Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Educação Física, Programa de Pós-Graduação Strictu-Sensu em Educação Física, 2013. / Submitted by Raquel Viana (raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2014-10-07T15:59:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_RogérioAvelarGuedes.pdf: 849728 bytes, checksum: 3375c35d1314aa24d406ccd2820f9cdd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2014-10-08T10:24:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_RogérioAvelarGuedes.pdf: 849728 bytes, checksum: 3375c35d1314aa24d406ccd2820f9cdd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-08T10:24:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_RogérioAvelarGuedes.pdf: 849728 bytes, checksum: 3375c35d1314aa24d406ccd2820f9cdd (MD5) / OBJETIVOS: Analisar os efeitos imediatos e após 24 horas de aplicação da KT em variáveis relacionadas ao desempenho neuromuscular durante exercício isocinético de extensão do joelho, realizado em diferentes velocidades. MÉTODOS: ensaio controlado e aleatório. Participaram do estudo 17 indivíduos jovens com idade média de 22.0 ± 2.5 anos, altura média de 1,76 ± 0.1, peso médio de 71.6 ± 15,2, do sexo masculino, sadios e fisicamente ativos. Os participantes deram entrada sequencial no estudo e foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos: 1) Kinesio Taping (KT); e 2) Placebo (PL). Os voluntários foram submetidos a um processo de familiarização dos procedimentos de avaliação do estudo. O procedimento de avalição foi caracterizado por uma série de cinco repetições máximas de extensão do joelho nas velocidades de 60, 180 e 300º.s-1 em dinamômetro isocinético. Os voluntários foram instruídos a comparecer ao laboratório em três diferentes dias, separados por um intervalo de 24 horas: 1) avaliação das variáveis neuromusculares sem a aplicação da KT - linha de base (LB), 2) avaliação das variáveis neuromusculares imediatamente após a aplicação da KT (IME), e 3) avaliação das variáveis neuromusculares 24 horas após a aplicação da KT (24H). A bandagem foi aplicada na região do músculo reto femoral. A anormalidade dos dados foi confirmada pelo teste de Kolomogorov-Smirnov, e os dados são apresentados pela média e desvio padrão. No presente estudo, considerou-se a repetição em que se atingiu o maior valor do pico de torque (PT). Para a avaliação da influência da aplicação da KT nas variáveis PT, TTPT, TDA e TLR foi utilizada uma análise de variância (ANOVA) fatorial mista para medidas repetidas 2x3 (grupos KT e PL X velocidades de 60, 180 e 300º.s-1) nos diferentes momentos LB, IME e 24H. Adotou-se uma significância de 5% (p<0.05). RESULTADOS: Os resultados de PT encontrados não foram significantes em nenhuma das três velocidades e momentos. Para os valores de TTPT também não foram encontrados resultados significantes entre os dois grupos e os momentos. Os resultados da TDA e do TLR não foram significantes em nenhum dos três momentos para nenhum dos dois grupos. Não foram observados diferenças significantes entre a utilização da KT e da bandagem PL. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que a KT não apresenta efeitos no desempenho neuromuscular durante a realização do exercício isocinético em diferentes velocidades, imediatamente após a aplicação ou com 24 horas de uso da bandagem elástica. Tais achados reforçam a importância de se rever o uso deste recurso enquanto estratégia para melhorar o desempenho durante atividades físicas e esportivas. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / OBJECTIVES : To assess the immediate effects and after 24 hours of application of KT in related neuromuscular performance variables during isokinetic knee extension exercise, performed at different speeds. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial. The study included 17 young subjects with a mean age of 22.0 ± 2.5 years, mean height was 1.76 ± 0.1, mean weight of 71.6 ± 15.2, male, healthy and physically active. Participants gave sequential entry into the study and were randomly allocated into two groups: 1) Kinesio Taping (KT), and 2) Placebo (PL). The volunteers underwent a familiarization process of the evaluation procedures of the study. The rating procedure was characterized by a series of five maximal repetitions of knee extension at speeds of 60, 180 and 300º.s-1 using an isokinetic dynamometer. The volunteers were instructed to attend to the laboratory on three separate days, separated by an interval of 24 hours: 1) evaluation of neuromuscular variables without the application of KT - baseline (BL), 2) evaluation of neuromuscular variables immediately after application KT (IME) and 3) evaluation of neuromuscular variables 24 hours after application of KT (24H). The bandage was applied to the rectus femoris muscle. The abnormality of the data was confirmed by the Kolomogorov-Smirnov test, and data are presented as mean and standard deviation. In this study, we considered the repetition in which reached the highest value of peak torque (PT). For the evaluation of the influence of the application of KT in PT, TTPT, TDA and TLR variables, was used analysis of variance (ANOVA) mixed factorial for repeated measures 2x3 (groups KT and PL X speeds of 60, 180 and 300º.s-1) in the different moments LB, IME and 24H. We adopted a significance of 5% (p <0.05). RESULTS: The results of PT found are not significant in any of the three speeds and moments. For values TTPT also no significant results between the two groups and the moments were found. The results of the TDA and TLR were not significant in any of the three moments for either group. Could not observe significant differences between the use of KT and PL. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrate that KT has no effect on neuromuscular performance during the course of isokinetic exercise at different speeds, nor immediately after application nor with 24 hours of use of an elastic bandage. Such findings reinforce the importance of reviewing the use of this feature as a strategy to improve performance during physical activities and sports.

L'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) à haut champ offre un bénéfice certain en rapport signal-sur-bruit. De ce fait, les imageurs à 3T sont souvent utilisés en pratique clinique.Cependant, à haut champ, les images d'IRM sont entachées de pertes de signal et de contraste liées à la baisse de la longueur d’onde radiofréquence (RF) en deçà des dimensions de l'objet irradié. A 3T, où la longueur d'onde est de 30 cm environ dans les tissus humains, de tels artéfacts sont fréquents en imagerie abdominale, des seins ou encore des cuisses, ce qui peut expliquer la difficulté que rencontre l'IRM à haut champ à s'imposer comme référence dans les hôpitaux. Les imageurs 3T les plus récents disposent en général d'un système de transmission parallèle à deux canaux RF. Chaque canal peut en principe émettre des formes d'impulsion RF indépendantes. En pratique, sur la plupart des systèmes IRM cliniques, la méthode dite de shim RF statique est utilisée. Les différents canaux transmettent la même forme d’onde,en ajustant amplitude et phase de sorte à entraîner des motifs d’interférences pour contrer les inhomogénéités, mesurées au préalable sur le patient: cartes de champ RF et éventuellement de champ statique. Cette méthode fonctionne d’autant mieux qu’un grand nombre de canaux est disponible, mais montre ses limites lorsqu’il s’agit d’homogénéiser l’excitation sur un grand champ de vue. La méthode des points kT, développée à NeuroSpin pour l’IRM cérébrale à ultra-haut champ (7T) utilise une alternance d’impulsions RF rectangulaires et de gradients de champ statique pour moduler à dessein l’aimantation des spins et ainsi homogénéiser l’excitation malgré un champ RF inhomogène. Les impulsions ainsi créées sont d’autant plus efficaces qu’elles peuvent exploiter la transmission parallèle (huit canaux à 7T). Dans cette thèse, les points kT sont employés à 3T avec pour objectif d’en démontrer l’intérêt et l’applicabilité en routine clinique. Dans un premier temps, nous décrivons des modifications apportées à l’algorithme de conception de points kT et à la cartographie de champ statique permettant d’adapter la technique à l’imagerie du corps – foie, seins – où la présence des poumons et de la graisse entraîne des contraintes supplémentaires par rapport au cerveau.Dans un second temps, plusieurs études cliniques sont exposées. La première concerne l’IRM du sein en pondération T₂ sur un imageur à canal d’émission unique. Elle met en évidence que le mode d’émission par défaut fonctionne correctement et n’est que peu amélioré par les points kT. Une deuxième étude se penche sur l’imagerie dynamique du foie avec injection de produit de contraste, avec deux canaux. Des analyses quantitatives et qualitatives sont menées sur un grand nombre de patients pour comparer le shim RF statique avec les points kT. Ces derniers améliorent très nettement les images obtenues chez certains patients« difficiles », permettant ainsi d’offrir une qualité d’examen et de diagnostic plus homogène sur l’ensemble de la population. Enfin,une nouvelle technique est présentée, intitulée SmartPulse, qui s’appuie sur le concept d’impulsions universelles, développé à NeuroSpin pour l’imagerie du cerveau, et dont le principe est de concevoir des impulsions de type points kT qui, pour une application donnée, soient efficaces sur toute la population et permettent de se passer de calibration. En divisant la population en catégories pour lesquelles des impulsions différentes sont conçues,et en utilisant un algorithme de classification par apprentissage automatique, SmartPulse étend la portée des impulsions universelles au corps, et en particulier à l’abdomen, où la variabilité morphologique est importante. Par ces travaux de thèse, nous espérons donner un nouveau souffle à la gestion des inhomogénéités RF en routine clinique à 3T, et apporter des éléments permettant à terme de démocratiser l’imagerie des gros organes à ultra-haut champ. / High field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used in clinical practice, for the high signal-to-noise ratio it offers.However, at high field, the radiofrequency (RF) wavelength used for imaging is shorter, which can induce loss of signal and contrast when it is close to or shorter than the dimensions of the irradiated objects. At 3T, RF wavelength is about 30 cm in human tissues,and such artefacts are frequently observed in the abdomen, as well as in the thighs or in the breasts. This is certainly one of the main reasons why high field MRI has failed to establish itself as the gold standard in hospital, where 1.5T scanners are more frequent.Recent 3T scanners usually come with a two-RF-channel parallel transmission setup: in principle, each channel can transmit completely independent waveforms. However, this technology is not exploited fully in practice, as only the static RF shimming is implemented: a single waveform is used, with adjusted amplitude and phase on each channel. This allows to create interference patterns, calculated to counteract transmission inhomogeneities measured beforehand in the patient (RF and possibly static field).This method works best when many channels are available, but shows its limits when good homogeneity is expected over a large field of view. The kT-points method, developed at CEA-NeuroSpin for brain imaging at ultra-high field (7T) relies on a succession of short rectangular RF pulses interleaved with static gradient “blips” to modulate magnetisation at will, thus producing homogeneous excitation in spite of an imperfect RF field. Those composite pulses are even more effective as they can take advantage of parallel transmission (eight channels at 7T). In this thesis, the kT-points technique is applied at 3T. The objective is to demonstrate its usefulness and its compatibility with a clinical routine workflow. First, several changes made to the kT-points pulse design algorithm and to static field mapping in order to adapt them to body imaging (liver, breasts) are described. Indeed, the presence of lungs and fat add further constraints compared to the brain. Then, several clinical studies are detailed. The first one regards T₂-weighted breast MRI on a single-channel scanner. It shows that in that case the default transmit mode is satisfactory,and only slightly improved by kT-points. A second study focuses on T₁-weighted dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging of the liver,with two transmit channels. Static RF shimming and kT-points were compared on a large cohort. For some “difficult” patients,acquisitions were quantitatively and qualitatively better with kTpoints,which therefore offer a more uniform diagnostic quality among the population. Finally, a novel method is proposed:SmartPulse. It is based on the universal pulse concept, developed in NeuroSpin for brain imaging, whose principle is to design pulses (e.g. kT-points) for a given application, that homogenise excitation in the whole population, and not only for one subject.Thus, there is no more need for cumbersome mapping and inline pulse design. SmartPulse extends the range of universal pulses to body imaging, by adequately clustering the population, designing different pulses for each cluster, and applying a machine learning classifier to assign the most appropriate pulse to any new subject.Proof of concept was undertaken in abdominal imaging, whereinter-subject variability is considerable. We hope this thesis will give a new outlook on RF inhomogeneity handling in routine 3T MRI, and in the long run will help making body imaging moreaccessible at high and ultra-high field.

Potassium is one of the essential elements necessary for plant growth. It is involved in many plant processes, such as osmoregulation, enzymes activaton, etc. These functions are very often closely related to its transport in the cell and the whole plant. Although potassium is abundant in earth's crust, the mount of plant-available form is often insufficient. Potassium deficiency manifests itself on many levels and also contributes to the reduction of yield and quality of agricultural crops. There are many of potassium-transporting proteins in the plant. One of the important families of potassium transporters is the KT/HAK/KUP family. This family includes, among others, the high-affinity transporter HAK5, which is key for the uptake of potassium from the environment with low-potassium availability. One of the not very characterized transporters from the KT/HAK/KUP family is the KUP5 transporter, which I deal with in my diploma thesis. The aim of this work is to analyze the phenotypic manifestations of kup5 T-DNA insertion mutants and to characterize the functions of the transporter KUP5 in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. I analyzed the growth of kup5 insertion mutants in various environmental conditions and performed plant transformation to determine the localization of the KUP5 transporter in the...

Le sujet de cette thèse sont les amplitudes d'hélicités de la leptoproduction exclusive et diffractive du méson rho dans la limite de Regge perturbative et au-delà du twist dominant. La compréhension de pareils processus exclusifs en termes des constituants élémentaires de QCD est un important défi pour comprendre la structure des hadrons. On présente ici deux nouveaux modèles phénoménologiques basés sur la kT-factorisation des amplitudes d'hélicités en un facteur d'impact γ*(λ) → ρ(λ'), où λ et λ' dénotent les polarisations du photon virtuel et du méson rho, et le facteur d'impact du nucléon cible. Les facteurs d'impacts γ*(λ) → ρ(λ') sont calculés en utilisant la factorisation colinéaire pour séparer la partie molle du méson rho. Le premier modèle est obtenu en combinant les résultats respectivement de twist 2 et twist 3 des facteurs d'impacts où les deux polarisations sont longitudinales ou transverses, avec un modèle pour le facteur d'impact du nucléon et un modèle pour les distributions d'amplitudes du méson rho. Dans la seconde approche présentée dans cette thèse, on calcule ces facteurs d'impacts dans l'espace des paramètres d'impacts et on montre que l'amplitude de diffusion d'un dipôle de couleur avec le nucléon se factorise, permettant de combiner nos résultats avec un modèle de section efficace de dipôle. On obtient en très bon accord avec les données de H1 et ZEUS pour des virtualités plus grandes que quelques GeV. Nous discutons les résultats obtenus et les comparons à d'autres modèles existants. / This thesis deals with the computation of the helicity amplitudes of the exclusive diffractive rho meson leptoproduction in the perturbative Regge limit beyond the leading twist. The understanding of such exclusive processes in terms of the elementary constituents of QCD is a serious challenge to understand the hadronic structure. We present two new phenomenological models based on the kT-factorization of the helicity amplitudes in a γ*(λ) → ρ(λ') impact factor, where λ and λ' denote the polarizations of the virtual photon and the rho meson, and the nucleon target impact factor. The γ*(λ) → ρ(λ') impact factors are then computed using the collinear factorization of the rho meson soft part. The first model relies on the combination of the results respectively up to twist 2 and twist 3 for the impact factors where both polarizations are longitudinal or transverse, with a model for the nucleon impact factor and a model for the distribution amplitudes of the rho meson. In the second approach presented in this thesis, we derive these impact factors in impact parameter space and show that the color dipole scattering amplitude with the nucleon factorizes, allowing to use our results in combination with dipole cross-section models. We get a very good agreement with the data from H1 and ZEUS collaborations for virtualities higher than a few GeV. We discuss our results and compare them to other models.

Dans la limite des hautes énergies, la petite valeur de la constante de couplage de l'interaction forte peut être compensée par l'apparition de grands logarithmes de l'énergie dans le centre de masse. Toutes ces contributions peuvent être du même ordre de grandeur et sont resommées par l'équation de Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov (BFKL). De nombreux processus ont été proposés pour étudier cette dynamique. L'un des plus prometteurs, proposé par Mueller et Navelet, est l'étude de la production de deux jets vers l'avant séparés par un grand intervalle en rapidité dans les collisions de hadrons. Un calcul BFKL ne prenant en compte que les termes dominants (approximation des logarithmes dominants ou LL) prédit une augmentation rapide de la section efficace avec l'augmentation de l'intervalle en rapidité entre les jets ainsi qu'une faible corrélation angulaire. Cependant, des calculs basés sur cette approximation ne purent pas décrire correctement les mesures expérimentales de ces observables au Tevatron. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions ce processus à l'ordre des logarithmes sous-dominants, ou NLL, en prenant en compte les corrections NLL aux facteurs d'impact, qui décrivent la transition d'un hadron initial vers un jet, et à la fonction de Green, qui décrit le couplage entre les facteurs d'impact. Nous étudions l'importance de ces corrections NLL et trouvons qu'elles sont très importantes, ce qui conduit à des résultats très différents de ceux obtenus à l'ordre des logarithmes dominants. De plus, ces résultats dépendent fortement du choix des échelles présentes dans ce processus. Nous comparons nos résultats avec des données récentes de la collaboration CMS sur les corrélations angulaires des jets Mueller-Navelet au LHC et ne trouvons pas un bon accord. Nous montrons que cela peut être corrigé en utilisant la procédure de Brodsky-Lepage-Mackenzie pour fixer le choix de l'échelle de renormalisation. Cela conduit à des résultats plus stables et une très bonne description des données de CMS. Finalement, nous montrons que, à l'ordre des logarithmes sous-dominants, l'absence de conservation stricte de l'énergie-impulsion (qui est un effet négligé dans un calcul BFKL) devrait être un problème beaucoup moins important qu'à l'ordre des logarithmes dominants. / In the high energy limit of QCD, the smallness of the strong coupling due to the presence of a hard scale can be compensated by large logarithms of the center of mass energy. All these logarithmically-enhanced contributions can be resummed by the Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov (BFKL) equation. Many processes have been proposed to study these dynamics. Among the most promising ones is the production of two forward jets separated by a large interval of rapidity at hadron colliders, proposed by Mueller and Navelet. A BFKL calculation taking into account only dominant contributions (leading logarithmic, or LL, accuracy) predicts a strong rise of the cross section with increasing rapidity separation between the jets and a large decorrelation of their azimuthal angles. However, such LL calculations could not successfully describe measurements of these observables performed at the Tevatron. In this thesis, we study this process at next-to-leading logarithmic (NLL) accuracy, taking into account NLL corrections both to the impact factors, which describe the transition from an incoming hadron to a jet, and to the Green's function, which describes the coupling between the impact factors. We investigate the magnitude of these NLL corrections and find that they are very large, leading to very different results compared with a LL calculation. In addition, we find that these results are very dependent on the choice of the scales involved in the process. We compare our results with recent data from the CMS collaboration on the azimuthal correlations of Mueller-Navelet jets at the LHC and find a rather poor agreement. We show that this can be cured by using the Brodsky-Lepage-Mackenzie procedure to fix the renormalization scale. This leads to more stable results and a very good description of CMS data. Finally, we show that at NLL accuracy the absence of strict energy-momentum conservation (which is a subleading effect in a BFKL calculation) should be a much less severe issue than at LL accuracy.

Aux énergies assez hautes, les processus de QCD peuvent être factorisés en une partie dure, qui peut être calculée en utilisant les méthodes perturbatives des diagrammes de Feynman grâce à la petite valeur de la constante de couplage de l'interaction forte, et une partie non-perturbative qui doit être extraite de données expérimentales, modélisées ou calculées avec d'autres méthodes comme par exemple la QCD sur réseau. Cependant la petite valeur de la constante de couplage dans la partie perturbative peut être compensée par des grands logarithmes émergeant de l'annulation de divergences molles ou colinéaires, ou de la présence d'échelles cinématiques multiples. De telles contributions doivent être resommées, ce qui mène à l'équation d'évolution DGLAP aux énergies modérées et aux équations BFKL et B-JIMWLK dans la limite des hautes énergies. Pour les énergies les plus grandes des effets de recombinaison de gluons amènent à la saturation, qui peut être décrite par le formalisme du CGC ou des ondes de choc. Dans cette thèse, nous nous proposons d'étudier certains processus exclusifs en QCD perturbative afin d'obtenir une meilleure description de la factorisation et des effets de resommation et de saturation. Dans un premier temps nous faisons le premier calcul d'une quantité exclusive au premier ordre sous-dominant (NLO) dans le contexte du formalisme des ondes de choc de QCD. Nous calculons l'amplitude NLO pour la production diffractive ouverte d'une paire quark-antiquark, puis nous parvenons à construire une section efficace finie à l'aide de cette amplitude en étudiant la production diffractive exclusive de deux jets vers l'avant. Des analyses précises phénoménologiques et expérimentales de ce processus devraient améliorer notre compréhension de la resommation à haute énergie grâce à la présence d'un Pomeron échangé en diffraction, ce qui est naturellement décrit par la resommation de logarithmes découlant de la divergence molle de la QCD à haute énergie. Notre résultat reste valable quand l'énergie au centre de masse devient proche de l'échelle de saturation ou lorsque la diffraction a lieu sur une cible dense donc il peut être utilisé pour l'étude des effets de saturation. Dans un deuxième temps, nous montrons que l'étude expérimentale de la photoproduction d'un méson léger et d'un photon à énergies modérées devrait constituer un bon moyen d'appréhender les Distributions de Parton Généralisées (GPDs), l'une des généralisations des blocs non perturbatifs en factorisation collinéaire. En principe une telle étude donnerait accès à la fois aux GPDs conservant l'hélicité ou la renversant. Nous donnons des prédictions numériques pour ce processus à JLAB@12GeV. / At high enough energies, QCD processes can be factorized into a hard part, which can be computed by using the smallness of the strong coupling to apply the perturbative Feynman diagram method, and a non-perturbative part which has to be fitted to experimental data, modeled or computed using other tools like for example lattice QCD. However the smallness of the strong coupling in the perturbative part can be compensated by large logarithms which arise from the cancellation of soft or collinear divergences, or by the presence of multiple kinematic scales. Such logarithmically-enhanced contributions must be resummed, leading to the DGLAP evolution at moderate energies and to the BFKL or B-JIMWLK equation in the high energy limit. For the largest energies gluon recombination effects lead to saturation, which can be described in the color glass condensate (CGC) or shockwave formalism. In this thesis, we propose to study several exclusive perturbative QCD processes in order to get a better understanding of factorization, resummation and saturation effects. In the first part we perform the first computation of an exclusive quantity at Next-to-Leading-Order (NLO) accuracy using the QCD shockwave formalism. We calculate the NLO amplitude for the diffractive production of an open quark-antiquark pair, then we manage to construct a finite cross section using this amplitude by studying the exclusive diffractive production of a dijet. Precise phenomenological and experimental analysis of this process should give a great insight on high energy resummation due to the exchange of a Pomeron in diffraction, which is naturally described by the resummation of logarithms emerging from the soft divergences of high energy QCD. Our result holds as the center of mass energy grows towards the saturation scale or for diffraction off a dense target so one could use it to study saturation effects. In the second part we show how the experimental study of the photoproduction of a light meson and a photon at moderate energy should be a good probe for Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs), one of the generalizations of the non-perturbative building blocks in collinear factorization. In principle such a study would give access to both helicity-conserving and helicity-flip GPDs. We give numerical predictions for this process at JLAB@12GeV.

Application of Knowledge Management on Performance Appraisal and Management System Abstract The goal of competitive strategy is to create competitive advantages and gain the maximum value. On the other hand, competitive advantage lies in differentiation which originates from exclusive ¡§core competence and resource¡¨. In fact, what so called ¡§core competence and resource¡¨ tightly relates to ¡§knowledge¡¨ because to compare with other resource, knowledge has the characteristics of being ¡§scarce¡¨, ¡§difficult to imitate¡¨ ¡§unable to copy¡¨, and ¡§granted with exclusive rights¡¨ (Hsu Shihchun, 2000) and these are the essential elements for a company to remain its competitive advantages. Thus, Knowledge Management (KM) determines powerfully the survival of a company. In terms of business management, the ultimate goal of Performance Management System is to enhance organization efficiency which is built on the integration and improvement of business operation. It is also an important system aiming for improving or strengthening the system of ¡§core competence and resource¡¨ building. This coincides with the nature of knowledge management and benefits each other. Management activities such as production, marketing, R&D, accounting, purchasing, and human resource tie with ¡§the import , capture , retrieval , access , use , sharing , creation of knowledge¡¨ and this evidently indicates the popularity and long existence of KM activities. This study attempted to use KM Process as the base to construct a case study model with theoretical and practical application through the application demand of Knowledge Technology (KT). Before constructing the model, this study first reviewed the previous literature and understood the definition of KM and Performance Appraisal and Management. With the help of diagnosis tool, Six Box Model (Weisbord, 1976), we improved the study model of Knowledge Based Performance Appraisal and Management System (KBPAMS). Meanwhile, we adopted dimensional elements to compile an ideal ¡§Study Form for KBPAMS.¡¨ We also selected certain companies as the cases to examine the existing system and conducted one by one in-depth interviews with employees of chosen companies. Due to the limitations on study time and human resources, random sampling as well as convenience sampling were excluded; purposive sampling was chosen to understand the actual demand and opinions of workers. Next, Flow Chart and handling description were two methods of presentation to construct a simple ¡§KBPAMS¡¨ case study model as the reference for future establishment of information system. In the end, we used the improvement of the ¡§KBPAMS¡¨ case study model. To analyze the six dimensional elements of the ¡§KBPAMS¡¨ and studied it by open-system-view. Four suggestions were offered for conclusion as follows: 1.Returning to the humanity; 2.Integrating business culture and creating business characteristics; 3.long-term Investing on KBPAMS; 4.Gaining full-support from the top-manager. Keywords¡G Knowledge Management (KM), Knowledge Technology (KT), Performance Appraisal and Management, Performance Appraisal System (PAS)

Darbo tikslas: nustatyti kineziterapijos priemonių efektyvumą lyginant pasyvias (NPJT) – aktyvias (KT pratimai) kineziterapijos priemones su aktyviomis (KT pratimai) kineziterapijos priemonėmis po pilno kelio sąnario endoprotezavimo operacijos ankstyvajame pooperaciniame etape. Darbo uždaviniai: 1.Įvertinti kelio sąnario lenkimą lyginant pasyvių (NPJT) – aktyvių (KT pratimai ) kineziterapijos priemonių taikymą su aktyvių priemonių (KT pratimai ) taikymu praėjus 24 val., 72 val., 120 val. po operacijos. 2.Įvertinti ir palyginti skausmo pokyčius pagal VAS skalę taikant pasyvias ( NPJT ) - aktyvias (KT pratimai ) kineziterapijos priemones ir aktyvias ( KT ) priemones praėjus 24 val., 72 val., 120 val. po operacijos. 3. Palyginti nueitą atstumą praėjus 48 val., 120 val. po operacijos grupėse. Metodai: anketinė apklausa ir statistinė duomenų analizė. Buvo ištirta 60 asmenų, gydančių Kauno medicinos universiteto klinikų (KMUK ) Ortopedijos – Traumatologijos skyriuje (OTR). Jie buvo atsitiktinių imčių principu suskirstyti į dvi grupes: pirmai grupei buvo taikytos pasyvios kineziterapijos (KT ) priemonės- nuolatinė pasyvaus judesio terapija (NPJT) ir aktyvios kineziterapijos priemonės (KT pratimai), antrai –tik aktyvios (KT pratimai) priemonės praėjus 24 val., 72 val., 120 val. po operacijos. Grupės buvo palygintos tarpusavyje. Pildant anketą, vertinta kelio sąnario judesių amplitudė, skausmas pagal VAS skalę, matuotas nueitas atstumas. Tyrimo medžiaga apdorota... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of research: to establish the efficacy of physical therapy comparing passive-active physical therapy with active physical therapy after total knee arthroplasty in early in-patient stage. The goals: 1. Evaluate knee flexion comparing passive-active physical therapy with active physical therapy after 24 h, 72 h, and 120 h after surgery. 2. Evaluate pain changes comparing passive-active physical therapy with active physical therapy after 24 h, 72 h, and 120 h after surgery. 3. Compare the walking distance after 48 h, 120 h after surgery in groups. Methodology of research: 60 patents were observed in Kaunas Medical University Hospital, Orthopedics-Traumatology Department. They were divided into 2 groups. First group got passive-active physical therapy, second group – active physical therapy after 24 h, 72 h, and 120 h. The groups were compared. We evaluated knee range of motion of the operated knee, pain, and the distance which the patient could walk. Results. Total knee arthroplasty is done for older people. Most of them were 70,4-73,8 years old. According to the age, gender, knee deformities, the groups were homogenous. When we evaluated and compared knee range of motion in two groups, statisfically significant diference was got after 120 h after surgery (p=0,001). That means that knee range of motion in 1st group is bigger that in 2nd group. Comparing the pain in groups after 24 h, 72 h, and 120 h, we did’nt get statistically significant difference (p>0,05)... [to full text]

About half of million deaths caused by colorectal cancer (CRC) has been reported worldwide every year. Programmes for early diagnosis of CRC has reduced mortality due to this disease, as the cancer is diagnosed in earlier stages which can be treated more successfully. Programme for early CRC diagnosis in Lithuania has been based on the faeces occult blood test (FOBT). If positive FOBT result is obtained, patients should be referred for colonoscopy (CS) examination. Based on the data from the National Health Fund, during the first three years CS examination was carried out for a little bit more than half of the patients participating in the programme and presenting with positive FOBT result. Aiming to improve accuracy of CRC diagnostics we have suggested alternative CS examination – computed tomography colonography (CTC). The aim of our study was to establish diagnostic value of CTC examination in the identification of neoplastic alterations in the patients with positive FOBT result and to specify factors having influence on the examination quality. CTC examinations were carried out and their results were compared with the findings of CS. We discovered that CTC is of high diagnostic value for detection of lesions sized ≥ 6 mm and of very high diagnostic value for detection of large ( ≥ 10 mm) polyps in a colon. We found out that the length of colon had no influence on how patients tolerated this examination and on patients well-being during CTC procedure, and colon cleaning... [to full text] / Pasaulyje kasmet nuo storosios žarnos vėžio (SŽV) miršta apie pusė milijono žmonių. SŽV ankstyvosios diagnostikos programos sumažina mirtingumą nuo šios ligos, nes vėžys tada yra aptinkamas anksčiau ir galima jį lengviau išgydyti. Lietuvoje SŽV ankstyvosios diagnostikos programa yra paremta slapto kraujo išmatose nustatymo testu (FOBT). Po teigiamo FOBT atsakymo pacientai yra nukreipiami kolonoskopijai (KS). Valstybinės ligonių kasos duomenimis per pirmuosius trejus metus iš pacientų, dalyvavusių programoje, kuriems nustatytas teigiamas FOBT, iš jų tik kiek daugiau nei pusei pacientų atlikta KS. Norint dažniau diagnozuoti SŽV, pasiūlėme alternatyvų KS tyrimą - kompiuterinės tomografijos kolonografiją (KTK). Taikydami KTK ir lygindami jos rezultatus su KS, norėjome išsiaiškinti KTK tyrimo diagnostinę vertę nustatant neoplastinius pakitimus pacientams su teigiamu FOBT bei nustatyti tyrimo kokybei darančius įtaką faktorius. Nustatėme, kad KTK pasižymi didele diagnostine verte nustatant ≥6 mm dydžio pakitimus bei labai didele diagnostine verte nustatant didelius (≥10 mm) polipus, storojoje žarnoje. Nustatėme, kad storosios žarnos ilgis neturi įtakos KTK tyrimo tolerancijai ir paciento savijautai KTK metu, o žarnos išsivalymo kokybė prieš KTK tyrimą nepriklauso nuo anatominių storosios žarnos savybių – tokių, kaip ilgis. Išsiaiškinome, kad KTK tyrimas yra jautrus nustatant storosios žarnos neoplastines adenomas ir vėžį, bet nesiekia KS tyrimo jautrumo, todėl KTK taikyti... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

This thesis analyses the use of law in the emergence and functioning of public enterprises in Bangladesh, which are viewed as a politico-economic and legal institution devised to implement public policy. According to a meeting of experts at Tangier (Morocco) from the 15-19 December 1980 on the "Concept, definition and classification of public enterprises", a public enterprise is an organisation which is: -owned by public authorities including central, state or local authorities, to the extent of fifty percent or more, -is under the top managerial control of the owning public authorities, such public control including, inter alia, the right to appoint management and to formulate critical policy decisions, -is established for the achievement of a defined set of public purposes, which may be multidimensional in character -and is consequently placed under a system of public accountability -is engaged in activities of a business character -involves the basic idea of investment and returns -and which markets its outputs in the shape of goods and services. Thus, public enterprises would include any commercial, financial, industrial, agricultural or promotional undertaking owned by a public authority, either wholly or through majority shareholding which is engaged in the production and sale of goods and services and whose affairs are capable of being recorded in the balance sheets and profit and loss accounts. In spite of the fact that many of the problems of public enterprises are a direct concern of lawyers, this thesis is the first attempt by a lawyer to study legal aspects of public enterprises in the context of Bangladesh. It aims to make an original contribution to the growing body of scholarship establishing links between public law and politics. It was undertaken at a time when the idea of privatisation is sweeping all over the world, necessitating a fresh discussion on the role of public enterprises and the practicality of significant privatisation in a poor country like Bangladesh. By its very nature, the thesis can only be both analytical as well as descriptive. The scheme of analysis involves reference to historical, political, social and economic factors that have contributed to the emergence of public enterprises in Bangladesh and the later privatisation of some of them The thesis is influenced by the recognition of the importance of contextual non-legal factors that have influenced the development process in Bangladesh. Like in many other developing countries, in Bangladesh the role of law in achieving developmental objectives has been over-emphasised. Of course problems of development have clearly influenced the perception of the predominant role of legislation. But law is only one factor interwoven with other factors in a wider social and economic fabric. This is not to de- emphasise the importance of formal legal provisions, but they should be seen as symbols of attempts to implement the law's underlying tasks, and, in the course of this, as providing political resources which individuals and groups can utilise to gain their ends. It is, therefore, important not to confuse the instruments of implementation with the underlying purposes themselves. Thus this thesis, instead of focusing only on the different kinds of legal rules, looks at the underlying power relationships in Bangladesh and the interests for which state power is being used which, in turn, influence the actual functioning of the public enterprises. The roles of the state and the bureaucracy in the functioning of public enterprises are included in this discussion. It explains the behaviour, performance and development of public enterprises in Bangladesh. It also, examines the political and socio-economic context in which public enterprises are embedded. The central hypothesis of the thesis is that the creation and operation of public enterprises are mostly determined by the character of the political coalition in power, and that political changes are reflected in intra-organisational dimensions. It recognizes that even though public enterprises are powerful socio-economic and legal entities, to understand their functioning it is necessary to analyse their external environment. Indeed, an adequate approach to public law should be to investigate public policy, and ask what demands government makes of the constitutional and legal systems in seeking to achieve its objectives, how those systems respond to those expectations, and the problems created by those responses for the government. Thus public law is a tool used to achieve public ends. The use of public law may occur directly either through the moulding of social processes by regulatory rules or through the establishment and definition of institutions. Thus the version of public law adopted in the thesis has for its main focus of interest the design of institutions through which public policy is implemented along with the relationship between those institutions and other parts of the constitutional structure. Therefore, a particular concern of this thesis will be institutional design for the operation of public enterprises in Bangladesh. Operational aspects include both organisation and management. Organisation is viewed as the structure of hierarchy in the functioning of public enterprises and management can be defined as the processes by which the work is accomplished including planning, financing, staffing, controlling various activities and ensuring accountability. The thesis concludes that, the legal forms and the law including measures of privatisation have not achieved what they had intended to. The benefit of the legal form can be achieved only when there is a full understanding and acceptance by the concerned parties viz., government, management and workers of what a legal form entails. Until public enterprise culture becomes more business-like, the changes in the legal form will be of little relevance. In order to improve the performance of public enterprises it is necessary to ensure true accountability of the government to the people. Without establishing real democracy in Bangladesh, which was mostly governed by martial law, framing rules and regulations to improve performance of public enterprises will largely be an exercise that will not ensure practical benefits to the country.