 UTR region of each hexamerin gene (Martins et al., 2010), which revealed a potential binding site for Ultraspiracle (Usp), a member of the JH receptor complex in the DNA. Experiments are in progress for in vitro expression and purification of the four hexamerins aiming to further characterize their structures and interactions. Conclusion: Taken together, these results imply in novel roles for hexamerins in the life cycle of A. mellifera in addition to their well-established role as amino acids sources for metamorphosis.
35

Efeitos da quantidade de alimento larval sobre a determinação de castas da abelha sem ferrão Scaptotrigona aff. depilis (Moure, 1942) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) - uma análise morfométrica, de expressão gênica e de títul / The role of the quantity of larval diet in caste determination of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona aff. depilis (Moure, 1942) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) a morphometric, gene expression e hormone titer analysis

Gisele de Carvalho Pinto Cabral 23 November 2009 (has links)
Neste estudo, foi investigado o efeito da dieta larval no desenvolvimento de características morfológicas casta-específicas e na expressão de alguns genes durante o desenvolvimento da abelha sem ferrão Scaptotrigona aff. depilis . Nesta espécie, as castas femininas são determinadas pela quantidade de alimento consumida durante o desenvolvimento larval. Grupos experimentais larvas criadas in vitro foram feitos com duas quantidades diferentes de alimento larval, obtido de favos recém provisionados nesta espécie. As larvas do primeiro grupo receberam 32l de alimento larval, correspondente a quantidade média de alimento recebida por larvas de operárias naturalmente, já as larvas do segundo grupo receberam 130l, correspondente a quantidade média encontrada naturalmente em células reais. Todas as larvas criadas com 130l de alimento larval se desenvolveram em rainhas, como esperado; da mesma forma, a maioria das larvas criadas com 32l se desenvolveram em operárias. Interessantemente, porém, algumas larvas deste grupo se desenvolveram em rainhas miniaturas, sugerindo que outros fatores, além do trófico, estejam envolvidos na determinação de castas em S. aff. depilis. Subsequentemente, analisamos os títulos de hormônio juvenil (HJ) na hemolinfa por radioimunoensaio durante quatro estágios do último instar larval e encontramos que as larvas do grupo de 130l de dieta apresentaram maiores títulos no estágio defecante (LD) (p=0,034, t-test), se comparado com as larvas do grupo de 32l. Os níveis de expressão de determinados genes que foram previamente descritos em outras espécies como expressos preferencialmente em rainhas. Um destes genes, dnmt-3, codifica a DNA metiltransferase envolvida na metilação do DNA. Para este gene, encontramos maiores níveis de transcritos nas larvas alimentadas como rainhas (130l) nos estágios LPD e LD (p=0,029, Mann-Whitney), do que as larvas que receberam 32l. Analisamos também dois genes envolvidos no metabolismo do HJ, e para um deles, jheh, codificador de uma epóxido-hidrolase do hormônio juvenil, não encontramos diferença nos níveis de mRNA entre larvas de rainhas e operárias. Para jhe, o qual codifica a esterase do hormônio juvenil, encontramos maiores níveis de transcritos no estágio LD nas larvas criadas com 130l de alimento. Isso indica que a expressão de jhe pode ser induzida pelo aumento dos títulos de HJ neste estágio. Os dois genes, hmgr e mfe, envolvidos no passo inicial e final da síntese do HJ, respectivamente, o primeiro mostrou uma pequena variação nos níveis de expressão, sendo que a expressão de mfe foi menor nas larvas criadas com 32l de alimento larval e foi encontrado um pico de expressão no estágio LPD nas larvas alimentadas com 130l. O produto desse gene, metilfarnesoato epoxidase, está envolvido no passo limitante da síntese de HJ em Apis mellifera. Dois outros genes analisados foram o homólogo ao EcR, codificador do receptor de ecdisona e o usp, codificador do potencial receptor do HJ. Seus níveis de expressões foram maiores nos estágios LPD e LD, respectivamente, nas larvas alimentadas com 130l de alimento e os níveis de EcR se correlacionaram com o perfil dos títulos de ecdisona e os de usp com os títulos de HJ, publicados para esta espécie. Não houve diferença nos níveis de expressão dos genes selecionados que pudessem relacionar ou permitir distinguir as rainhas miniaturas das operárias durante os estágios do desenvolvimento estudados. Uma análise morfométrica de adultos faratos indica claramente que as rainhas miniaturas são rainhas autênticas. / In this work we investigated the role played by the larval diet in the development of caste-specific morphological traits and in the expression of candidate genes during the development of the stingless bees, Scaptotrigona aff. depilis. In this species, the female castes are determinate by the amount of food consume during larval development. Experimental groups of larvae were reared in vitro on two different quantities of larval food obtained from newly provisioned brood cells of this species. Larvae of the first group received 32l of larval food, corresponding to the quantity usually received by the workers larva, whereas larvae of the second group received 130l, corresponding to the quantity normally deposited in queen cells. All larvae reared on 130l of larval food developed into queens, as expected, and similarly, most of the larvae reared on 32l developed into workers. Interestingly, however, some larvae of this group developed into miniature queens, suggesting that factors additional to the trophic ones may be involved in caste determination in S. aff. depilis. We subsequently analyzed the hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH) titers by radioimmunoassay during four stages of the last larval instar and we found that larvae of the 130l diet group had higher JH titer in the defecating stange (LD) (p=0,034, t-test) than larvae of the 32l diet group. Next we analyzed the expression levels of set of candidate genes that had previously been described as preferentially expressed in queens of others bee species. One of these genes dnmt-3, encodes DNA methyltransferase involved in DNA methylation. For this gene we found higher transcripts levels in prospective queens during the final larval stage (both in pre-defecating larvae LPD and defecating larvae- LD) (p=0,029, Mann-Whitney). We also analyzed two genes involved in JH metabolism, and for one of them jheh, encoding a juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase, we did not find any differences in mRNA levels for queens and workers larvae. For jhe, which codes juvenile hormone esterase we found higher transcript levels in the LD stage in larvae reared on 130l of larval food. This indicates that jhe expression may be induced by an elevated JH titer during this stage. For two genes, hmgr and mfe, involved in an initial and a final step of JH synthesis, respectively, the first one showed little variation in expression levels, whereas mfe expression was lower in larvae reared on 32l of larval food and we found an expression peak in the LPD stage (p=0,029, Mann-Whitney) of larvae reared on 130l larval food. The product of this gene, a methylfarnesoate epoxidase, has been shown to be involved in a rate-limiting step of JH sunthesis in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. The other two genes analyzed were the EcR homolog encoding an ecdysone receptor and usp coding for potencial JH receptor. Their expressions were higher during LPD (p=0,006, t-test) stages and LD (p=0,026, t-test), respectively, in larvae fed with 130l of food and the levels of transcripts of EcR correlated with changes in the ecdysone titer and usp with the JH titer published for this species. We did not find differences in expressions levels for any of these candidate genes that could related to and allow to distinguish between prospective miniature queens and workers in these stages. A morphometric analysis of pharate adults, however, clearly demonstrated that the miniature queens are authentic queens.
36

Characterization of Juvenile Hormone Biosynthetic Enzymes in the Mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Nyati, Pratik 05 November 2014 (has links)
The juvenile hormones (JHs) are sesquiterpenoid compounds that play a central role in insect reproduction, development and behavior. They are synthesized and secreted by a pair of small endocrine glands, the corpora allata (CA), which are intimately connected to the brain. The enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of JH are attractive targets for the control of mosquito populations. This dissertation is a comprehensive functional study of five Aedes aegypti CA enzymes, HMG-CoA synthase (AaHMGS), mevalonate kinase (AaMK), phosphomevalonate kinase (AaPMK), farnesyl diphosphate synthase (AaFPPS) and farnesyl pyrophosphate phosphatase (AaFPPase). The enzyme AaHMGS catalyzes the condensation of acetoacetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to produce HMG-CoA. The enzyme does not require any co-factor, although its activity is enhanced by addition of Mg2+. The enzyme AaMK is a class I mevalonate kinase that catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of mevalonic acid to form mevalonate 5-phosphate. Activity of AaMK is inhibited by isoprenoids. The enzyme AaPMK catalyzes the cation-dependent reversible reaction of phosphomevalonate and ATP to form diphosphate mevalonate and ADP. The enzyme AaFPPS catalyzes the condensation of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) to form geranyl diphosphate (GPP) and farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP). The enzyme AaFPPS shows an unusual product regulation mechanism, with chain length final product of 10 or 15 C depending on the metal cofactor present. The enzymes AaFPPase-1 and AaFPPase-2 efficiently hydrolyze FPP into farnesol, although RNAi experiments demonstrate that only AaFPPase-1 is involved in the catalysis of FPP into FOL in the CA of A. aegypti. This dissertation also explored the inhibition of the activity of some of the JH biosynthesis enzymes as tools for insect control. We described the effect of N-acetyl-S-geranylgeranyl-L-cysteine as a potent inhibitor of AaFPPase 1 and AaFPPase-2. In addition, inhibitors of AaMK and AaHMGS were also investigated using purified recombinant proteins. The present study provides an important contribution to the characterization of recombinant proteins, the analysis of enzyme kinetics and inhibition constants, as well as the understanding of the importance of these five enzymes in the control of JH biosynthesis rates.
37

Ecdysis Triggering Hormone and its Role in Juvenile Hormone Synthesis in the Yellow-fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti

Areiza, Maria 24 January 2014 (has links)
Ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH) is a neuropeptide known for its role in the orchestration of ecdysis. However, its role in the regulation of Juvenile Hormone (JH) synthesis is unknown. In Aedes aegypti, JH is synthesized by the corpora allata (CA) and titers are tightly regulated by allatoregulatory factors. In this study I describe the effect of ETH on JH synthesis during the late pupal stage and in the adult female after blood feeding. Analysis of ETH receptor (ETHRs) expression showed that ETHRs are present in both the CA and the corpora cardiaca (CC), a neurohemal organ. The data suggest that ETH regulates JH synthesis directly through its receptors in CA. Our results show that in pupa, ETH has a stimulatory effect on JH synthesis while in adult blood fed females, ETH is inhibitory. These findings constitute the first evidence of ETH as a regulatory peptide in mosquito JH synthesis.
38

Efeitos da quantidade de alimento larval sobre a determinação de castas da abelha sem ferrão Scaptotrigona aff. depilis (Moure, 1942) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) - uma análise morfométrica, de expressão gênica e de títul / The role of the quantity of larval diet in caste determination of the stingless bee Scaptotrigona aff. depilis (Moure, 1942) (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) a morphometric, gene expression e hormone titer analysis

Cabral, Gisele de Carvalho Pinto 23 November 2009 (has links)
Neste estudo, foi investigado o efeito da dieta larval no desenvolvimento de características morfológicas casta-específicas e na expressão de alguns genes durante o desenvolvimento da abelha sem ferrão Scaptotrigona aff. depilis . Nesta espécie, as castas femininas são determinadas pela quantidade de alimento consumida durante o desenvolvimento larval. Grupos experimentais larvas criadas in vitro foram feitos com duas quantidades diferentes de alimento larval, obtido de favos recém provisionados nesta espécie. As larvas do primeiro grupo receberam 32l de alimento larval, correspondente a quantidade média de alimento recebida por larvas de operárias naturalmente, já as larvas do segundo grupo receberam 130l, correspondente a quantidade média encontrada naturalmente em células reais. Todas as larvas criadas com 130l de alimento larval se desenvolveram em rainhas, como esperado; da mesma forma, a maioria das larvas criadas com 32l se desenvolveram em operárias. Interessantemente, porém, algumas larvas deste grupo se desenvolveram em rainhas miniaturas, sugerindo que outros fatores, além do trófico, estejam envolvidos na determinação de castas em S. aff. depilis. Subsequentemente, analisamos os títulos de hormônio juvenil (HJ) na hemolinfa por radioimunoensaio durante quatro estágios do último instar larval e encontramos que as larvas do grupo de 130l de dieta apresentaram maiores títulos no estágio defecante (LD) (p=0,034, t-test), se comparado com as larvas do grupo de 32l. Os níveis de expressão de determinados genes que foram previamente descritos em outras espécies como expressos preferencialmente em rainhas. Um destes genes, dnmt-3, codifica a DNA metiltransferase envolvida na metilação do DNA. Para este gene, encontramos maiores níveis de transcritos nas larvas alimentadas como rainhas (130l) nos estágios LPD e LD (p=0,029, Mann-Whitney), do que as larvas que receberam 32l. Analisamos também dois genes envolvidos no metabolismo do HJ, e para um deles, jheh, codificador de uma epóxido-hidrolase do hormônio juvenil, não encontramos diferença nos níveis de mRNA entre larvas de rainhas e operárias. Para jhe, o qual codifica a esterase do hormônio juvenil, encontramos maiores níveis de transcritos no estágio LD nas larvas criadas com 130l de alimento. Isso indica que a expressão de jhe pode ser induzida pelo aumento dos títulos de HJ neste estágio. Os dois genes, hmgr e mfe, envolvidos no passo inicial e final da síntese do HJ, respectivamente, o primeiro mostrou uma pequena variação nos níveis de expressão, sendo que a expressão de mfe foi menor nas larvas criadas com 32l de alimento larval e foi encontrado um pico de expressão no estágio LPD nas larvas alimentadas com 130l. O produto desse gene, metilfarnesoato epoxidase, está envolvido no passo limitante da síntese de HJ em Apis mellifera. Dois outros genes analisados foram o homólogo ao EcR, codificador do receptor de ecdisona e o usp, codificador do potencial receptor do HJ. Seus níveis de expressões foram maiores nos estágios LPD e LD, respectivamente, nas larvas alimentadas com 130l de alimento e os níveis de EcR se correlacionaram com o perfil dos títulos de ecdisona e os de usp com os títulos de HJ, publicados para esta espécie. Não houve diferença nos níveis de expressão dos genes selecionados que pudessem relacionar ou permitir distinguir as rainhas miniaturas das operárias durante os estágios do desenvolvimento estudados. Uma análise morfométrica de adultos faratos indica claramente que as rainhas miniaturas são rainhas autênticas. / In this work we investigated the role played by the larval diet in the development of caste-specific morphological traits and in the expression of candidate genes during the development of the stingless bees, Scaptotrigona aff. depilis. In this species, the female castes are determinate by the amount of food consume during larval development. Experimental groups of larvae were reared in vitro on two different quantities of larval food obtained from newly provisioned brood cells of this species. Larvae of the first group received 32l of larval food, corresponding to the quantity usually received by the workers larva, whereas larvae of the second group received 130l, corresponding to the quantity normally deposited in queen cells. All larvae reared on 130l of larval food developed into queens, as expected, and similarly, most of the larvae reared on 32l developed into workers. Interestingly, however, some larvae of this group developed into miniature queens, suggesting that factors additional to the trophic ones may be involved in caste determination in S. aff. depilis. We subsequently analyzed the hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH) titers by radioimmunoassay during four stages of the last larval instar and we found that larvae of the 130l diet group had higher JH titer in the defecating stange (LD) (p=0,034, t-test) than larvae of the 32l diet group. Next we analyzed the expression levels of set of candidate genes that had previously been described as preferentially expressed in queens of others bee species. One of these genes dnmt-3, encodes DNA methyltransferase involved in DNA methylation. For this gene we found higher transcripts levels in prospective queens during the final larval stage (both in pre-defecating larvae LPD and defecating larvae- LD) (p=0,029, Mann-Whitney). We also analyzed two genes involved in JH metabolism, and for one of them jheh, encoding a juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase, we did not find any differences in mRNA levels for queens and workers larvae. For jhe, which codes juvenile hormone esterase we found higher transcript levels in the LD stage in larvae reared on 130l of larval food. This indicates that jhe expression may be induced by an elevated JH titer during this stage. For two genes, hmgr and mfe, involved in an initial and a final step of JH synthesis, respectively, the first one showed little variation in expression levels, whereas mfe expression was lower in larvae reared on 32l of larval food and we found an expression peak in the LPD stage (p=0,029, Mann-Whitney) of larvae reared on 130l larval food. The product of this gene, a methylfarnesoate epoxidase, has been shown to be involved in a rate-limiting step of JH sunthesis in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. The other two genes analyzed were the EcR homolog encoding an ecdysone receptor and usp coding for potencial JH receptor. Their expressions were higher during LPD (p=0,006, t-test) stages and LD (p=0,026, t-test), respectively, in larvae fed with 130l of food and the levels of transcripts of EcR correlated with changes in the ecdysone titer and usp with the JH titer published for this species. We did not find differences in expressions levels for any of these candidate genes that could related to and allow to distinguish between prospective miniature queens and workers in these stages. A morphometric analysis of pharate adults, however, clearly demonstrated that the miniature queens are authentic queens.
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Molecular Biology of bHLH PAS Genes Involved in Dipteran Juvenile Hormone Signaling

Baumann, Aaron A. 01 November 2010 (has links)
No description available.
40

Termorregulação colonial e energética individual em abelhas sem ferrão Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini) / Colonial thermoregulation and energetics in stingless bees Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Meliponini).

Loli, Denise 18 June 2008 (has links)
Em abelhas eussociais o controle das condições internas do ninho é importante para a sobrevivência da colônia e um dos principais mecanismos para controle da temperatura colonial é a escolha do local de nidificação, como ocos de troncos de árvores, tal qual ocorre nas abelhas sem ferrão Melipona quadrifasciata, sistema biológico deste estudo. Além de mecanismos comportamentais, em Hymenoptera são também conhecidos mecanismos fisiológicos de termorregulação (termogênese) como a ocorrência de ciclos fúteis (descritos para mamangavas Bombus) e o tremor muscular. A termogênese em abelhas ocorre principalmente durante incubação da cria, atividades sociais e aquecimento pré-vôo. As aminas biogênicas desempenham um amplo espectro de funções em abelhas, e é sugerido que o sistema noradrenérgico/adrenérico de vertebrados é funcional e estruturalmente equivalente ao sistema octopaminérgico/tiraminérgico de insetos. O emprego de bloqueador beta-adrenérgico em abelhas pode levar a hipotermia, emergindo a hipótese de que haveria envolvimento de uma via octopaminérgica na energética e termogênese de abelhas. Os três principais aspectos da termorregulação focados neste trabalho são a termorregulação colonial, a energética individual e mecanismos de termogênese. Com relação à termorregulação colonial, o objetivo principal foi descrevê-la em duas regiões do ninho (discos de cria e potes de alimento), por meio de registro de séries temporais de temperatura e umidade relativa, e estudo da atividade externa de vôo. Foi detectada ritmicidade nas séries temporais de colônias abertas, com influência das periodicidades da temperatura ambiente, umidade relativa e luminosidade, sobre as séries temporais registradas dentro da colônia. As séries temporais de atividade de vôo apresentavam periodicidades similares às ambientais, mas também eram relacionadas às da cria. Em colônias fechadas, as séries temporais dos discos de cria apresentavam periodicidades próximas a 24h e 12h, sugerindo aspecto endógeno da regulação de temperatura e umidade próximo à cria. Também, objetivou-se caracterizar o efeito do tipo de iluminação e de diferentes temperaturas. Foram estudados, por meio de respirometria intermitente, os efeitos do ciclo claro/escuro a 28°C (fotoperíodo normal, fotoperíodo invertido, claro e escuro constante) sobre a taxa metabólica (TM), e os efeitos de diferentes temperaturas ambientais (10 a 40°C) sobre a TM e quociente respiratório (QR). Os diferentes ciclos de claro/escuro afetaram a TM, sendo observados, em fotoperíodo normal e claro constante valores de TM baixos entre 19h e 5h. Em fotoperíodo invertido, valores diminuídos foram registrados entre 6h e 18h, sugerindo um ritmo exógeno em resposta a mudanças fotoperiódicas. Entre 7h e 17h59, no claro, ressalta-se que não há diferenças estatisticamente significativas na TM. A temperatura tem um efeito significativo, com valores diminuídos a 35 e 40°C e mais ainda a 10°C. Entre 15 e 30°C não há diferenças significativas. Na terceira parte do trabalho objetivou-se verificar o efeito tempo-dependente de bloqueadores beta-adrenérgicos e octopaminérgicos (Alprenolol e Mianserina) sobre a TM e temperatura torácica de forrageadoras e verificar se a octopamina e methoprene (análogo de hormônio juvenil) compensam os efeitos dos bloqueadores. Também foi analisado se há alterações dos substratos energéticos catabolizados, considerando o QR e a atividade enzimática (Vmax de hexoquinase, trealase, HOAD e glicogênio fosforilase). Com o emprego dos bloqueadores, foram detectadas alterações no QR e na atividade das quatro enzimas. A diminuição da temperatura torácica obtida em forrageadoras tratadas com Alprenolol sugere o envolvimento de vias octopaminérgicas na termogênese em M. quadrifasciata; todavia, não se sabe se tais efeitos são decorrentes de interferências na produção de calor e/ou um subproduto da diminuição da TM. No nível colonial, ninhos tratados com os mesmos bloqueadores parecem apresentar periodicidades de séries temporais mais similares à da umidade relativa do ambiente e menos à da temperatura ambiente, sugerindo menor resposta às variações de temperatura. Os resultados não provam que há mecanismos de termogênese sem tremor muscular em abelhas, envolvendo octopamina e hormônio juvenil, mas indicam um possível envolvimento destas substâncias na taxa metabólica e oxidação de diferentes substratos energéticos. Sob uma visão comparativa, pode-se apontar semelhanças entre efeitos de modificações em vias octopaminérgicas/tiraminérgicas de insetos e noradrenérgicas/tiraminérgicas de vertebrados, quando à energética e termogênese. Os resultados não provam tal afirmação, mas apontam evidências do papel da via octopaminérgica na taxa metabólica e temperatura torácica de forrageadoras. / In eusocial insects, such as stingless bees, the control of nest conditions and maintenance of the colonial microclimate are important to brood incubation, development of eggs, larvae and pupae, and survival of the colony. One of the main thermoregulatory mechanisms to control nest temperature is the microhabitat selection to build the nest, such as tree holes, characteristic of the stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata, the biological system chosen for this study. In addition to the behavioral mechanisms involved in thermoregulation, physiological mechanisms underlying thermogenesis are also found in Hymenoptera, such as futile cycles (in bumblebees) and shivering thermogenesis. Thermogenesis in bees is detected mainly during brood incubation, social interactions and pre-flight warming; additional possible physiological mechanisms have not yet been investigated with enough detail. Biogenic amines, especially octopamine, play important physiological roles in bees. Although octopamine and norepinephrine are chemically not identical, it appears that octopaminergic systems of invertebrates and noradrenergic systems of vertebrates are homologous. Oral treatment with beta-blockers can cause hypothermia, leading to the hypothesis that an octopaminergic pathway involved in bee energetics and thermogenesis might exist. The main aspects investigated in the present study are the colonial thermoregulation, the energetics of individual bees, and the mechanisms associated with thermogenesis in M. quadrifasciata. With regards to the colonial thermoregulation, temperature and humidity, time series were recorded inside and outside the nest, in two colonial compartments, i.e., brood and pots. In addition, flight activity was also recorded. Flight activity time series presented similar periodicities in both ambient and brood series. In closed colonies, maintained under constant conditions, the brood time series presented periodicities close to 24h and 12h, suggesting endogenous aspects and rhythm. Another goal of this study was to characterizing the effects of the light-dark cycles and ambient temperatures. This was achieved using intermittent respirometry, and the effects of the light-dark cycles at 28°C (normal photoperiod, inverted photoperiod, constant light and constant dark) on metabolic rate (MR), and the effects of different temperatures (10 40°C) on MR and respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured. The different light-dark cycles affected the MR under normal photoperiod and constant light. Two \"platforms,\" with low MR values were detected between 19h and 5h. When the photoperiod was inverted, lower values were recorded in the dark phase, between 6h and 18h, resulting in an inverted pattern of MR, thus suggesting an exogenous response to photoperiodic changes. Between 7h and 17h59, in the light phase, metabolic rate did not change significantly. The temperature has a significant effect on MR and RQ of the foragers, and reduced values at 10, 35 and 40°C were detected. Between 15 and 30°C no significant differences were detected. In the third part of this work the aim was to verify the time-dependent effects of beta-blockers (Alprenolol and Mianserina) on MR and thoracic temperature of foragers, and to verify whether octopamine and methoprene (analogous to juvenile hormone) compensate the effects of beta-blockers. Alterations of substrates oxidation, considering the RQ and the activity (Vmax) of specific enzymes, such as hexokinase, trehalase, HOAD and glycogen phosphorylase, were also investigated. Treatments with blockers caused alterations in the RQ and in the enzyme activities of hexokinase, HOAD and glycogen phosphorylase. The reduced values of thoracic temperature in foragers treated with Alprenolol suggests the involvement of octopaminergic pathways in thermogenesis; however, it is not yet known if such effects are due to interferences in the heat production and/or represent a by-product of a reduced metabolic rate. At the colonial level, nests treated with blockers presented colonial time series periodicities more similar to the ambient humidity series than to the ambient temperature series, suggesting therefore that the responses to ambient temperature are reduced. These results do not prove that mechanisms of nonshivering thermogenesis are present in bees, involving both octopamin and juvenile hormone, but they can indicate possible involvements of these substances in metabolic rate, energetics and fuel utilization. Under a comparative approach, one can suggest similarities between the effects caused by modifications in the noradrenergic and octopaminergic pathways on the energetics and thermogenesis of M. quadrifasciata. The results, however, do not prove such hypothesis, but they suggest an octopaminergic influence on both metabolic rate and thoracic temperature of M. quadrifasciata foragers.

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