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The scalar mesons have caused much debate amongst hadronic physicists for many years. Even today the number of scalars is hotly contested, and there is almost no agreement on the composition of any of the experimentally observed states, except perhaps for the K*(_0) (1430). This thesis attempts to shed light on both of these problems via the application of analyticity to two different quantities. Recently a number of authors have proposed the existence of a light, strange, scalar meson known as the k. We perform a direct search of the best available πK scattering data to determine whether or not this resonance exists. This is done by constructing contour integrals from these data and determining the number of poles present inside the contour. We do not need to model either the internal dynamics of the state nor the form of the background scattering. The number of poles found tells us the number of resonances present and their positions allow us to estimate the resonance parameters. We find that there is only one resonance in scalar πK scattering below 1800 MeV and this is identified with the established K*(_0)(1430). We find no evidence for the k. Secondly, applying Cauchy's Theorem to the vacuum polarisation function leads to a relation between experimental and theoretical integrals known as a Finite Energy Sum Rule (FESR). FESRs are used to explore the scalar, isoscalar non-strange current and allow us to determine which of the experimentally observed scalar, isoscalar mesons is most likely to be the uũ + dd state. We find that the lightest scalar, isoscalar uũ dd state is not the fo(980) as suggested by some authors, but is rather the light, broad object known as the fo(400 - 1200). We are also able to estimate the average light quark mass and find m(_q)(l GeV(^2)) = 4.7 ± 0.9 MeV which is consistent with the recent estimates of this quantity from unquenched lattice QCD.

依財政部保險司每半年對壽險申訴案件的統計觀察，客戶對壽險公司提出申訴的件數有逐年遞增的趨勢，申訴原因多為理賠給付、契約保全服務、業務員招攬、保費收費糾紛、商品條款及法規等爭議。客服員若能於第一時間以專業的知識回應申訴問題，勢必可減少申訴數量。但面對浩瀚的壽險各領域知識，客服中心的成員不易具備所有足以應付客戶問題的知識，實施知識管理將組織內各種知識公開化、標準化、制度化、科技化，已成為刻不容緩的任務。 為解決壽險客服中心因取得壽險專業知識的障礙而無法提供客戶滿意的服務，本研究對客服中心可能應用的各種知識，探討已被發表的知識管理分類、呈現與檢索等應用的相關技術，提出符合客服中心需求的以知識本體為基礎的壽險知識問題檢索架構，除了提供壽險專業知識的建立、搜尋、分享環境，並將原始文件儲存為XML或RDF的語意文件，做為將來跨平台與跨應用系統資料交換的基礎，提升客服中心服務效率、節省客服人力與行政成本，留住忠誠的客戶以達成CRM的目的，進而提升企業競爭力。 / According to the regular semi-annual statistic report from Insurance Department of MOF Taiwan, the complain cases from policy owners are increasing year by year. The reasons of complain are claims, underwriting, policy services, marketing, premium collections, policy clauses and regulations. If the customer service representatives (CSR) could solve the problems at the right time with their domain knowledge of life insurance, the volumes of complain should be descended explicitly. But it is hard to ask a CSR to play the role with variety domain knowledge of life insurance. Implement the knowledge management mechanism to standardize and enrich the organization memory are the first priority in life insurance companies. In order to overcome the barrier of dissatisfaction about customer service, this research try to study the related theories and technologies of knowledge classification, knowledge representation, knowledge acquisition tools, inference and problem solving methods. The results of this research announce an architecture of ontology based customer relationship management for Life Insurance Company to build, represent, search, and share the life insurance domain knowledge. Addition, to save the original semi-structured or unstructured documents into semantic formats of XML or RDF. It could provides the data exchange between heterogeneous databases and platforms. The advantages are more efficiency and cost down for the customer service departments, retain the royalty customers and get more competence advantage for the company.

This dissertation investigates CsI(Tl) pulse shape discrimination (PSD) as a novel experimental technique to improve challenging areas of particle identification at high energy $e^+ e^-$ colliders using CsI(Tl) calorimeters. In this work CsI(Tl) PSD is implemented and studied at the Belle II experiment operating at the SuperKEKB $e^+ e^-$ collider, representing the first application of CsI(Tl) PSD at a $B$ factory experiment. Results are presented from Belle II as well as a testbeam completed at the TRIUMF proton and neutron irradiation facility. From the analysis of the testbeam data, energy deposits from highly ionizing particles are shown to produce a CsI(Tl) scintillation component with decay time of $630\pm10$ ns, referred to as the hadron scintillation component, and not present in energy deposits from electromagnetic showers or minimum ionizing particles. By measuring the fraction of hadron scintillation emission relative to the total scintillation emission, a new method for CsI(Tl) pulse shape characterization is developed and implemented at the Belle II experiment's electromagnetic calorimeter, constructed from 8736 CsI(Tl) crystals. A theoretical model is formulated to allow for simulations of the particle dependent CsI(Tl) scintillation response. This model is incorporated into GEANT4 simulations of the testbeam apparatus and the Belle II detector, allowing for accurate simulations of the observed particle dependent scintillation response of CsI(Tl). With $e^\pm$, $\mu^\pm$, $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$ and $p/\bar{p}$ control samples selected from Belle II collision data the performance of this new simulation technique is evaluated. In addition the performance of hadronic interaction modelling by GEANT4 particle interactions in matter simulation libraries is studied and using PSD potential sources of data vs. simulation disagreement are identified. A PSD-based multivariate classifier trained for $K_L^0$ vs. photon identification is also presented. With $K_L^0$ and photon control samples selected from Belle II collision data, pulse shape discrimination is shown to allow for high efficiency $K_L^0$ identification with low photon backgrounds as well as improved $\pi^0$ identification compared to shower-shape based methods. / Graduate

L'expérience de physique nucléaire GRAAL installée à Grenoble auprès du synchrotron européen (ESRF) produit, par rétrodiffusion Compton, un faisceau de gammas polarisés linéairement ou circulairement. <br /><br />Les caractéristiques d'un tel faisceau rendent possible l'étude des réactions de photoproduction de mésons pseudoscalaires (pion, eta, kaon) dont certains aspects théoriques sont explicités dans le cadre de cette thèse. <br /><br />Une description précise des programmes d'analyse permet de comprendre le traitement complet des informations depuis l'acquisition des données jusqu'à la présentation des premiers résultats expérimentaux sur l'asymétrie Sigma du faisceau pour les réactions gamma + p -> p + X (X = pi, eta) dans le domaine d'énergie situé entre 700 et 1100 MeV. <br /><br />Des méthodes d'extraction des observables de polarisation de la réaction gamma + p -> K+ + Lambda ont été mises au point à partir de la simulation Monte Carlo. La reproduction précise des trois observables de simple polarisation (P, Sigma, T) et des quatre observables de double polarisation faisceau-recul (Ox, Oz, Cx, Cz), pour un ensemble de données correspondant à 100000 réactions gamma + p -> K+ + Lambda, montre que ces quantités peuvent être mesurées dans l'expérience GRAAL.

The role of $f_{0}(980)$ and $a_{0}(980)$ scalar meson intermediate states in the mechanism of radiative $phi (1020)$ meson decay into two charged $K (494)$ mesons and a photon $phirightarrow K^{+} + K^{-} + gamma$ is investigated. For the contribution of scalar meson intermediate state two models are considered. In the kaon-loop model, the scalar meson intermediate state couples the final state to the initial $phi$ meson through a charged kaon-loop. The second model, called no-structure model, consist of point-like coupling of intermediate scalar meson state to the initial state. It is found that in the kaon-loop model, scalar meson intermediate state results in a considerable modification of the pure Bremsstrahlung photon spectrum.

Die hier vorgestellte Untersuchung des radiativen elektroschwachen &amp;quot;Pinguin&amp;quot;-Zerfalls B-&amp;gt;K*(892)Gamma, der durch den &amp;quot;Schleifen&amp;quot;-Übergang b-&amp;gt;sGamma stattfindet, stellt einen wichtigen Test des Standardmodells und einen Kandidaten für die Suche nach Neuer Physik dar. Der benutzte Datensatz wurde auf der Y(4S)-Resonanz mit dem BABAR-Detektor am asymmetrischen Elektron-Positron-Speicherring PEP-II des Stanford Linear Accelerator Centers (SLAC) aufgezeichnet. Die B-&amp;gt;K*Gamma Verzweigungsverhältnisse wurden in vier K*-Zerfallskanälen gemessen. Eine Suche nach direkter CP-Verletzung im B-&amp;gt;K*Gamma Kanal wurde ebenfalls durchgeführt. / The presented study of the radiative electroweak &amp;quot;penguin&amp;quot;-decay B-&amp;gt;K*(892)gamma, proceeding by the b-&amp;gt;sgamma &amp;quot;loop&amp;quot;-transition, provides an important test of the Standard Model and a candidate of the search for New Physics. The used data sample has been recorded at the Y(4S) resonance with the BABAR detector at the asymmetric electron-positron- collider PEP-II of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) in California. The B-&amp;gt;K*gamma branching fractions are measured in four K*-decay modes. A search for direct CP-violation in the B-&amp;gt;K*gamma mode has also been carried out.

Am Schwerionensynchrotron der GSI Darmstadt wurde die Produktion von K- und pi-Mesonen in Proton-Kern-Kollisionen (&amp;quot;pA&amp;quot;) experimentell untersucht. Verschiedene Targetkerne (C, Au), Strahlenergien (1.6, 2.5, 3.5 GeV) und Beobachtungswinkel (32°-64°) ergaben eine reichhaltige Systematik und gestatteten Extrapolationen auf totale Wirkungsquerschnitte. In der Arbeit werden Vergleiche der einzelnen Messungen miteinander und mit pA-Messungen anderer Gruppen angestellt und diskutiert. Die Einordnung zwischen pp- und AA-Daten und der Vergleich mit theoretischen Vorhersagen ermöglicht grundlegende Aussagen über das Verhalten von K-Mesonen in Kernmaterie, sogenannte Medium-Effekte.

The first-time measurement of the angular dependence of the beam-helicity asymmetry for $\gamma p \rightarrow pK^{+}K^{-}$ is shown and compared to $\gamma p \rightarrow p\pi^{+}\pi^{-}$. The data obtained were from the CLAS g12 experiment at Jefferson Lab. The experiment utilized a beam of circularly polarized photons with energies between 1.1 and 5.4 GeV incident on an unpolarized liquid hydrogen target, which produced an unprecedented number of strange hadrons in photoproduction. The production mechanism for strange hadrons is not well understood. The beam-helicity asymmetry is a polarization observable that provides information on interfering production mechanisms in the reaction. It is shown that the asymmetry is sensitive to several kinematic variables that are key in modeling the reaction dynamics. Furthermore, the comparison of the beam-helicity asymmetry between the kaon and pion channels serves as a platform for the investigation of flavor dependence. A partial wave analysis on the $pK^{-}$ system is also performed in a search for missing hyperon excitations.

The F and G formfactors of Kl4 decays are calculated to O(p4 ) in isospin limit in Resummed Chiral Perturbation Theory. Formulae for reparametrization of low-energy constants L1 - L3 in terms of physical observables are derived. They are used to obtain values of these low-energy constants from recent experimental data, theoretical error of the result is estimated and dependence on parameters X, Z of spontaneous symmetry breaking of SU(3) × SU(3) chiral symmetry and quark mass ratio r is investigated. Convergence of the formfactors in Resummed Chiral Perturbation Theory is discussed and it is suggested that inclusion of σ as an explicit degree of freedom into Chiral Perturbation Theory could significantly improve overall covergence of chiral series. 1