No previous studies have been conducted on elementary school in Sweden about children`s thoughts about the first animals on earth. The work takes up the children`s ideas of the first animals and the difference between girls and boys knowledge. The purpose of this work was to determine if student`s views are consistent with the science know today. In the interview, five girls and five boys participated. Mankind is asking where it all began, today we know that the first life arose for 4 billion years ago and it was from the water. Students think it was a small animal which then developed into another animal through a natural process.

Denna systematiska litteraturstudie behandlar ämnet modersmål eller som det också kallas heritage language. Syftet är att med hjälp av diverse vetenskapliga artiklar komma fram till vilken roll språket spelar i en individs utveckling. Detta anses vara viktigt då man i lärarutbildningen ofta lyfter fram den enskilda individen i ett klassrum och det är då viktigt att skapa en förståelse för de ungdomar i dagens Sverige som har ett annat heritage langauge än just svenskan. Artiklarna visar att de ungdomar som fått lära sig sitt heritage language känner en koppling till sin kultur medan de som inte har fått möjlighet till det känner att de saknar något. Genom sådana resultat har man därför kunnat komma fram till att inte bara finns det en stark koppling mellan ens språk, kultur och identitet men att den också är mycket viktig.

This research is mainly by the 13 years experience in education system which is outside the authoritative information education system with kids and young people. Besides to construct the kids and young people apparent ability of information science and technology, the goal in the research is to research the hidden knowledge of the information science & technology which combines in the education. The research wants to clarify many presently myths of information education. And also wants to provide more efficiency and happy learning mode. The research is based on the book of Howard Gardner (2007)¡mFive Minds for the Future¡n. It takes ¡§Disciplined Mind¡¨, ¡§Synthesizing Mind¡¨, ¡§ Creating Mind¡¨, ¡§Respectful Mind¡¨, ¡§ Ethical Mind¡¨ as the main theory construction. To study student's minds development condition who is graduated from high school or university. And the comparison of minds growth condition of the junior high student who are joining in the competition. The findings discovered: To develop intelligences and minds of kids and young people on integration of Information Technology and the Education is not only constructed the basic information technology ability, and it can promote on the child body's instructive, self-confidence, independent exploration, spontaneous study within 2-3 years. Kids and young people almost were constructed and applied the abilities under the project-based works, and extend the top level for the minds and abilities, like the system thinking, problem solving, communication, the leadership. The special experience with five minds raises and the construction is being related. Ethics mind of the five minds must be in Disciplined Mind, Synthesizing Mind, the Creating Mind, and the Respectful Mind raises certain foundation since childhood, the abstract thinking ability level grows up naturally, the kids and young people becomes the good citizen in the 21st century era. It must be presented during the university life or entering the work place obviously.

We determined whether children older than 1 year from non-western immigrant families had lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels than children from western born families. Children ages 1-6 years were recruited through the TARGet Kids! practice based research network. Univariable analysis revealed that non-western immigrant children had 4 nmol/L lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (p=0.006; 95% CI:1.4-8.0) and increased odds of 25-hydroxyvitamin D <50 nmol/L (OR 1.9, 95% CI:1.3–2.9). After adjustment for known vitamin D determinants, cow’s milk intake, vitamin D supplements, season and age were significant covariates and current vitamin D supplementation had the strongest confounding effect. In order to use the ethnicity variable, we developed a new standardized geographically based closed-ended ethnicity question, which was a practical alternative to the widely used open-ended ethnicity questions. There was an association between non-western immigration and lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D in early childhood and this appears primarily related to known vitamin D determinants.

We determined whether children older than 1 year from non-western immigrant families had lower serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels than children from western born families. Children ages 1-6 years were recruited through the TARGet Kids! practice based research network. Univariable analysis revealed that non-western immigrant children had 4 nmol/L lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (p=0.006; 95% CI:1.4-8.0) and increased odds of 25-hydroxyvitamin D <50 nmol/L (OR 1.9, 95% CI:1.3–2.9). After adjustment for known vitamin D determinants, cow’s milk intake, vitamin D supplements, season and age were significant covariates and current vitamin D supplementation had the strongest confounding effect. In order to use the ethnicity variable, we developed a new standardized geographically based closed-ended ethnicity question, which was a practical alternative to the widely used open-ended ethnicity questions. There was an association between non-western immigration and lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D in early childhood and this appears primarily related to known vitamin D determinants.

This study investigates children’s peer culture, social networks and the role that kids’ food plays in peer exchanges during middle childhood. During this stage children develop social competencies as they join peer groups with other children and become socialized into children’s peer culture. In order to immerse myself within children’s culture, I conducted ethnographic fieldwork at two afterschool programs providing care for elementary school children. I investigated friendships, social networks and exchanges among third through fifth grade children at the programs. The study included participant observation and participatory group interviews with a sample of the children at both sites. The findings reveal how children use exchange of snack foods, candy and toys to build social connections among peers. The results indicate that children are active participants and creators in their peer cultures. They manipulated adult norms to structure oppositional identities as children. One tool for identifying with peers and gaining social acceptance are kids’ foods, which are processed food items marketed for children. Kids’ food served as a form of social currency in expressing friendship and connection. For the children in this study, food provided for edible consumption, entertainment and symbolic connection to peers. The results of this research demonstrate the need to approach child nutrition promotion from a cultural and social view point of children, not only based on physical and health motivation.

Title: AC Sparta Prague Children's Membership Project Objectives: The main aim of the Diploma Thesis is a proposal to improve the project of the children's membership in the Kids Club and the Teens Club in AC Sparta Prague based on the current state of the project and the results of the marketing research. Methods: The main methods of collecting data and information used in this thesis were a marketing research focused on the satisfaction of the registered members and an in-depth interview with the manager of the project. The method includes an analysis of documents. Results: Based on the description and feedback from the current members, the Kids Club and the Teens Club may be considered a successful project falling within the overall philosophy of AC Sparta Prague. The overall concept of the children's membership project may be considered properly set, too. The selected method of registration and the registration form are evaluated positively however the pace of the whole registration process is slow. Most of the total number of the registered members are from the Capital City and the surrounding area and most of them are males. The members are satisfied with the membership offer and the existing events but they would welcome more events with the players. A weak point of the project is its...

How would an AV allow kids to commute to school and extra activties by themselves in 2040? Mate is a vision of an interior inviting kids to commute by themselves, questioning how an autonomous vehicle could be designed. It is inspired by interior designs for kids intended for creativity and fun. Mate is intended for future child friendly cities and how they could incorporate fully autonomous zones which would allow for less safety requirements and lead to more freedom in the design of the vehicle. Looking at how companies today have services for commuting kids and what is needed for parents and childs to feel safe using these was also a vital aspect. After understanding the future context of the vehicle, the design process started with exploring different concepts for the interior. This led to a chosen concept which then were checked in a package. A revision of this package led to new design restraints which enabled new ideas to spur. It became apparant childrens different heights were a major factor for the interior seats. A mock up was made both in real life and in 3D. Therefore the design was changed to accomodate different heights leading to the idea of the final idea which was visualised in vision renderings leading up to the final 3D development. The Mate is a small autonomous shared vehicle for 2040 which fits 4 kids in the age range of 8 to 13. It´s interior is in colors which reflect a younger audience. It´s shapes are soft and help reflect safety and fun. The seating is in the window areas which allows for new ways of enjoying the outside view but also talking with the other occupants. The seats are able to fit the kids different heights and allows for two different seating positions. Lights show the kids where to be seated while also having sound to accomodate the kids getting off and on at the right place. Mate also communicates with the parents and allows for the kids to be autonomous.

This study was designed to assess the difference in litigation between two courts: one mandating For Kids' Sake, a psycho-educational seminar for divorcing parents, and the other not so mandating. The level of difficulty of children's adjustment to divorce has been positively correlated with parental hostility. More hostile parents would have more contested cases, interim motions, and relitigations. This research compared final dispositions, interim motions, and relitigation between parents in two courts in Collin County, Texas. The treatment group was from the 219th District Court which mandated all divorcing parents with minor children to attend the For Kids' Sake Seminar and the control group was from the 199th District Court which did not so mandate. Archival data was collected from a computer generated list for the Total group data to assess final dispositions and directly from District Clerk files for the In-Depth group data to assess interim motions and relitigation. The Total group was comprised of 679 research subjects with 330 cases in the treatment group and 349 cases in the control group. The In-Depth group consisted of 182 cases from both courts with 84 cases in the treatment group and 98 cases in the control group. Chi square analysis of the total group revealed significantly more parents in the treatment group who non suited the divorce suit and remained married (p. < .05), a significantly lower number of cases in the treatment group with interim motions (p. < .10), and a significantly lower amount of relitigation in the treatment group (p. < .05). The results showed that the court that mandated For Kids' Sake evidenced a reduction in subsequent litigation which not only benefits the legal system but also hopefully reflects lower parental hostility and higher parental cooperation, thereby benefiting the children of divorce.

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